IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-1 ~ JAN-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Role of vitamins on various biological aspects of an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) (Hymanoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on its laboratory host, Corcyra cephalonica
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Kapinder || Tarkeshwar || Ashok Kumar Singh
	:	10.9790/2380-07121014

ABSTRACT: Parasitic wasps play major role in sustainable agriculture through their ability to regulate population of herbivorous insect pests and nutrition is the key component to the success of the parasitoids. In the present study, the effect of nutrition was revealed by a significantly higher survival of both male and female parasitoids when fed on sucrose and other vitamins as compared with water fed and unfed. The survival of adult wasps was also not much affected when different concentration of vitamins was tested except for pyridoxine in which survival of adult wasp was inversely related to concentration. Female parasitoids lived longer than the male in all treatments as well as in control. Parasitisation by female T. chilonis showed no significant difference except pyridoxine which showed lowest parasitisation percentage. The sex ratio in all treatments showed female biased populations except pyridoxine which showed male biased population. The present study may be helpful to select the best artificial food source which can be artificially sprayed in the field to increase the longevity and parasitisation potential of T. chilonis.

Keywords: Survival, Parasitisation, Trichogramma, Sex-ratio, vitamin, sucrose.

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[2] F.L. Wäckers. A comparison of nectar and honeydew sugars with respect to their utilization by the hymenopteran parasitoid Cotesia glomerata. J. Insect Physiol., 2001, 47: 1077-1084.
[3] G. Siekmann, B.Tenhumberg and M.A. Keller. Feeding and survival in parasitic wasps: sugar concentration and timing matter. Oikos, 2001, 95: 425-430.
[4] I. Schmale, F.L. Wäckers, C. Cardona and S. Dorn. Control potential of three hymenopteran parasitoid species against the bean weevil in stored beans: the effect of adult parasitoid nutrition on longevity and progeny production. Biol. Cont., 2001, 21: 134-139.
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[8] H.S. Jacob and E.W. Evans. Influence of different sugars on the longevity of Bathyplectes curculionis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). J. Appl. Entomol., 2004, 128(4): 316-320.
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[10] K. Etebari, and L Matindoost. Effects of hypervitaminosis of vitamin B3 on silkworm biology. J. Biosci., 2004, 29(4): 417-422.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Insecticidal and antifeedant activity of Melia azedarach (L.) fruits, on Spilosoma obliqua (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) larvae
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Tarkeshwar || Kapinder || Ashok Kumar Singh
	:	10.9790/2380-07121520

ABSTRACT: The survivorship bioassay conducted with the M. azedarach fruit extracts on the first instar larvae showed a very high toxicity, most effective being methanol sequential fruit extract and this extract when tested on 4th and 5th instar larvae had significant antifeedant activity at all the concentrations. Nevertheless, there was less toxicity seen in the hexane extract test whereas, strong larvicidal activity of methanol sequential extract was observed with the neonate larvae reflects the higher susceptibility of neonate to this extract and thus indicating that to control the spread of this pest by targeting at the earlier stages. In addition, the results of the reduced leaf area consumed and fecal pellets excreted indicated that the high potency of the various extracts of M. azedarach, methanol sequential in particular, could be harnessed and its application would result in considerable reduction in the feeding damage by the pest.
Keywords: Spilosoma, Melia, survivorship, antifeedant, castor.

[1] Y.R. Singh and R. Varatharajan. Host range of Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua (Walker) (Arctiidae: Lepidoptera). Hexapoda, 1999, 11 (2): 65-74.
[2] I. Singh and G. Singh. Assessment of foliage loss caused by different larval instars of Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua Walker on sunflower. J. Insect Sci., 1992, 6 (2): 185-186.
[3] P.D. Deshmukh, Y.S. Rathore and A.K. Bhattacharya. Host range of Bihar hairy caterpillar Diacrisia obliqua Walker. Bull. Ent., 1976, 17: 85-99.
[4] S.P. Singh and A.K. Bhattacharya. Development behaviour of Spilosoma obliqua Walker on the semisynthetic diets prepared with a mixture of flour of pea and soybean. Indian J. Ent., 1994, 56 (1): 83-86.
[5] B. Fakrudin, V. Kumar, K.B. Krishnareddy, B.V. Patil and M.S. Kuruvinashetti. Morphometric differences between pyrethroid resistant and susceptible populations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Resistant Pest Manag. Newsl., 2004, 13: 18-19.
[6] B.E. Tabashnik. Resistance risk management: realized heritability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Colorado potato beetle (Coloeptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 1992, 85:1551-.1559.
[7] R. Feng and M.B. Isman. Selection for resistance to azadirachtin in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae. Experientia, 1995, 51: 831-833.
[8] H. Schmutterer. The Neem Tree: Source of unique natural products for integrated pest management, medicine, industry and other purposes. (VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, 1995).
[9] T. Gajmer, R. Singh, R.K. Saini and S.B. Kalidhar. Effect of methanolic extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and bakain (Melia azedarach L) seeds on oviposition and egg hatching of Earias vitella (Feb.) (Lep.,: Noctuidae). J. Appl. Ent., 2002, 126: 238-243.
[10] A.E.M. Hammad and H.J. McAuslane. Effect of Melia azedarach L. extract on Bamisia argentifolii (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its biological agent Eretmocerus rui (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Environ. Ent., 2006, 35 (3): 740-745.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Ecological Study of Sea Cucumber Central Moluccas
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	D. A. J. Selanno || Y. L. Natan || Pr. A. Uneputty || Y. A. Lewerissa
	:	10.9790/2380-07122128

ABSTRACT: Teripang (Sea cucumber) is one of echinoderm members which has an important economical value and can be found in Moluccas Waters. Among Sea cucumber in Moluccas, H. scabra, H. nobilis, H. edulis, H. atra, T. ananas, and B. argus have been mass exploited causing the decreasing not only in their kind but also in their quantity. This study aims to determine the ecological condition of Sea cucumber in four locations in Central Moluccas Regency from July to December 2013. The results showed that there was the presence of species composition variety, density, different distribution pattern among locations. Diversity and similarity of Sea cucumber species among those locations were obtained to be low category.
Keywords: Ecology, Echinoderm, Sea cucumber, Central Moluccas.

[1] Yusron, E., Sumberdaya teripang di perairan Tanjung Pai Padaido Biak Numfor – Papua. Makara Sains 8 (3). 2004, 123-127
[2] Wiadnyana, N.N., R. Puspasari, and R.T., Mahulette, Status sumber daya dan perikanan teripang di Indonesia: Pemanfaatan dan Perdagangan. J. Kebijak. Perikan. Ind. 1(1). 2009, 45-60
[3] Purwati, P., Teripang Indonesia: Komposisi jenis dan sejarah perikanan. In. Oseania. XXX. 2. 2005, 11-18.
[4] Preston, G.L, Beche-de-mer. In: Nearshore Marine Resources of the South Pacific : Information for Fisheries Development and Management A. Wright & L. Hill, eds., Forum Fishe-ies Agency, Honiara, Solomon Islands. 1993, 371-407.
[5] Akamine, J, Sea cucumbers from the coral reef to the world market. In Bisayan knowledge, movement and identity. VMAS III 1996-1999 (I. Ushijima & C. N. Zayas eds.). Quezon city, University of the Philippines. 2000, 223-244.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects of Altitude, Temperature, and Humidity on Abundance and Diversity of Insects Causing Skin Defect in Cattle in North Sulawesi
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Geertruida J. V. Assa || S. Rondonuwu-L || O. R. Pinontonaan || H. Lapian
	:	10.9790/2380-07122932

ABSTRACT: This study aims to examine whether there are effects of altitude, humidity, and temperature on the diversity and abundance of some species of flies causing skin defect in cattle according to altitude, temperature, and humidity in North Sulawesi. This study was conducted in the centres of cattle in Minahasa Regency such as Kawangkoan, Tompaso (high altitude area), South Minahasa Regency such as Tengah, Poigar (lowland area). Identification of flies species was carried out according to the difference in temperature and humidity at three different locations according to altitude (suspected to be different in temperature and humidity). From the research results, it is concluded that the lowest abundance of insect causing defect in cattle is generated in the high humidity level (60.8-65.4). The lowest diversity of insect causing defects in cattle is generated in the low altitude (0-300 MASL) with the medium temperature (28.7-30.8 C).
Keywords: Insects causing defect in cattle, ANOVA, Abundance, Diversity, Temperature.

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[2]. Kette, D.S. 1977. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Croom Melon, London. 374 hal.
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[4]. Partoutomo, S., Beriadjaja, R. Soetedjo dan Sukarsih. 1981. The presence of Stephanofilaria larva on Siphoma eqigua, Musca conducens, Sarcophaga species flies and the possibilities of the flies as the Stephanofilariasis vector in North Sulawesi. Bull. LPPH: 13(21):5-14 (in Indonesian).
[5]. Partoutomo, S.,2000, Epidemiology and Myasis Control in Indonesia, Wartasoa Vol. 10 No. 1 ,2000 (in Indonesian).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Dynamic Model Of Trochus Niloticus. Linn, In Resources Management, In Coastal Area Of Saparua Island, Saparua Sub-District, Central Maluku Regency
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	F. S. Tuhumury
	:	10.9790/2380-0712334

ABSTRACT: This study is conducted in Saparua Island, Saparua Sub-district, Central Maluku Regency. This study aims to build dynamic model on the basis of bioecological, social-economy-cultural, law and institutional condition. The steps to build this model are the needs analysis, problem formulation, system identification, model validation and model sensitivity testing. For this study, two sub-models are built which are called bioecological sub-model and bioecological, social-economy-cultural, law and institutional sub-model. This study concludes that the created model explains a condition if the coral reef condition is maintained in a good to an excellent condition, T.niloticus population can be fixed which will also raise its recruitment rate. Otherwise, if the sasi and law implementation performance are increased, T.niloticus population and fisherman income will also raise.
Keywords: Dynamic model, cultivation management, T. niloticus, Saparua Island.

[1] Arafin, Z. 1993. Distribution, habitat and fishery of lola (Trochus niloticus) in Maluku Waters. Jur. Fak. Per. UNHAS.Makasar.1(3): 40 – 48
[2] Bralas, Y.1996. Formal Aspect of Model Validity and Validation in System Dynamics, System Dynamics Review, Vol 12, No.3.
[3] Calquhoun,J.M. 2001. Habitat preferences of juvenile Trochus in Western Australia; Implications for stoch enhancement and assessment. SPC Trochus Information Bulletine No. 7 Juni 2001. p14-19.
[4] Daalen,V.danW.A.H.Thissen.2001.DynamicSystemModelling Continuous Models. Faculteit Techniek, Bestuuren Management (TBM). Technische Universiteit Delft.
[5] Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi Maluku. 2006.Laporan Statistik Perikanan Maluku. DKP.Ambon.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Baseline Survey of Smallholder Fish Farming Enterprise in Moro Local Government, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Adeniyi Olarinke Victoria || Folorunsho Bamidele || Olooto Felicia Motunrayo
	:	10.9790/2380-07124145

ABSTRACT: Fish farming could improve livelihood of rural people and enhance community development. This study, thus, investigated engagement and interest of rural people in fisheries activities in Moro Local Government Area of Kwara State. 120 questionnaires, which were validated by three co-lecturers and with reliability co-efficient of 0.70, were randomly administered in three selected villages. Response was received from 102 people and the data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results indicated that about 60% of the respondents, most of which were married, earned monthly income ≤ N18, 000.00. Only 30.4% were engaged in fisheries activities such as fish hunting, fish processing and marketing, of which 2.0% were engaged in fish farming. 96 respondents indicated their interest in fisheries activities out of which 93.8% were willing to engage in fish farming. Lack of technical skills and capital were the main constraints to fish farming by these people. Training on fish farming techniques as well as access to credit facilities of the rural people was recommended. Fish farming could serve as means of employment and income generation resulting to poverty alleviation among the rural people.
Keywords: engagement, fish farming, interest, poverty alleviation, rural people.

[1]. S.O. Ayoola, Sustainable Fish Production in Africa: Commentary. Africa Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 10 (5), 2010, 1-9.
[2]. Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2010, 1-89.
[3]. P. Jagger and J. Pender, Markets, Marketing and Production – Issues for Aquaculture in East Africa: The Case of Uganda Nada the KLARM Quarterly, 24, 2001, 42-51.
[4]. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO): World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012, 28.

[5]. TheFishSite , 100 Billion Spent on Fish Importation Annually , 2011, .http://www.thefishsite.com/

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Nutritional Evaluation Of Toasted White Sesame Seed Meal Sesamum Indicum As A Source Of Methionine On Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Haematological And Biochemical Indices Of Finisher Broiler Chickens
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	B. Yakubu || B. Alfred
	:	10.9790/2380-07124652

ABSTRACT: One hundred and fifty (150) Anak-2000 day-old broiler chicks were used to investigate the effect of toasted white sesame seed meal (TWSSM) as a source of methionine on growth performance, carcass characteristic, haematological and biochemical indices of broiler finisher chickens. The chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of ten chicks per replicate in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were TWSSM at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% representing treatments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. For eight weeks, data were collected on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. At the end of the experiment, 6 birds were randomly selected from each treatment and slaughtered to determine the effect of TWSSM on carcass characteristics and internal organs weight. Blood samples were also collected from 6 birds in each treatment for haematological and biochemical studies. Results from growth performance revealed that all the growth parameters were not significantly (P>0.0) affected by the levels of TWSSM supplementation except feed intake which was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment 1 (0%). The values for carcass characteristics and internal organs weight also did not show any significant difference (P>0.05) across the treatments. Significant (P<0.05) variation was however observed in the values of abdominal fat which increased with increasing level of TWSSM. Supplementation level of TWSSM did not affect the haematological parameters while biochemical indices such as protein, urea and glucose were significantly influenced by the treatment diets. It appears therefore that supplementation of TWSSM at 18% did not affect the performance and blood profile of broiler finisher chickens.
Key words: white sesame, performance, broiler, carcass, haematology, methionine.

[1] Adebayo, A. A. (1999). Climate II. In: Adamawa State in Maps. Paracleate publishers, Yola, Nigeria
[2] Adejumo, D.O (2004). Performance, Organ Development and Haematological Indices of rats fed sole diets of graded levels of cassava flour and soybean flour (soygari) as substitutes for energy and protein oncentrates. Tropical Journal of Animal Science, 7: 57-63
[3] Adejoro, S.O (2004). Poultry Feed Formation in the Tropics. Ibadan, Nigeria: SOAVET Publishers.
[4] Aduku, A.O (1992): Practical Livestock Feeds Production in the Tropics. Asekome and Co. Publishers, Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria Pp: 44-49
[5] Agbulu, A.O., Gyau, A.M and Abakura, J.B (2010). Effect of the Replacement of Sesame Seed for Methionine in Broiler Production in Middle Belt Region-Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS), 1: 16-21.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects of Processing Methods of Leptadenia Hastata on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Carcass Characteristics of Weaner Rabbits
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	B. Yakubu || R. J. Wafar
	:	10.9790/2380-07125358

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of processing methods of Leptadenia hastata on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics of weaner rabbits. Thirty weaner rabbits of mixed breeds and sexes aged 5-6weeks with an average weight of 650.20g were used for the study. Five diets were formulated with L. hastata that was either washed in water (FRH), hot water processed (HWP), shade dried (SHD), oven dried (OVD) or sun dried (SUD). The rabbits were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments and were replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Results showed that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences in all the parameters measured for growth performance. Nutrient digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the treatments. DM digestibility was significantly higher (65.60%) in T1 (FRH) while the lowest value (62.21%) was observed in T5 (SUD). CP digestibility ranged from 34.37-53.04% while the EE was between 70.10-79.03%. The digestibility values for CF and NFE ranged from 40.31-66.15% and 84.00-87.67% respectively. The carcass evaluation revealed that pelt, carcass weight and dressing percentages were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 (HWP). The weight of liver, lungs and kidney were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 (FSH). The spleen, stomach, caecal weight, caecal length, large intestine weight and small intestine length were all similar across the treatments. It can therefore be concluded that all the processing methods except the FRH can be used to improve the nutritional profile of L. hastata for improved rabbit production.
Key words: Processing, Leptadenia hastata, performance, digestibility, carcass, rabbits.

[1] Adebayo, A. A. (1999). Climate II. In: Adamawa State in Maps. Paracleate publishers, Yola, Nigeria
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Spent Engine Oil on the Germination Ability of Eleven Accessions of African Yam Bean Seeds (Sphenostylis sternocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich) Harms
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Osuagwu, A. N. || Nwofia, G. E.
	:	10.9790/2380-07125962

ABSTRACT: Laboratory studies were carried out in 2011 at the Plant Science and Biotechnology Laboratory of the College of Natural and Applied Sciences of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike to investigate the germination ability of eleven accessions of African yam bean seeds in spent engine oil (SEO). The experiment was laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Seeds of the eleven accession of African yam bean were presoaked in water for 24hours and thereafter soaked in spent engine oil for varying hours 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 hours. The seeds were placed in Petri dish lined with moist tissue paper. The result obtained showed that the germination percentage, days to germination and rate of germination of the AYB accessions were time and accession dependent. The germination ability of seeds decreased as number of hours soaked in spent engine oil increased. AYB-11, AYB-04, AYB-03 and AYB-07 were more tolerant to oil among the African yam bean accessions studied hence could be considered to be used to boost food security in oil producing areas of the Niger Delta.
Key words: African yam bean, spent engine oil, germination ability.

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