IOSR-JAP   Volume-12 ~ Issue-3 ~ May – Jun. 2020

ABSTRACT:The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) are most important while studying of radiation, radio-isotopes in dosimentry and irradiation of materials. In the present work to calculate linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values of different salts samples by using Gamma-ray spectrometry with Photo-Multiplier Tube (PMT) and Multi-Channel Analyzer (MCA). The 0.123, 0.511, 0.662, 1.17, 1.28 and 1.33MeV gamma energy rays used for the experiment in the interaction of some salt samples and compared the Mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values of salt samples..

Keywords: Gamma-ray attenuation parameters, Slat samples, Gamma-ray spectrometry

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ABSTRACT:Radionuclide activity distribution and transfer factor (TF) in plants are crucial parameters used to assess radioactive contamination in the environment, impact of soil radioactivity on agricultural crops and its risks to humans. The activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in some selected crops and soils of Kogi state have been determined. The average activity concentration of 40K, 232Th and 238U in crop were 180.18, 25.82 and 30.15 Bqkg-1 respectively. The activity concentration of 40K, 232Th and 238U in soil ranges from 218.22 to 626.92 Bqkg-1 with an average value of 331.82, 32.76to 118.93 Bqkg-1 with average values of 67.38 Bqkg-1 and 41.36 to 67.30 Bqkg-1 with an average value of 52.84 Bqkg-1 respectively. And the values of the transfer factor obtained for 40K, 232Th and 238U were in the range of 0.45 to 0.79 with an average value of 0.35, 0.15 to 0.58 with an average value of 0.56 and 0.28 to 1.09 with an average value of 0.43 respectively. The high value of transfer factor in some locations may be due the.....

[1]. Abdulaziz Alharbi1 and A. El-Taher (2013). A Study on Transfer Factors of Radionuclides from Soil to plant,Life science journal 2;532-539
[2]. Alharbi A. and El-Taher A., 2013. A study on transfer factors of radionuclides from soil to plant. Life Science Journal (2). http://www.lifesciencesite.com
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ABSTRACT:This paper demonstrates the application of the Noether's theorem I to the potential energy Lagrangian due to the oxide voltage in a MOS device. The Lagrange's equations for the force functions have
been developed in terms of the change in kinetic or potential energy or the work done. The force functions minimize the potential and kinetic energy Lagrangian functions by expressing them as divergences.

Keywords: Forces, Potential Energy, Lagrangian, metal-oxide-semiconductor

[1] . R.K. Chanana, K. McDonald, M. Di Ventra, S.T Pantelides, L.C. Feldman, G.Y. Chung, C. C. Tin, J.R. Williams, R.A. Weller, "Fowler-Nordheim hole tunnelling in p-SiC/SiO2 structures", Appl. Phys. Letts.,2000;77:2560-2562.
[2] . R.K. Chanana, "Determination of hole effective mass in SiO2 and SiC conduction band offset using Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling characteristics across metal-oxide-semiconductor structures after applying oxide field corrections", J. Appl. Phys., 2011;109:104508-1 to 6.
[3] . R.K. Chanana, "Determination of electron and hole effective masses in thermal oxide utilizing an n-channel silicon MOSFET", IOSR Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 6, Issue-3, pp.1-7, May-June, 2014.
[4] . H. Nemoto, D. Okamoto, X. Zhang, M. Sometani, M. Okamoto, T. Hatakeyama, S. Harada, N. Iwamuro, H. Yano, "Conduction mechanisms of oxide leakage current in p-channel 4H-SiC MOSFETs", Jpn. J. Applied Phys., 2020;59(4):044003.
[5] . R.K. Chanana, "Interrelated current-voltage/capacitance-voltage traces based characterisation study on 4H-SiC metal-oxidesemiconductor
devices in accumulation and Si device in inversion along with derivation of the average oxide fields for carrier tunnelling from the cathode and the anode", IOSR-JEEE, 2019;14(3):49-63..

ABSTRACT: In the present research we report the experimental deposition of polyaniline carboxymethyl cellulose (PANI CMC) thin film by in situ deposition technique. The PANI CMC thin films were further immersed in a buffer solution of different pH values. The opticalabsorptionmeasurementswerecarriedoutin ordertoestimatethe optical properties and bandgap energy using UV-Visible spectrophotometer.Itwasobservedthatwith variation in pH,theopticalbandgap energywas between 2.80 eV to 2.48eV. The absorption peaks are evident around 302nm, 600-620nm and around 790-800nm.This confirmsthepolaron and bipolaronband transitioninPolyaniline. The PANI CMC thin film composite has high transmittance 75% -98%. Poor reflectance of less than 13%, high refractive index, high optical conductivity and low values of extinction coefficient.

Keywords: UV-VIS, pH values, Absorbance, band gap energy

[1]. Alias A. N., Zabidi Z. M., Ali A.M.M., Harun, M. K. (2013). Optical Characterization and Properties of Polymeric Materials for Optoelectronic and Photonic Applications, International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 3(5), 11- 37.
[2]. Amatalo, I. (2014). Fabrication and Characterization of Al/ZnSE Film Schttky diode. Unpublished M.ScThesis, Department of Physics, Kenyatta University, Kenya.
[3]. Amer N. J; Kamarulazizi I. and Nasser, M.A. (2015).Synthesis and characterization of thin film of conductive polymer (PANI) for optoelectronic device application. A paper presented at the International conference on Nano-electronic Technology Devices on materials by the American Institute of Physics. AIP conference proceeding. 1733, 020021-1-020020-7 dio 10.1063/1. 4948838.
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[5]. Anene, C.R and Nwokoye, A.O.C (2019) Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline carboxymethyl cellulose (PANI CMC) for optoelectronic device application, Advanced Material Science,4,1-5.

ABSTRACT: A thin film of Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles was deposited on quartz substrate under vacuum using thermal evaporation technique at room temperature. The X-ray diffraction pattern was used to analyze the surface morphology and find the particle size. The optical transmission and reflection spectra have been measured in the wavelength range 190 – 2400 nm, the optical constants were estimated at different photon energy in the range between 0.5 and 3.5 eV. Besides, the absorption coefficient, type of optical transition, type of optical gap and energy gap of ZnS thin film were revealed.....

Keywords: nanoparticles, ZnS, Thin films, Optical and Photoluminescence

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ABSTRACT: Many types of radiation detection instruments are widely used for nuclear security purposes. These instruments are used either only to detect radioactive sources or they can identify existing isotopes as well. Usually, manufacturers of radiation detectors provide some specifications for the detectors that allow users to determine the required ones. However, the user may need first to draw some figures for quantities like flux or dose rate due to specific radiation sources with targeted radioactivity in order to select the suitable detector that meets his requirements. This article presents a set of fitted equations that could be directly used to calculate radiation flux and dose rates due to radioactive sources and nuclear materials which are most commonly encountered in nuclear security.......

Key Word:Radiation detection instrument, nuclear security, flux, MCNP5

[1]. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Risk Informed Approach for Nuclear Security Measures for Nuclear and Other Radioactive Material out of Regulatory Control, IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 24-G, IAEA, Vienna (2015).
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ABSTRACT:Even quasi-static fields can carry momentum, and this would appear to contradict a general theorem that the total momentum of a closed system is constant if its center of mass is at rest. In this case, there must be
some other (hidden) momentum and reactive (hidden) force that cancel the electromagnetic momentum and the electromagnetic force. In unclosed systems with changing electric current the electromagnetic force equals to
the so-called self-force by means of which the unclosed conductor acts on itself. An attempt to connect the hidden force with the self-force is the basic peculiarity of this work.......

Key Word: Hidden momentum, Self-force, Conservation of momentum, Alternative electric current

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ABSTRACT: Natural radiation levels of gamma ray emitted from 238U,226Ra,232Th and 40K in the beach sand of Ras Hankorab Area,South MarsaAlam City,Egypt have been carried out using the high purity germanium (HPGe) detector.Radiation hazard indices were calculated to estimate the radiological risk for the public and environment.The mean value of outdoor gamma absorbed dose rate (Dout) for the studied areais 62nGy/h.Also the average value of annual outdoor effective dose (Eout) for analyzed samples were measured and were lower than the acceptable values. The external radiation hazard indices were lower than unity for all samples.The outdoor excess life time cancer risk (ELCRout) and annual effective dose from radon (AEDRn)for all studied samples are lower than the allowed limits.The important minerals which are found in the studied area using XRD techniqueare;Ilmenite, Rutile, Magnetite, Ggeothite, Garnet, zircon, Sphene, monazite, Uranothorite, Xenotime, and Apatite, as well as fine fragments of feldspars and quartz. Trace elements were analyzed by XRF technique.Sothe beach sand in Ras Hankorab area is safe and not pose any significant source of radiation hazard to the population and the tourists.

Keywords: Natural radionuclides - Beach sand - Hazard indices –HPGe

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ABSTRACT: In this work, we wanted to know the behavior of the soils, near the thermal springs, in Kankule in Katana in South Kivu, in terms of heat transfer. We then aimed to determine first the exact solution of the Fourier equation. Then find the constants involved in the geotherms of each site of our study. Also deduce the temperature gradient, for each site, starting from the geotherm of the place. Finally, make a projection of the type of geothermal energy that can be used on each site. To do this work, we then sampled the soil, thermal water and air temperatures at 14 kankule sites that we had identified. This from 2010 to 2014, from 6 a.m. to 2 p.m., three times a week. Soil and water samples taken.....

Keywords: Geothermal or Integral curve and Geothermal gradient

[1]. Adelin Mulenda, 2013, Modélisation du transfert des températures sol-air-eau thermale de Kankule dans Katana au Sud-Kivu, Mémoire de D.E.A présenté à l‟Université Pédagogique Nationale de Kinshasa (UPN /Kin), Faculté des Sciences, Département de Physique.
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ABSTRACT:Perovskites are materials with a wide range of possible uses, including humidity sensors, photocatalysts, transparent conductive oxides, and capacitors. A perovskite semi-conductor material with a broad band gap is strontium stannate (SrSnO3). To create SrSnO3, a number of synthesis techniques are frequently employed, such as hydrothermal, sol-gel, and solid-state reaction (SSR). High temperature calcination is necessary for the SSR process. However, the hydrothermal and sol-gel processes just require a lower calcination temperature to produce perovskite materials. Prior to calcination, a surfactant was added to a solution of Sr(NO3)2 and SnCl2 in water in order to perform the sol-gel procedures. SrSnO3 was formed by the hydrothermal process using the autoclave procedure before calcination. Determining the morphological and optical characteristics of SrSnO3 produced by sol-gel, hydrothermal, and SSR processes was the aim of this investigation. Using Kubelka-Munk relations, the band gap was determined to be 4.05 eV for hydrothermal, 5.50 eV for sol-gel, and 3.95 eV for SSR. For SrSnO3, sol-gel techniques revealed the largest band gap. Optical studies demonstrated that a perovskite produced using the various techniques has a distinct band gap.

[1]. Abrari M, Ahmadi M, Ghanaatshoar M, Moazami HR, Davarani SSH (2019) Fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells based on SnO2/ZnO composite nanostructures: a new facile method using dual anodic dissolution. J Alloys Compd 784:1036–1046 [2]. de Sousa Filho, I. A.; Arana, L. R.; Doungmo, G.; Grisolia, C. K.; Terrashke, H.; Weber, I. T. SrSnO3/g-C3N4 and sunlight: Photocatalytic activity and toxicity of degradation byproducts. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 103633. [3]. Ecija, A., Vidal, K., Larrañaga, A., Ortega-san-martín, L., Arriortua, M. I., Euskal, V. and Ehu, U. (2012). Synthetic methods for perovskite materials – structure and morphology. Advances in Crystallization Processes, 19: 485–505. [4]. James, K., Aravind, A. and Jayaraj, M. (2013). Structural, optical and magnetic properties of Fe-doped barium stannate thin films grown by PLD. Applied Surface Science, 282: 121–125. [5]. Kumar, A., Quamara, J., Dillip, G., Joo, S. and Kumar, J. (2015). Fe(III) induced structural, optical, and dielectric behavior of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide stabilized strontium stannate nanoparticles synthesized by a facile wet chemistry route. RSC Advance, 5(22): 17202–17209.