iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-Aug 2014

Abstract: Rice husk and stripped oil palm fruit bunch were used as reinforcing filler in the preparation of particle-reinforced hybrid composite with polypropylene as the matrix. To determine the effect of chemical modification of the lignocellulose materials on the mechanical properties of the hybrid thermoplastic polymer composites, the reinforcing fibers were divided into three parts the crude (untreated), mercerized and acetylated parts. Three levels of the filler loading (20, 30 and 40 wt%) were used in the experimental design. The test samples were produced by compounding the fibers with polymer matrix at temperature range of 1650 C to 1750C and subsequently molded at a pressure of 32MPa. The test samples were subjected to mechanical properties tests and the results analyzed using ANOVA at highly significant level of 0.01 and significant level of 0.05. The results show that mercerization caused significant increase in the tensile strength , impact strength and hardness values of the hybrid composite. The same treatment showed no significant effect on the values of compressive strength, tensile modulus, density and percentage water absorption. Acetylation tended to cause reduction in water absorption, improved impact and tensile strengths and hardness value while tensile modulus and compressive strength of the samples decreased due to acetylation. No significant effect on the density of the hybrid composites, consequent to acetylation, was observed from obtained results.

Keywords: Rice husk, stripped oil palm fruit bunch, chemical modification, properties

[1]. Maya, J. J., Rajesh, D. and Anandjiwala. Recent Development in Chemical Modification and Characterisation of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composite, Polymer Composites, 29, 2008, 187-207..

[2]. Joseph, S., Oommen, Z. and Thomas, S., Environmental Durability of Banana Fiber-Reinforced Phenol Formaldehyde Composite, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 100, 2006, 2521-2531.

[3]. Sjorstrom, E., Wood chemistry: fundamentals and applications. (London: Academic Press, 1981).

[4]. Nevell, T. P. and Zeronian, S. H.,. Wood Fibers, (New York: New York Wiley Press1985).

[5]. Lina, H., Selvum, P. and Uday, V., Banana Fiber Composites for Automotive and Transportion Applications, SPE Conference Proceedings, Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birminghan, AL 35294, 2009, 2-10

Abstract: Finite element analysis is a simulation technique which evaluates the behavior of components, equipments and structures for various loading conditions. It is a computerized method for predicting how a real object will react to forces by mesh of simpler interlocking structures, the simpler structures or finite elements being agreeable to mathematical analysis. The finite element method is originally developed to study the stresses in complex aircraft structures. Minimization of response times and costs, maximization of the efficiency and quality of product are very important for survival in the competitive manufacturing industry. Sheet metal forming is a widely used and costly manufacturing process, This work will be done to study the finite element (elastic-plastic) analysis of sheet metal forming process using the finite element software. ANSYS simulation is carried out to gain accurate and critical understanding of sheet forming process.

Keywords: Metal Forming, Finite Element Analysis, Simulations,LDR

[1]. Klaus-Jurgen Bathe, On the State of Finite Element Procedures for Forming Processes, © American institute of physics,0-7354-0188-8/04/, CP712 MATERIAL PROCESSING AND DESIGN.

[2]. Hakim S. Sultan Aljibori,‖ : ― Finite element Analysis of Sheet Metal Forming Process‖, European Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-216X Vol.33 No.1 (2009), pp.57-69.

[3] Y. Park, J. S. Colton, ―Failure Analysis Of Rapid Prototyped Tooling In Sheet Metal Forming—V-Die Bending‖, Journal Of Manufacturing Science And Engineering, February 2005, Vol. 127

[4]. Otto Harrer ―Finite element simulation in metal forming‖ Acta Montanistica Slovaca Ročník 8 (2003), p 176.

[5]. SRIPATI SAH, ― Investigation Of Contact Pressure Distribution On Sheet Metal Stamping Tooling Interfaces: Surface Modeling, Simulations, And Experiments‖ ,University of Massachusetts,2007.

Abstract: This study focused on forensic investigation of fire-affected reinforced concrete buildings. Post-fire investigation was conducted on structural elements in three selected fire-affected concrete buildings, in order to ascertain their in situ residual strengths and also to provide data for use in future assessment of fire-affected buildings. The selected sites for investigation include a five-storey building at Alagbaka and a bungalow at Adegbola in Akure, and a ten-storey building in Benin, Nigeria. Rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity are two non-destructive tests apparatus used for this investigation. Average values of pulse velocity were fitted into an established model in order to estimate the probable temperature, which the buildings were subjected to. Tests were conducted on beams, columns and slabs in both the affected and the unaffected parts of the buildings. From the results, visual examination of the fire-affected buildings revealed changes in the colour of the concrete, delamination of plaster of slab and exposure of reinforcement for severe cases at various locations on the concrete members. In addition, there was notable reduction in the in situ strengths of the fire-affected structural members when compared with the unaffected members. It was deduced that concrete members subjected to temperatures above 6000C lost about 70 % of its strength.

Keywords: concrete, fire, nondestructive test, reinforcement, temperature

[1]. Narendra K.G., Ray F.D. and Dilip C., Evaluation and repair of fire-damaged buildings, joint publication of the NCSEA, 2008.
[2]. Jeremy I., Forensic engineering of fire damaged buildings, A journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE), paper 800040, 2009, pg. 12-17.
[3]. Awoyera P.O., Arum C. and Akinwumi I.I., Significance of Concrete Cover to Reinforcement in Structural Element at Varying Temperatures, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 5( 6), 2014, pp. 1120 – 1123.
[4]. Arum C. and Awoyera P. O., Evaluation of Post-fire Residual Strengths of In situ Concrete and Laboratory Steel Reinforcement Samples Using Nondestructive and Destructive Test Methods" Journal of Civil Engineering, 7(1), 2011, pp.46-58.
[5]. Joseph, F.L. and James, H.P., Resistance to Fire and High Temperatures, Journal of Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete Making, 2002, p. 278

Abstract: In recent years, the authors have been conducting research on the establishment of technical prevention measures for development and design utilizing highly-accurate CAE analysis. This research investigates the mechanisms that cause nut loosening, which is a matter of concern for automobile manufacturers around the world. Specifically, actual machine tests were conducted using three types of bolt and nut fasteners with different pitches to visualize the dynamic behaviour of changes in axial force, and then experiment analysis of the nut loosening was conducted using an infrared camera. Based on the findings, numerical simulation was conducted incorporating a technical element model for highly-accurate CAE analysis. Thus, a highly-reliable CAE analysis approach model was constructed, which enables intelligent development and design to be achieved by eliminating discrepancies between the results of the actual machine tests and the results of the CAE analysis. This approach model contributes to creating technical prevention measures that lead to product design using predictive technical evaluation.

Keywords: CAE, Nut loosening Mechanism, Simulation, technical element model

[1] Amasaka K, Yamaji M. CAE Analysis Technology for Development Design Utilizing Statistical Sciences. The Open Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Journal 2008;1:1-8
[2] Amasaka K. Proposal and Effectiveness of a High Quality Assurance CAE Analysis Model: Innovation of Design and Development in Automotive Industry. Current Development in Theory and Applications of Computer Science: Engineering and Technology 2010;2:1/2, 23-48
[3] Yamada H, Amasaka K. Highly-Reliable CAE Analysis Approach-Application in Automotive Bolt Analysis. China-USA Business Review 2011;10:3, 199-205
[4] Onodera T, Amasaka K. A Study on a High Quality CAE Analysis Approach Model -Automotive Bolts Tightening Analysis using Contact Stress Simulation-. Proceedings of International Symposium on System Integration, Kyoto;2011,p. 1379-1382
[5] Onodera T, Amasaka K. Automotive Bolts Tightening Analysis using Contact Stress Simulation: Developing an Optimal CAE Design Approach Model. Journal of Business & Economics Research 2012;10:7,435-442

Abstract: Leaf springs are crucial suspension elements in automobile, necessary to minimize the vertical vibrations, impacts and bumps due to road irregularities. The functions of the suspension springs for an automobile are to maintain a good control stability and to improve riding comfort. In other to meet the requirements of natural resource conservation and energy economy, automobile manufacturers have been attempting to reduce the weight of vehicles in recent years. The research reviewed the automotive leaf spring in it entirety as well as the used of CES EduPack 2011 software to justify the conventional material used for leaf spring. The paper also analyse an indebt configuration and methodologies that enable the researcher to select an alternate and advanced composite material suitable for leaf spring using the Cambridge Educational Software (CES) in other to meet the global glamour for automotive weight reduction, conservation of natural resources and energy minimization as been focus by automobile manufacturers in the present state. Key words: Leaf springs, Alternate materials, Automobile

[1]. AL – Qureshi., H. A (2001) Automotive Leaf Spring from Composite Material. Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol.118 pp 56-61[online] available from <http//www.sciencedirect.com> access on [25/7/2012]
[2]. Ashby, M., (2011) Material Selection in Mechanical Design. 4th ed. Butterworth- Heinemann.
[3]. Basshuysen, R. Schafer, F (2007) Modern Technology from A to Z. 1st end SAE International.
[4]. Chaplin, C.R., Mayer, R.M. and Rezakhanlou, R. (1995). A new approach to composite leaf springs. In: Proc. of the Autotech conference, Birmingham, Ed. I Mech Eng, London.

[5]. Chianumba, A., Jeronimidis, G. and Mayer, R.M. (1997). Advanced vehicle suspensions using glass reinforced plastics. In: Proc. of the 6th European Congress on Lightweight and Small Cars: The Answer to Future Needs, Cernobbio, Italy; 1997, 549-558.

Abstract: A novel process has successfully been developed by overcoming major difficulties through the elimination of number of process steps involved in the Classical Transesterification reaction during the preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl/Ethyl Ester (FAME.FAEE) called biodiesel. The Classical process with cost intensive process steps such as the utilization of excess alcohol, needing downstream distillation for the recovery and reutilization of excess alcohol/cosolvent, unrecoverable homogenous catalyst which consumes vast quantity of fresh distilled water during the purification of the product and downstream waste water treatment before its safe disposal to the surface water body. The Novel Process FAME/FAEE is produced from any vegetable oil irrespective of edible or inedible variety using sonication energy. The novelty of the finding is the use of only theoretical quantity of alcohol along with a co-solvent and reduced quantity of homogeneous catalyst. Under this condition neither the homogeneous catalyst goes to the FAME layer nor is the distillation needed. The same ester also has been prepared in high pressure high temperature reactor without using catalyst at sub critical temperature. The quality of prepared biodiesel without involving any purification step meets the ASTM standards. Blended Biodiesel with Common Diesel Fuel (CDF) and FAME is prepared, characterized and used as fuel in the Kirloskar make CI Engines. The evaluation of the engine performance result of pure CDF, B05 biodiesel, B10 biodiesel of all types of biodiesel prepared by using the feedstock of Soybean (Glycine max) and Karanja (Pongamia pinnate) oil along with their mixed oil provides useful information such as brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, etc, and established it as ideal fuel for unmodified CI engine. Keyword: Novel Process, Transesterification, Sonication, High Pressure Reactor

[1] Lotero E,Liu Y, Lopez DE, Suwannakarn K, Bruce DA, Goodwin Jr. JG. 2005 ; 44 : 5353-5363. Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research.

[2] Zang Y, Dube MA, McLean DD, Kates M; 2003; 89; 1-16. Biodieselproduction from waste cooking oil: 1.Process Design and Technological Assessment; Bioresour Techol.

[3] McCormick RL, Graboski MS, Alleman TZ, Herring AM. 2001; 35, 1742-7. Impact of biodiesel source material and chemical structure on emission of criteria pollutants from a heavy duty engine, Env Sci Technol,

[4] Fukuda H. Kondo A, Noda H. 2001;92;405-16. Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oil; J.Biosci. Bioenerg.

[5] Ma F, Hanna MA; 1992; 70; 1-15. Biodiesel production, a review; Biores. Tech

Abstract: Shear wall is a structural element used to resist horizontal forces parallel to the plane of the wall. Shear wall has highly in plane stiffness and strength which can be used to simultaneously resist large horizontal loads and support gravity loads. Shear Walls are specially designed structural walls include in the buildings to resist horizontal forces that are induces in the plane of the wall due to wind, earthquake and other forces. To bring the maximum drift down to allowable limits, cross sectional dimensions of beams and columns have to be increased in many cases. For the study, two Symmetrical Structures of 15-storey and 21-storey are analyzed by using standard software package STAAD.Pro V8i. The parameters considered for the analysis are Shear wall, No. of Storey's, No. of bays (x, z), bay Width. The main objectives of this study are 1. To compute the seismic response of reinforced concrete frame structures with curtailed shear walls. 2. To determine parameters like storey drift, storey shear and Lateral displacement.

Keywords: Shear Wall, Storey Drift, Lateral Displacement

[1]. Indian Standard Criteria For Earthquake Resistant Design Of Structures Part 1 ( Fijth Revision ) IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002 Bureau of India Standard, New Delhi.
[2]. Mir M. Ali, Kyoung Sun Moon. "Structural developments in tall buildings: current trends and future prospects". Architectural Science Review (September 2007). Retrieved 2008-12-10
[3]. Goel, R.K. (2007). "Evaluation of Current Nonlinear Static Procedures Using Strong Motion Records, "Proceedings of the 2007 Structures Congress, Long Beach, CA, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
[4]. Jayachandran P. and Browne, M.S., (1995), "Approximate Methods of Analysis of Tall Framed-Tube Buildings", Proceedings, International Conference on Structural Systems and Stability, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India, July.
[5]. Md. Mahmud Sazzad and Md. Kamruzzaman, "Drift control of tall building frames", Journal of Civil Engineering, The institution of Engineers, Bangladesh, Vol.CE21, No.4

Abstract: Spot Welding is one of the important applications of industrial robots. The speed, precision, efficiency and the resulting cost reductions due to mass production are well accepted and documented advantages of automation of spot welding process using robots compared to manual welding. The initial installation costs of the spot welding robot and its necessary accessories limit its application for large scale industries. The two methods of the spot welding process i.e. the spot welding gun mounted on the robot and part being stationary or the robot mounted part and stationary spot welding gun have unique applications depending on the complexity of the part as well as process. Instead of spot welding gun attached to the robot, a stationary spot welding gun and a moving robot carrying a part can be used for parts that require movements in four degrees of freedom. This paper discusses in detail about the selection and application of the two methods of spot welding.
Key Words: Automation, Industrial Robots, Spot Welding

[1] S. Arora and A. Gupta, Industrial automation and Robotics, Laxmi Publication Pvt Limited, 2009.

[2] M. P. Groover and M. Weiss, Industrial Robotics-Technology, Programming and Applications, McGraw-Hill International.

[3] J. Magar and R. Shelkikar, "Implementation of Robots in Spot Welding Process," IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, vol. 5, no. 3, April 2013.

[4] P. Singh, A. Kumar and M. Vashisth, "Design of a Robotic Arm with Gripper & End effectors for Spot Welding," Universal Journal of Mechanical Engineering, pp. 92-97, 2013.

[5] S. R. Deb, Robotics technology and Flexible automation, Mc Graw Hill, 2004.

[6] R. Mittal and I. Nagrath, Robotics and Control, Tata McGraw Hills, 2003.

Abstract: The present study has been undertaken to evaluate performance efficiency of an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) of a Textile industry located at Ramtek, Nagpur (Maharashtra). An existing ETP is operating on biological treatment method (extended aeration activated sludge system) followed by tertiary treatment plant (R.O), with an average inflow of 30m3/hr. Wastewater is analyzed for major parameters such as pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Solid (TS), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and Alkalinity. The effluent samples were collected from each units of ETP on a monthly basis for a certain period. A jar test was also conducted to determine the optimum dose of alum with respect to COD removal. After an experimentation, it was found at 400 to 500 mg/l dose of alum 42.48% COD reduction was achieved. The COD, BOD, TS and alkalinity after biological treatment reduces significantly, except TDS & TSS having very low reduction of 44% & 45% respectively. Overall treatment & analysis for treated effluent (from RO) describes, most of all the parameters were found within the permissible limit of Maharashtra Pollution Control Board. (MPCB)

Keywords: ETP, Chemical Parameters, % removal Efficiency, optimum dose, MPCB

[1] Desai P.A. and Kore V.S.(2011)."Performance Evaluation of Effluent Treatment Plant for Textile Industry in Kolhapur of Maharashtra" Universal Journal of Research & Technology1, pp 560-565.

[2] P. U. Singare, S. S. Dhabarde, (2014) " Pollution discharge Scenario of Dyeing Industries along Dombivali Industrial Belt of Mumbai, India", International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 3 (2014) 48-55.

[3] S. Sen and G.N. Demirer.( 2003) "Anaerobic Treatment of Synthetic Textile Wastewater containing a Reactive Azo Dye". J. Environ. Eng. 2003.129: pp. 595-601.

[4] Sheng H. Lin. (1994) "Continuous Treatment Of Textile Water By Ozonation And Coagulation". J. Environ. Eng. 1994.120: pp.437-446.

[5] G. Gnanapragasamet, M. Senthilkumar, V. Arutchelvan, T.Velayutham, S.Nagarajan.(2011). "Bio-Kinetic analysis on treatment of textile dye wastewater using anaerobic batch reactor".Bioresource Technology 102. pp. 627-632 .

Abstract: Optimizing airflow performance during intake valve process is the main purpose for this project. Analyses were done in CFD simulation and experimental using a test rig single cylinder 4 stroke direct injection diesel engine. This analysis also reported and compared with both analyses where experimental result can meet a nearly required targeted limit due to some realistic condition. Fabrication of intake valves also were made to do analysis on experimental based on the modify design. This being done after simulation analysis, modeling design was using to be fabricated and analyze the model on test rig machine to verify simulating result. This analysis could be used to increase thermal efficiency and maximizing usage of air fuel in combustion process, which reduce pollution to environment. Even though air flow have been optimized on its intake valve, but still intake system could be improve by considering other parts of engine such as intake manifold.

Keywords: Swirl, Turbulence, cfd analysis, thermal efficiency HC and CO

[1]. Pandey K. M. and Roy Bidesh : Intake valve design for high level swirl Induction in carbureted spark ignition engine, Department
of Mechanical Engineering, N.I.T Silchar, Assam (INDIA) JERDVol. 7 No. 1A, July-September 2012
[2]. Seita Akimoto Techniques for Low NOx Combustion on Medium Speed Diesel Engine TECHNICAL PAPER
[3]. Jorge MARTINS Design of an inlet track of a small i. C. Engine for swirl enhancement 20th International Congress of Mechanical
Engineering Copyright © 2009 by ABCM November 15-20, 2009, Gramado, RS, Brazil
[4]. Bassem Ramadan, Study of swirl generation in di diesel engine using kiva-3v Kettering University
[5]. Christophe Garth Extraction and Visualization of Swirl and Tumble Motion from Engine Simulation Data, Univ. of Kaiserslautern
(hagen@informatik.uni-kl.de)

Abstract: Egypt is arid country in Africa, but has a large hydro geologic potential with many aquifers widely distributed throughout the country. Egypt is facing increasing water needs, demanded by a rapidly growing population, by increased urbanization, by higher standards of living and by an agricultural policy which emphasizes expanded production in order to feed the growing population. The effect of intrusion of seawater in coastal aquifer in western north coastal aquifer of Egypt is studied. The shape of the fresh-salt water interface and the water table profile is drawn by using Glover equation. The objectives of strategy of aquifer management are studied. The effect of increasing water table and salinity on the crop revenue is studied in Bahr Mashtoul canal command area as a case study by using OPDM model. The effect of the change in groundwater quantity and salinity from on the total gross revenue of total command area and on the gross revenue of each crop is calculated.

Keywords: Groundwater; Management Practices; Costal aquifer; intrusion of seawater; OPDM; Egypt.

[1]. Betcher R., Grove G. and Pupp C. "Groundwater in Manitoba: Hydrogeology, Quality Concerns, Management" Environmental Sciences Division, National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, March 1995.
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[4]. FAO "Groundwater Management, the Search for Practical Approaches" Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2003.
[5]. Liu, Mink and Dai "Simple analytical groundwater modeling for sustainable yield estimation" In Proceedings of AWRA Summer Specialty Conference, June 2005.

Abstract: Craving for higher comfort and rise in living standards in various societies have led to higher demand for air conditioning. Energy consumption is related with climate change. Desiccant based air dehumidification systems can run with waste heat or renewable source of energy. Liquid desiccant (LD) based air conditioning systems are many times conceived as complicated and costly. A novel but simple internally cooled LDAD system is developed, integrated and tested in this work. Outdoor air was passed through the coil, thus making it essentially a study of fresh air enthalpy removal. Temperature range of 14 to 22oC was used for cooling water, which can be catered by a single stage vapour absorption refrigeration system on lower side or cooling tower on the higher side. The cooling capacity of the system increased up to 54%, compared to conventional chilled water coil. Latent heat fraction removed was also higher, showing usefulness of the system for higher latent load applications. Higher air velocity was found to give higher cooling capacity, while moisture removal per kg of air and effectiveness were higher at lower air velocities.

Keywords: Air Conditioning, Contacting Device, Dehumidification, Energy, Liquid Desiccant

[1] J. R. Mehta, and M. V. Rane, Liquid desiccant based solar air conditioning sysem with novel evacuated tube collector as regenerator, Procedia Engineering, 51, 2013, 688 – 693.
[2] J. R. Mehta, and S. M. Gandhi, Investigation of solar still as liquid desiccant regenerator, Proc. 4th Nirma University International Conference on Engineering (NUiCONE), 2013, paper id 2285.
[3] S. N. Vanjara, Investigation of liquid desiccant regeneration using solar energy or waste heat, M. E. diss., The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India, 2014.
[4] W. Kessling, E. Laevemann, and M. Peltzer, Energy storage in open cycle liquid desiccant cooling systems, Int J. Refrig., 21(2), 1998, 150 – 156.
[5] K. Gommed, and G. Grossman, Experimental investigation of liquid desiccant system for solar cooling and dehumidification, Solar Energy, 81, 2007, 131-138.