IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-1 ~ JAN-2014

ABSTRACT: Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is widely cultivated in hill slopes of Manipur under organic farming system for multipurpose use as fuel, fodder, vegetable, pulse etc. The growing sites where survey was conducted showed different degree of disease incidence and severity of wilt in pigeonpea caused by Fusarium udum. Maximum disease incidence (58.77 % ;early maturing (V1 ) & 42.74% ;late maturing (V2)) and severity (55.22% ; V1 & 40.96% ; V2) were found at sampling sites (Motbung ; V1 & Kanglatongbi ; V2) where pigeonpea is grown continuously. Disease progress is slow during the early phases of growth but accelerates during the flowering and podding stage. Rate of infection was highest in flowering and podding stage and there was slight variation in area under disease progress curve between the sampling sites. Significant positive and negative correlations were observed between disease incidence and severity and meteorological factors.
Keywords: Apparent rate of infection, AUDPC, Epidemiology, Fusarium udum, Wilt.

[1] M.K. Naik and M. V. Reddy, Pathometry of Fusarium wilt ofpigeonpea. In K. Muralidharan and C. S. Reddy (Ed.), Plant disease problems in central India.Proc. Symp. Central Zone,Indian Phytopathological Society, 1991, 35-40.
[2] C. D. Mayee and V. V. Datar, Phytopathometry,( Marathwara Agri. Univ. Publication, Prabhani, Maharastra, 1986) 63-64.
[3] G. Shaner and R. E. Finney, The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the expression of slow mildew resistant to knox. Wheat. Phytopathol, 67, 1977,1051-1056.
[4] J. E. Van der plank, Plant disease, Analysis of epidemics, (New York, USA, Academic press, 1963) 230-253.
[5] M. V. Reddy, T. N. Raju, S. B. Sharma, Y. L. Nene and Mc Donald, Handbook of pigeonpea diseases. Information Bulletin no. 42, (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, A. P., 502 324, India,1993) 8.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Acceptability Rate of Smoked and Electric Dried Synodontis Veremiculatus in the Niger Delta Region
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Nwachi oster || Uzokiwe uche
	:	10.9790/2380-07130710

ABSTRACT: A comparative study on the texture, flavor, taste, appearance and acceptability of smoked and electric dried Synodontis vermiculatus was carried out at Amukpe Sapale local government of Delta state Nigeria, to determine the best processing and storing methods to be adopted by the fisher folk. The fish was processed for a period of 20 hours during the smoking while the processing time for the electric drying was for a period of 14 hours. A panel of 20 gave the electric dried dried S.vermiculatus the best score while the acceptability rate was given to the smoked fish.

[1]. Abolagba, O.J and Melle, O.O. (2008). Chemical composition and keeping Qualities of a Scaly fish Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus smoked with two Energy sources. African Journal of General Agriculture, vol. 4, No. 2.
[2]. Davies, R.M. and Davies, O.A. (2009). Traditional and Improved fish Processing Technologies in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific research, 1SSN 1450-216 x Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 539-548.
[3]. Eyo, A.A. (1996). Handling fish in Inland waters. NIFFR Extension Guide series No. 9, pp 1 -2.
[4]. Eyo, AA. (2001). Fish Processing Technology in the tropics. University of Iftorin Press. 1 Edition, pp 1—265.
[5]. Eyo, A.A. (2006). Fish Processing Technology in the tropics. University of Illorin Press. 2nd Edition, pp 1-300.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Study of Some Potential Risk factors Associated with Coccidiosis (Eimeria) in Sheep in Kashmir Valley
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Altaf Ahmad Reshi || Hidayatullah Tak
	:	10.9790/2380-07131113

ABSTRACT: The present study was carried out from October 2011- September 2012 to study the potential risk factors associated with the coccidiosis in sheep in Kashmir valley. The risk factors under study were Breed, Feeding system, Watering system, Housing pattern, floor type, and Flock size. A total of 192 samples were examined for the infection. During the study it was found that a total of 54.68% samples were infected with coccidian Oocysts. Non local (exotic) breed of sheep was found to have higher percentage prevalence of coccidiosis being 68.18% than local breed being 36.5%. More infection was found in sheep of larger flock size and reared on the non-cemented floor pattern with stastically significant difference. Similarly more infection was found in sheep having ground pattern of feeding and given stream water but the data was stastically non significant. However Housing pattern of the animals had no impact on the prevalence of the disease.
Key Words: Coccidiosis; Prevalence; sheep; Kashmir; Risk factors.

[1]. Ahmed, M. I., Umoh, J. U. and Brisibe, F. 1992. Risk factors of ovine and caprine Coccidiosis in an arid zone of Nigeria. Indian Veterinary Medical Journal, 16(4): 274-278.
[2]. Deb, A. R., Sinha, B. N., Sahai, B. N. and Ansari, M. Z. 1981a. Studies on histopathology and histochemistry of experimental coccidiosis in Black Bengal goats. Indian Journal of Animal Health, 21: 33-38
[3]. Deb, A. R., Sinha, B. N., Sahai, B. N. and Ansari, M. Z. 1981b. Efficacy of Amprolium, Sulphamezathine and Sulmet against coccidiosis in goats. Indian Veterinary Journal, 58: 689-691
[4]. Lawrence, S. (2011). The prevalence of coccidiosis of chicken in Kalisizo Town Council, Rakai District, Uganda.
[5]. Liy, JE Miller and DE Franke, 2001. Epidemiology, observation and hetrosis analysis of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in Suffolk, Gulf Coat Native and cross-bred lambs. Vet Parasitol, 98 : 273-282.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Pattern of Agricultural Development in Southern Parts of Katsina State, Nigeria: Notion for Rational Planning
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	J. O. Adefila
	:	10.9790/2380-07131420

ABSTRACT: Environmental contrasts in terms of climate, soil, vegetation, and natural endowments coupled with other processes at work often produce differing levels of development. While some areas are privileged, other areas may be lagging behind in some attributes. The study aimed at assessing the level of agricultural development in southern parts of Katsina State. It adopted a multi-stage sampling technique to obtain 200 samples among the seasoned farmers. The questionnaire was a major research instrument. A descriptive statistics was adopted to summarize the data. In addition, standardized score (Z-score) technique was employed to assess level of agricultural development. The study revealed that six out of the ten local government areas (LGAs) selected for the study are advantaged while the remaining four areas are disadvantaged. Bakori area enjoyed maximum benefits from the facilities with a score value of (8.47), followed by Funtua (7.39), Sabuwa (7.17), Malunfashi (6.09), Kankara (4.25), and Dandume (2.49) in that descending order of performance. These areas are categorized into upper third and middle third respectively.
Key Words: Agricultural Development Pattern Planning Spatial.

[1] Sanusi, L. S. (2010). Growth prospects for Nigerian economy. Governor of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Lecture delivered at the 8th Convocation at the Igbinedion University. Okada. Edo State. Nov. 26
[2] Ojo, M. O. (2004) Non-oils exports in Nigeria‟s changing policy dispensation. In central bank of Nigeria (CBN). Annual bulletin, 18:2
[3] Adefila, J. O. (2008). "Spatial variations in infrastructural development in Benue State". Savanna: Journal of environmental and social sciences. Ahmadu Bello University Press. Zaria. 21(1&2):137-145
[4] Abayomi, F. (2006). An overview of Nigerian agricultural sectors. Journal of Agricultural Economic, 8(3), 7-16.
[5] Adefila, J. O. (2013). "Spatial effects of cocoa production on rural economy in Idanre-Ifedore area, Ondo State of Nigeria" Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development (AJARD). 3(2):56-66. http://www.aessweb.com/journal.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparison of Fermentation Kinetics (in vitro) of Napier Grass and Fruit Peels for Ruminants: The Pattern of Organic Matter Degradability, Volatile Fatty Acids Concentration, Estimated Methane and Microbial Biomass Production
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	M. I. Okoruwa || F. U. Igene
	:	10.9790/2380-07132128

ABSTRACT: The study was conducted to determine the pattern of organic matter degradability, volatile fatty acid concentration, estimated methane and microbial protein products of napier grass and fruit peels when fermented in the rumen. In vitro method was used to determine the pattern of these end-products. Five experimental samples were randomly assigned to five treatments with one sample per treatment in a completely randomized design. The compared experimental samples were napier grass (NG), orange peel (OP), pawpaw peel (PPL), mango peel (MP) and plantain peel (PP). Results obtained showed that parameters observed under in vitro gas production characteristics, organic matter degradation, volatile fatty acids concentration, estimated methane and microbial protein products were significantly (P<0.05) affected with the exception of intercept (a) and gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (b) (P<0.05). The incubation time (t1/2) (18.00hr), acetate (74.42%) and methane (38.00mmol) were significantly (P<0.05) highest for NG. Gas production from the insoluble but degradable fraction (58.98ml), potential gas production (62.00ml) and propionate (13.42%) were significantly (P<0.05) higher for PPL whereas organic matter degraded (42.01mg), volatile fatty acid concentration (72.75 mmol/litre), butyrate (10.20%) and microbial protein (2393g) were better for MP. It was concluded that MP and PP have the potentials to improve rumen fermentation efficiency and reduce methane gas.
Keywords: Napier grass, fruit peels, organic matter, volatile fatty acids, methane, microbial protein.

[1]. Adeyosoye, O.I., Adesokan, I.A., Afolabi, K.D. and Ekeocha, A.H. (2010). Estimation of proximate composition and biogas production from in vitro gas fermentation of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) and wild cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) peels. African J. Environ. Sci. and Tech., 4(6): 388—391.
[2]. Akinfemi, A., A.O. Adesanya and Aya, V.E. (2009). Use of an in vitro gas production techniques to evaluate some Nigerian feedstuffs. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 4(4): 240—245.
[3]. AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 14th Edition, Washington DC, Pp. 141.
[4]. Aregheare, E.M. and Abdulrazak, S.A. (2005). Estimation of organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy content of agro-industrial wastes using in vitro gas production. Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 31(1): 79—87.
[5]. Babayemi, O.J. and M.A. Bamikole, (2006). Effect of Tephrosia candida DC leaf and its mixtures with guinea grass on in vitro fermentation changes as feed for ruminants in Nigeria. Pakistan J. Nutri., 5(1): 14—18.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparative Effects of Biogas Plant Residues, Poultry Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Ladies Finger
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	M. Islam || N. Hossain || M. Alamgir || M. G. Kibria
	:	10.9790/2380-07132933

ABSTRACT: A field experiment was conducted in the crop field of the Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh to study the effects of biogas plant residues, poultry manure and NPK fertilizer on growth and yield of ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L Moench). There were six treatments - control (no fertilizer/poultry manure/compost), full NPK @ 120 kg N ha-1, 60 kg P ha-1 and 80 kg K ha-1, full biogas plant residues(BPR) @ 30 ton ha-1, 50% NPK+ 50% BPR, full poultry manure (PM) @ 30 ton ha-1, 50% NPK+ 50% PM. The treatments were arranged in randomized block design with three replications. The data collected were number of leaves, plant height, fruit length, fruit circumference, number of fruits and fruit yield. The results showed that full NPK fertilizer did not significantly increase the growth and yield of ladies finger over control. Compared to control addition of full poultry manure and its combination with NPK fertilizer resulted in 6.28 to 7.29 fold increases in yield. Relatively lower yields (0.34-0.17 fold) were obtained in treatments with biogas plant residues compared to treatments with poultry manure. Our result indicate that poultry manure can be used in combination with the application of inorganic fertilizers for better growth and yield of ladies finger in the valley soils of Chittagong.
Key words: Biogas plant residues, poultry manure, ladies finger, growth, yield.

[1] S. K. Sanwal, K. Lakminarayana, R. K. Yadav, N. Rai, D. S. Yadav and B. Mousumi, Effect of organic manures on soil fertility, growth, physiology, yield and quality of turmeric. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 64(4), 2007, 444-449.
[2] S. Bachmann, S. Wentzel, B. Eichler-Löbermann, Codigested dairy slurry as a phosphorus and nitrogen source for Zea mays L. and Amaranthus cruentus L. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 174, 2011, 908–915.
[3] T. Lošák, L. Musilová, A. Zatloukalová, M. Szostková, J. Hlušek, J. Fryč, T. Vítěz, M. Haitl, E. Bennewitz, A. Martensson, Digestate is equal or a better alternative to mineral fertilization of kohlrabi, Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Men-deleianae Brunensis, 60, 2012, 91–96.
[4] G. A. Thomas, Toxicity identification of poultry litter aqueous leachate, Soil Fertilizer, 8(1), 1997, 251-252.
[5] F.N. Ikpe and J. M. Powel, Nutrient cycling practices and changes in soil properties in the coop-livestock farming systems of Western Nigeria, Republic of West Africa, Nutrient Cycling Agroecosystem, 62, 2002, 37-45.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects of Supplementing Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L moench) Stover with Dried Poultry Dropping Based Diet on Performance of Growing Yankasa Rams
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Abdulwaheed Adeyemi Bello || Daniel Nma Tsado
	:	10.9790/2380-07133439

ABSTRACT: This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of dried Poultry dropping based diets on feed intake, live weight changes and nutrient digestibility of Yankasa rams. Thirty growing Yankasa rams aged between 9 – 12 months weighing 11.5 – 15.5 kg were used in a completely randomized design experiment. The experimental animals were randomly allotted to 5 treatments (T1-T5). T1 were rams fed with 0 % dried poultry droppings (DPD), T2 were 20 % dried poultry droppings (DPM), T3 were 40 % dried poultry droppings (DPD), T4 were 60% dried poultry droppings (DPM), T5 were 80% dried poultry droppings (DPM). Mean feed intake increased significantly (P<0.05) as the level of inclusion increases T1 (2.9 kg), T2 (14.8 kg), T3 (18.2 kg) T4 (18.3 kg) and T5 (24.0 kg). The final live weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T5 (17.8) than T1 (12.8) T2 (15.3) T3 (15.6) and T4 (16.9). Similarly in the mean average weekly gain T2 and T5 performed significantly (P<0.05) better compare to other treatments. Nutrient digestibility was generally significantly higher (P<0.05) in T5 in all the parameters measured except in Nitrogen free extract. The results of this study suggests that inclusion of dried poultry dropping up to 80% in a sorghum Stover basal diet would give satisfactory performance in growing Yankasa rams.
Keywords: Dried Poultry Droppings: Sorghum Stover: Yankasa Rams.

[1] Abdul, S.B., Yashim S.M and Jokthan, G.E (2008). Effects of supplementing Sorghum Stover with poultry Litter on performances of Wadara cattle. American-Eurasian Journal of Agronomy 1(1):16-18.
[2] A.O.A.C. (2000). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of
Analysis, 17th Ed. Washington D.C, USA, pp 69-88
[3] Adama, T.Z. (2008). Towards adequate animal protein intake by the year 2020. Inaugural lecture series 11 Federal University of Technology, 24th April, 2008.
[4] Adewumi, A.A., Adewumi, I.K. and Olaleye, V.F. (2011). Live stocks waste menaced: fish wealth – solution. Africa Journal of Environmental Science and Technology.vol. 5 (3). Pp 149-154.
[5] Aduku, A.O. (2004). Animal Nutrition in the Tropics. Typeset and published by Davon computer and Business Burreau Zaria, Nigeria. Pp. 10-31.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Efficacy of Na-Butyrate Encapsulated In Palm Fat on Experimentally Induced Necrotic Enteritis and Enumeration of intestinal resident Clostridium perfringens in Broiler Chickens
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Awaad M. H. H. || A. Atta || Basma Shalaby || H. B. Gharieb || M. Elmenawey || K. Madian || Eman, F. Farag || Amal, N. Awad
	:	10.9790/2380-07134044

ABSTRACT: Experimental induction of necrotic enteritis (NE) successfully achieved by daily oral inoculation of 4×108 CFU of C. perfringens/bird in PBS for 4 successive days to immunocompromised broiler chickens (using IBDV vaccination with a hot vaccine strain). NE infected bird groups showed variable degrees of diarrhea, inappetance enteritis and mortalities. Average lesion scoring indicated the efficacy of Na butyrate encapsulated in palm fat (Admix 30) in lowering damage associated with NE. The recorded mortality was lower in Admix 30 treated groups vs. their non-treated ones. Enumeration of intestinal C. perfringens in non-infected chickens (resident C. perfringens) as well as in experimentally induced NE groups revealed reduction in the mean values in Admix 30 treated groups vs. non-treated infected ones. In conclusion; the present investigation proved the effectiveness of Admix 30 as a powerful environmentally friendly alternative for natural control method of NE in poultry enterprises.
Key words: Necrotic enteritis, Clostridium perfringens, acidifiers.

[1]. Awaad M. H. H., A. M. Atta, M. Elmenawey, B. Shalaby, G. A. Abdelaleem, K. Madian, K. Ahmed, D. Marzin, G. Benzoni and D.K. Iskander (2011). Effect of Acidifiers on Gastrointestinal Tract Integrity, Zootechnical Performance and Colonization of Clostridium Perfringens and Aerobic Bacteria in Broiler Chickens. Journal of American Science, 7(4):618-628]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.
[2]. Barnes, H.J. (1997). Clostridial diseases. In: Diseases of Poultry. CALNEK, B.W., BARNES, H.J., BEARD, C.W., MCDOUGALD, L.R. & SAIF, Y.M. 10th.Ed.Iowa State University Press Ames,Iowa USA. pp 255 – 264
[3]. Brynestad, S. (2002). Clostridium perfringens and food borne infections. International Journal of food microbiology, 74 (3):195-202.
[4]. Carrido, M.N., Skjerheim, M., Oppegaard, H. and Sqrum, H. (2004). Acidified litter benefits the intestinal flora balance of broiler chickens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70 (9): 52085215. [5]. Collier C., Hofacre C., Payne A., Anderson D., Kaiser P., Mackie R. and Gaskins H. (2008). Coccidia-induced mucogenesis promotes the onset of necrotic enteritis by supporting Clostridium perfringens growth. Vet Immunol. Immunopathol. 122(1-2), 104-115.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of Plant Age, Tomato Variety and NematodeInoculum Density on Pathogenicity of Meloidogyneincognitaon Tomato in AbakalikiAgro-Ecology
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Nwode, S. E. || E. O. Okporie || S. C. Chukwu || G. C. Onyishi
	:	10.9790/2380-07134550

ABSTRACT: Pathogenicity of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato which is influenced by plant age, tomato variety and nematode inoculum density was studied. The experiment was a 2 x 3 x 4 factorial in completely randomized design with 4 replications. Two tomato varieties: Roma VF and Pimpinellifolium at 4, 6 and 8 weeks old were variously treated with O, 500, 1000 and 1500 nematode infective larvae. Results showed that root gall damage on both tomato varieties increased with increased inoculum density. The same was true for number of days to 50% flowering. An inverse relationship however occurred between mean root length, weight, percentage dry matter and nematode inoculum density. The same was true for mean shoot dry matter, fresh weight, length and number of branches/plant. Plants inoculated at 6 weeks after sowing into the container had highest galling response which was significantly different from others.
Key words: Meloidogynesp, Lycopersiconesculentum, Lycopersiconpimpinellifolium.

[1] P. Surya. Nitrogen effect on fruit set, yield and quality of heat tolerant tomato. 1993, P.121- 124. In: Training Report 1993. ARC-AVRDC, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
[2] R. Villareal. Tomato production in the tropics. Problems and progress. In: R. Cowell (ed) proceedings of the 1st International Symposuim on Tropical Tomato AVRDC. Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan. 1979, pp. 6-12.
[3] FAO. Food and Agricultural Organization. Annual Production Year Book. 1990
[4] N. Alfred. Tomato production in the tropics, problems and progress. In: R Cowell (ed). Proceeding of the first International Symposium on Tropical Tomato. ACRDC, Shanhua, Tainen. Taiwan. 1994, p. 6-12.
[5] N. Alfred. Temperature regulation on growth and development and tomato during ontogeny. In: R Cowell (ed). Proceedings of the first International Symposium on Tropical Tomato. AVRDC. 2004, pp. 79-93.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A new diploid chromosome number in Gymnopleurus Illiger, 1803 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) from Haryana, India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Paramjeet Kaur || Abhay Singh Yadav
	:	10.9790/2380-07135155

ABSTRACT: The chromosomes obtained from scarab beetle Gymnopleurus mundus Wied., 1819 of subfamily Scarabaeinae were studied using standard staining and C-banding. The karyotype is comprised of 14 chromosomes with meioformula, 6AA+Xyp. The analysis of constitutive heterochromatin (CH) revealed small blocks located in the centromeric region of all chromosomes. Some of the anomalies like polypoidy, decondensation, stickyness and fragmentation of the chromatids were also encountered. The reduction of chromosome number and with conserved sex chromosome mechanism in G. mundus as compared to other Gymnopleurus spp. is suggestive of the Robertsonian fusion of autosomes having played some role in the evolution of karyotype in this genus.
Keywords: Scarabaeinae, Gymnopleurina, Gymnopleurus, Karyotype, Chromosomal analysis.

[1] I. Hanski, Y. Cambefort, Dung beetle ecology, (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1991).
[2] O. R. Vidal, Coleoptera from Argentina, Genetica, 65, 1984, 235-239.
[3] M.S. Colomba, R. Vitturi, M. Zunino, Karyotype analysis, banding and fluorescent in situ hybridisation in the scarab beetle
Gymnopleurus sturme McLeay (Coleoptera Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae), Journal of Heredity, 91 (3), 2000, 260-264.
[4] G. Halffter, W.D. Edmonds, The nesting behaviour of dung beetles (Scarabaeini). An ecological and evolutive approach . (Inst
Ecologia, Mexico. 1972).

[5] V. Balthasar, Monographie der Scarabaeidae and Aphodiidae der palearktischen und orientalishen region ( Tschec Akad Wissen., 1963).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Fishermen's Household Characteristics in Bunaken National Park Area, North Sulawesi Province
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Jueldy || Sahri Muhammad || Djoko Koestiono || Gybert Mamuaya
	:	10.9790/2380-07135662

ABSTRACT: This study was aimed at knowing and analyzing the fishermen's household characteristics in Bunaken National Park. It used survey method through structured interviews in order to obtain primary data of the fisheries business owner's and boat crew's households. The secondary ones were also collected from the office of Marine and Fisheries Services at the provincial, regency, and municipality levels for 2006 – 2010, Fishermen's household sampling was carried out with cluster and multi stage random sampling. Results showed that fishing, post-harvest and non-fisheries activities of the owner's household per working period were higher than those of the boat crews. In contrast, the working opportunity of the owner's household in fishing, post-harvest, and non-fisheries was lower than that of crew's household. The average income from fishing, post-harvest, and non-fisheries for the owner's household was higher than that of the crew's household. Based on the average number of the owner's households as many as 3.5 people and of the crew's as many as 3 people, the income per capita was IDR 14.365 million/year or an average of IDR. 1.197 million/month for the owner's household and IDR 4.5 million/year or an average of IDR 0.375 million/month for the crew's household, respectively. This monthly income per capita of the owner's household is above the average minimum wage, while that of the crew's household is below the average minimum wage.
Keywords: About fisher, cluster, multi stage, characteristic, household, fishermen.

[1] Anonim. 2004, Kronologi Pengelolaan Zona Penyangga Taman Nasional Alas Purwo, Balai Taman Nasional Alas Purwo, Banyuwangi.
[2] [BTNB] Balai Taman Nasional Bunaken. 2010. Rencana Pengelolaan Jangka Panjang Taman Nasional Bunaken Periode Tahun 1996 – 2021 (Review). Provinsi Sulawesi Utara.
[3] DPK SULUT [Dinas Perikanan dan Kelautan Provinsi Sulawesi Utara]. 2010. Buku tahunan statistik perikanan dan kelautan Sulawesi Utara Tahun 2009.
[4] Elfindri. 2002. Ekonomi Patron-Client. Fenomena Mikro Rumah Tangga Nelayan dan Kebijakan Makro. Andalas University Press. Aksara Farma. Jakarta.
[5] Danudiredja E. 1998. Hubungan Karakteristik dan Perilaku Komunikasi Penerima Bantuan P3DT dengan Persepsi dan Partisipasi dalam Penerapan Program P3DT di Kabupaten Sukabumi Jawa Barat (Tesis). Bogor. Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Effect of Molybdenum and Iron on Nodulation, Nitrogen Fixation and Yield of Chickpea Genotypes (Cicer Arietinum L)
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Nawaz Khan || Muhammad Tariq || Khitab Ullah || Dost Muhammad || Imran Khan || Kamran Rahatullah || Nazeer Ahmed || Saeed Ahmed
	:	10.9790/2380-07136379

ABSTRACT: The present study was based on the hypothesis that the applied molybdenum and iron influence the nodulation, nitrogen fixation and yield by chickpea genotypes. For this purpose a field experiment was conducted to study the influence of different levels of molybdenum and iron on the nodulation, nitrogen fixation and yield of chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.) growing two different genotypes such as Desi (sheenghar) and Kabuli (Karak-II) during, 2011-12 at Malakandher Farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar. Different levels of molybdenum and iron were applied at the rate of 0, 0.25 and 0.50 and 0, 2 and 5.0 kg ha-1, respectively along with a basal dose of 25 N, 60 P2O5 and 60 K2O in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement and replicated three times. Results revealed that maximum yield and yield parameters, numbers of root nodules and nitrogen concentration were observed in those treatment plots where Mo 0.5 and Fe 2.0 kg ha-1 were applied simultaneously for both genotypes.

[1]. Abd. El. Gawad, A.A., D.M. El.Hariri, A.M.A. Abo-Shetaia, and A.A. Bahr. 1993. Yield and yield components responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to phosphorus fertilization and micronutrients. Afri. J. Agri. Sci. 18: 61-71.
[2]. Abo-Shetaia,. A. M., and A.M. Soheir. 2001 Yield and yield components responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to phosphorus fertilization and micronutrients. Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci. 9: 235-243.
[3]. Ali, M., J.P. Mishera, and M. Ali. 2000. Nutrients management in pulses and pulse-based cropping system. Fert. News. 45: 57-69.
[4]. Anderson, A. J. and D. Spencer. 1999. Molybdenum and sulphur in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Bioch.and Biophy. Res. Commun.164:273-274.
[5]. Bambara, S. and P. A. Ndakidemi. 2010. The potential roles of lime and molybdenum on the growth, nitrogen fixation and assimilation of metabolites in nodulated legume: A special reference to Phaseolus vulgaris L. African. J. Biotech. 8(17): 2482-2489.

Paper Type : Research Paper Title : Analysis of the Chemical Properties of Vertisols in Kerau, Guyuk Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria Country : Nigeria Authors : Jinga C. Jahknwa || Helen H. Ray : 10.9790/2380-07138089

ABSTRACT: This study analyzed some chemical properties of vertisol of Kerau in Guyuk area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study examined the chemical properties of vertisols and assessed their variability at a small scale. Grid sampling was used to collect 100 soil samples at top soil and subsoil depths of a 2.2ha farm. Standard analytical methods were used to measure pHwater, SOM, CEC, PBS, Av.P. The coefficient of variability, semivariogram analysis and kriging interpolation were used to assess spatial variation and distribution of soil properties at the study site. The Gaussian and the spherical models provided the best fit for soil properties measured. Most soil properties exhibited moderate to low variability, strong spatial dependence and patch-like distributions. Limiting soil properties at the site are SOM and Av.P. thus the need tailor soil management to take care of this problem.
Keywords: Kerau, kriging,semivariograms, variation, vertisols, interpolation.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Use of Wire Suture for the Management of Fractures in Calves
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Md. Maksudul Alam || Nasrin Sultana Juyena || Md. Mahmudul Alam || Raihana Nasrin Ferdousy || Sattwikesh Paul
	:	10.9790/2380-07139096

ABSTRACT: Various reduction and fixation techniques have been introduced for the treatment of different types of fractures. Therefore, this study was planned to evaluate two methods of fracture treatments in calves having complete fractures due to automobile accident. In addition, a retrospective study was done to observe the occurrence of fractures in calves. Calves presented with the history of automobile accident and clinical signs suggestive of fractures were subjected to detailed physical, orthopaedic and radiographic examination to confirm fractures. For treatment 20 fractures case were included, where 8 cases were treated with closed reduction with external fixation using bamboo splints and plaster of paris. Whereas, open reduction with internal fixation using stainless steel orthopaedic wires and modified thomas splints were used to treat 12 fractures in long bones of calves aged 8 days to 5 months.
Keywords: calves, fracture, fixation, wire suture.

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