IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Entrepreneurial Skills Required By Secondary School Graduates for Success in the Tourism Industry in Cross River State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	D. A. Alawa || A. E. Dijeh
	:	10.9790/0837-19180107

Abstract: This study was designed to identify the entrepreneurial skills required by secondary school graduates for success in the tourism industry in Cross River State, Nigeria. Three research questions and hypotheses guided the study. The study made use of survey research design. The population for the study was 1,332 comprising 112 graduate tourism personnel in the Cross River State Tourism Commission and 1,220 Vocational subject teachers in public secondary schools in the State. The Sample for the study was 356 respondents. A 20 percent proportionate sample was used to select the sample of vocational subject teacher (244 respondents) through simple random sampling technique while the entire population of tourism personnel (112) was involved in the study. Key Words: Entrepreneurial Skills, Secondary School Graduates, Tourism Industry.

[1] Ayeni, D. A. &Ebohon, O. J. (2013).Exploring Sustainable Tourism in Nigeria for Developmental Growth. European Scientific Journal, 8(20): 126-140
[2] Dimelu, I. N. (2010). Resource Management Needs of Secondary School Graduates for Success in Interior Decoration Enterprise in Enugu State. Nigerian Vocational Association Jounal,15(1): 106-113
[3] Eja, E. (2010). The role of private sector participate in sustainable tourism development in Cross River State, Nigeria. International journal of business and social sciences. 2(2):153-160.
[4] Larry, E. (2005). The Cross River State tourism vision and policy. Mofinews 3:44-49.
[5] Long, P. H. (2012). Tourism Impacts and Support for Tourism Development in Ha Long Bay, Vietnam; An Examination of Residents Perceptions. Asian Social Sciences, 8(8):28-29.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The role of Mapalus in improving the wealth of farmers in Tomohon sub-district, Tomohon municipality North Sulawesi
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Treesye I. Turang || Soemarno || Agus Suman || Jeany Mandang
	:	10.9790/0837-19180812

Abstract: The aims of the study were to find out the role of Mapalus as a form of mutual assistance and mutual help (gotong rotong in Indonesian) among the local people of Tomohon as well as to examine the forms of Mapalus existing in Tomohon these days. Data were collected through interviews, surveys, participatory observations, and documentation. Based on the data collected, there were five Mapalus groups existing in the villages in East Tomohon Municipality, North Sulawesi Province. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that Mapalus grows from the awareness of the local people. Mapalus is practiced in many sectors such as farming, economy, grief events, and house construction. Membership is based on neither social status, nor educational background nor religion nor races. Community involvement in Mapalus has two benefits, namely the social and economic benefits. Social benefits are associated with the betterment of the lives of individualism society. Economically, Mapalus involvement could reduce cost to employ people.
Keywords: local wisdom, Mapalus, cooperation, wealth.

[1]. K. Backstrand, Multi-stakholder partnership for sustainable development: Rethinking legitimacy, Accountability and effectiveness. European Environment, 16, 2006, 290-306.
[2]. A.C. Airriess, W. Li, K.J. Leong, A. C. Chen, V.M. Keith, Church-based social capital, networks and geographical scale: Katrina evacuation, relocation, and recovery in a New Orleans Vietnamese American community. Geoforum 39, 2008,1333–1346.
[3]. T.E. Whitten, R.E. Soeriaatmadja, S.S. Afif. The Ecology of Java and Bali, Periplus edition, Singapore, 1996.
[4]. L. Hakim, Soemarno, S.K. Hong, S.K. Challenges for conserving biodiversity and developing sustainable island tourism in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Journal of Ecology and Field Biology. 35 (2), 2012, 61-71
[5]. J. Turang, Mapalus di Minahasa, Yayasan Mapalus Matuari Minaesa, Tomohon, 2003.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Empirical Analysis of the Conditional Grant Scheme (Cgs) In Delta State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Fredrick Onyebuchi Asogwa || EzeaniAishetu Ngozi || Sheriff Urama Musa
	:	10.9790/0837-19181318

Abstract: This study is centered on the impact and process evaluation of the ConditionalGrant Scheme (CGS)in Delta State,Nigeria.The research work adopted the survey method and content analysis due to the nature of the study. Thus the instrument used for data collection includes simple questionnaire and structured interviews. The data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed using frequency tables and simple percentage analysis to check the impact of the projects. The endogenous model of growth was used to explain the relationship between CGS and human welfare. The hypothesis for the study was tested using the chi-square (X2) method of analysis.The findings of the study show that CGS has contributed significantly to the development of the people as well as the attitude of the people towards the government. The study therefore identified some problems that were responsible for the initial poor involvement to include poor interaction of the government with the people and unfavourable erection sitefor the project. In view of the problems stated above, the study suggested solutions to enhance profitable results and effectiveness in the next line of action.
Keywords: Millennium Development Goals, Conditional Grant Scheme, Human development, model,poverty.

[1] Adamu C. etals (2000): democracy and development. Political Institutions and well-being of the World.I Tech pub. New York
[2] Baro C. J. (1991) Economic Growth and School Enrolment Unipress New York, USA
[3] Philip A. Black, EstianCalitz, and Tjaart J. Steenekamp (1999), "Public Economics For
[4] South African Students. Southern Africa: Oxford University Press, pp.249-269..
[5] Goulet d. (1991): Economic Development. London Macmillian Publishers.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impact of democratic politics on caste with special reference to the Patnis of Cachar
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Satyajit Das
	:	10.9790/0837-19181923

Abstract: The nature of interaction between caste and politics has taken veriety of forms in different parts of India. This phenomenon is also studied widely. These studies have moved away from doctrinaire positions like, is caste disappearing? Instead these studies have focused on transformation in caste structure due to the impact of democracy and changes in politics due to its interaction with caste changes in caste and politics do very often place to place. The traditional structure of caste responded to changes in its political and economic environment by transforming from below and within. Hierarchy, privilege and moral parochialism no longer exhaust its secular significance. Caste has become a means to level the old order's inequalities by helping to destroy its moral basis and social structure. It contribute to the success of political democracy by helping India's mass electorate to participate meaningfully and effectively in it.
Key words: Caste, democracy, hieraechy, parochialism and transformation.

[1] LIoyd I. Rodolph, and Susanne Hoeber Rodolph, The modernity of tradition political development in India (Orient Longman Limited, Hyderabad, 1961).
[2] Rajni kothari, Introduction, in Rajni Kothari (ed.), Caste in Indian politics, (Orient Longman Limited, Hyderabad, 1995).
[3] David E. Apter, A competitive method for the study of politics in Eckstein, Harry and David E. Apter (ed.), Comparative politics: a reader, (Free Press, Glencoe, 1962),
[4] K.S. Singh, The scheduled castes, anthropological survey of India (Oxford University Press, Delhi, Vol-1., 1998).
[5] Harprashad Das, Halik patni ba mahishyagonar itibrittya (Mukherjee Press, Calcutta, 1940).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Sociological study on the Prevalence of Depression among Elderly
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. Rajendra K. || Dr. Ramegowda
	:	10.9790/0837-19182426

Abstract: Depression is a major psychiatric illness characterized by altered sleep pattern, changes in appetite, sadness, feelings of hopelessness and in certain situations the individual might experience suicidal tendencies. Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder seen in the elderly. The main aim of the study was: 1.To determine the prevalence of depression in elderly, and 2.To determine the factors responsible for depression among the elderly. A study group of 100 elderly aged 60 years and above were selected randomly from the rural areas of Udupi district. The study findings revealed that 31.2% of the samples were found to have severe depression. The frequency of financial constraint, lack of social support, lack of care givers were the factors responsible for the increased predominance of depression in the elderly.
Key words: depression, elderly, prevalence, social support, community.

[1]. Yaffe K,Blackwell T,Gore R,Sand L,Resus V.(1999). Depresssive symptoms andcognitive decline in non-dementedelderly women; a prospective study. Archives of General Psychiatry,56(5): 425-30.
[2]. Blazer D, Williams C D. (1980).Epidemiology of dysphoria and depression in an elderly population. Am J Psychiatry. 137:4.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Evaluation Methods Identification for the Practical Units of Building Technology of the Nigeria Certificate in Education (Technical) [NCE(T)] Curriculum
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Dr. Vincent Eze Onweh
	:	10.9790/0837-19182733

Abstract: This study employed a survey design for identification of suitable methods of evaluation of learning outcomes of the practical units of the NCE (T) building technology curriculum. The study area is Nigeria and the population compromised 72 building technology teachers (Lecturers and Instructors) .There was no sampling as the population size was manageable. A structured questionnaire with 13 items was used as data gathering instrument. Five experts validated the instrument for its face and content validity. The reliability coefficient stood at .81 using Cronbach Alpha reliability test. Frequency and percentage were employed to answer the guiding research question, while chi-square (X2) was employed to test the null hypothesis at .05 probability level. The result of the study showed that respondents preferred Practical Test/demonstration (PT/D) for evaluating learning outcomes of the practical units of the NCE (T) building technology curriculum to other methods of evaluation.
Keywords: Evaluation, Building Technology and Curriculum.

[1]. Baker, E.L. and O'Neil, H.H. Jr. (1978), Assessing Instructional Outcomes. In Gagne, R.M. (ed). Instructional Technology: Foundation. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[2]. Federal Ministry of Education (FME 2001), Blue print and Master Plan (2001-2010) for Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) Development in Nigeria in the 21st century. Abuja Federal Government Press.
[3]. Okoro, O.M. (1993). Principles and methods in Vocational and technical education. Nsukka: Univerty Trust Publishers.
[4]. Onweh, V.E. (2004), Instructional Design for the practical component of building Technology for the Nigeria Certificate in Education (Technical) Curriculum. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Department of Vocational Teacher Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
[5]. Oranu, R.N. (1982). Evaluating students' attainments in vocational/technical subjects. Nigeria Journal of Technical Education, 1(2), 16-21.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Case analysis of Employee Engagement in Sakthi Dairy in Pollachi, Tamil Nadu
Country	:	India
Authors	:	S. Kalaiselvan || K. Maheswari
	:	10.9790/0837-19183436

Abstract: The employee engagement now a day's play a crucial role in promoting the prod to chars as well as the profit of any company. But due to many reasons the employees are not engaged fully and the provision provided to them is also very poor. In this context, this study makes an attempt to analyze the employee engagement in Sakthi dairy, Pollachi in Tamilnadu a popular organization in South India. The main objective of this paper is to know about the level of employee engagement by studying their involvement and commitment level in the organization, and their relationship with co – workers and their interests towards the job, Hypothetically this paper intends to explore whether age and work experience have any significant influence on employees engagement or not.
Keyword: level of employee; engagement, Sakthi dairy.

[1] Simon L.Albrecht, (2010) Hand Book of Employee Engagement, Perspectives, Issues,Research and Practice,USA: published by Edward Elgar Public Private Limited, USA,
[2] Saks, A.M. (2006), "Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement", Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21, 600–619.
[3] Richman, A. (2006), "Everyone wants an engaged workforce, how can you create it?" Workspan,49, 36–9.
[4] Sita, (2008), Human Resource Management, Issues and Initiatives: New Delhi, New Country Publications.
[5] Kenneth Wayne Thomas, (2009), Intrinsic motivation at work, What really drives Employee Engagement.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Parents Perception of Cultural Tourism in Umuahia North and South Local Government Areas of Abia State
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Enemuo, Ogechi Blessing
	:	10.9790/0837-19183740

Abstract: The understanding of the importance and the role art and culture play in the development of cultural tourism lies fully on the hands of the local community that has the art and cultural materials. This study investigated the perception of literate and illiterate parents, male and female on cultural tourism in Umuahia North and South Local Government Areas of Abia State. Data were collected from 188 randomly (94 from each of the local government areas) selected respondents. Questionnaire was used for data collection. T-test was used to analyse the data obtained at 0.05% level of confidence. The results showed that (1) There is no significant difference between the mean opinions of literate and illiterate parents on their perception of cultural tourism (2) There is no significant difference between the mean opinions of male and female points on their perception of cultural tourism. From the results obtained, conclusions were drawn and recommendations made.

[1] Ekrem,T , Fuat, E, Huseyin, O . & Sedat. A. (2002). Resident perception of the impact of tourism in a Turkish Resort Lown. Annals of Tourism Research, 12(4) 432-438
[2] Geoffery, W and Alister M (2006) Tourism: Change, Impacts and Opportunities England Pearson Education Limited. Edinburgh gate
[3] Holden, A (2008) Environment and Tourism Abingdon Routledge 2park square Milton park
[4] Richards, G (1996) Cultural Tourism in Europe UK Wallingford Oxon. CAB Internation.
[5] Swain, M.B (1993) Women producers of Ethnic Arts, Annals of tourism research.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Knowledge Growth and the Re-Invention of the African Mind for a Philosophy of Progress in Africa: A Critique of the Westernization/Eurocentric Discourse
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Uwalaka Jude N.
	:	10.9790/0837-19184154

Abstract: There is a consensus that given the myriads of crisis besetting Africa, that she must find a new direction, a re-invention of the African mind, and an appropriate philosophy of progress. The question then is, what will such a philosophy of progress and re-invention that is tailored to the African condition be like? Among the visions being espoused and proposed by some is the Westernization paradigm of development, what some call the Eurocentric discourse, which claims that Africa has no alternative than to rediscover the Westernization agenda started by colonialism, a better and more effective immersion into Western civilization understood as the universal and natural path to human, cultural, material and social progress. Our essay here tries to review this Eurocentric discourse, her claims and presumptions, and those of her critics. We tend to articulate a position which lies in Africans having a critical engagement with what western civilization has offered and continues to offer, with a view to appropriating only those ideas, visions and methods which, in combination with relevant African heritage, will unleash her indigenous potentialities in order to ensure a progressive path, respectable well-being and dignity for her people in the future.
Keywords: African heritage, African mind, colonialism, knowledge, progress, westernization.

[1] I. Walterstein, The Modern World-system as a civilization, Thesis Eleven, (20), 1988, 70-86; Cf. A. Toynbee, A study of History, (London: Themes and Hudson, 1972), 456.
[2] G.W.F. Hegel, (1968) Lectures on the History of philosophy. (London, 1968), 153; Cf. Davidson, B., The Ancient world and Africa, whose roots, Race and class, xxix, 2. 3.
[3] D. Hume, Essays and Treaties (1768).
[4] W. E. Abraham, The Mind of Africa, (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1969) 3rd edn., 39-40.
[5] F. Ferre, Hellfire and lightening Rod, (N.Y: Orbis Books, 1993), 2.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Demographic and Socio-Economic Status of Rural and Urban Women in Owo Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Onafowokan M. A. || Rufai O. M.
	:	10.9790/0837-19185558

Abstract: Rapid urbanization has led to an acute shortage of social amenities and poor urban living conditions and has placed a further burden on already insufficient infrastructure and services. The study assessed the demographic and socio-economic status of urban and rural women. A total of 188 households were used for the study, interviewer administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The result showed that 59.1% and 42.2% of the urban and rural households had family size of 5-7 persons and 32.9% and 55.6%had family size of more than 7 persons respectively. The Power Holding Company of Nigeria was the major source of electricity and bush was the major mode of refuse disposal. The educational status of the respondents showed that 47%, 43.4% and 9.6% of the rural head of households had no education, primary education and secondary education respectively while 47.4% 45.4% and 7.2% the rural women possessed no education, primary education and secondary education respectively. However, 56% of the urban household heads had tertiary education while 47.1% of the women had tertiary education. Socio-economic status revealed that all he rural respondents were low income while 58.8% and 18.8% of the urban households were middle and high income respectively. Therefore credit facilities and loans should be targeted at women in other to boost their trade and improve their economic status.
Key words: Demographic status, educational levels, income levels, rural, urban.

[1]. FAO World Food Summit Corporate Document Repository, FAO, Rome (1996) Food and Agriculture organization (2000). The state of food insecurity in the world. FAO for the UN. Rome, Italy.
[2]. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Programme Review and Strategy Development Report: Nigeria (New York: UNFPA, 1996).
[3]. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision (New York: UNDESA, 2009). Retrieved June 29, 2011, from http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm.
[4]. Population Reference Bureau. DataFinder. Retrieved June 29, 2011, from http://www.prb.org/DataFinder.aspx.
[5]. National Population Commission (Nigeria) and RTI International, 2011. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) EdData Profile 1990, 2003, and 2008: Education Data for Decision-Making. 2011. Washington, DC, USA: National Population Commission and RTI International.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Simulated Identity in Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot49 and Mason and Dixon
Country	:	Tunisia
Authors	:	Mr. Rachid Neji
	:	10.9790/0837-19185963

Abstract: This paper purports to analyze the psychological trauma that hurts the development of the Western masculine identity. In this approach, one will not place the postmodern within a modern order of complete masculine selfhood. The present thesis, therefore, rejects this suggestion since it explains that the postmodern ego completely shatters the shackles of classicism by a subversive strategy. The paper is availed to the task of investigating the postmodern and the subversive gestures deployed by Thomas Pynchon with a deep focus on the relation between the individual and the technological. As shall be mentioned in the course of the analysis, Pynchon establishes a tradition of subversion which adopts a contradictory vision that at once uses and abuses, installs and destabilizes the enlightenment conventions in parodic ways.
Key words: Simulation, psychoanalysis, masculinity, selfhood and subversion.

[1]. Biro, Matthew. The New Man as Cyborg: "Figures of Technology in Weimar Visual Culture". Germany: Duke University Press, 1994.
[2]. Nixon, Nicola. "Cyberpunk: Preparing the Ground for Revolution or Keeping the Boys Satisfied. New York: University Press, 1992.
[3]. Madsen, Deborah. The Concept of Modernism by Astradur Eysteinsson: The Muses of John Barth: Tradition and Meta- fiction from Lost in the Funhouse to the Tidewater Tales. Canada: The Modern Language Review, 1992.
[4]. Pitts, Victoria. Body Technologies and Sexual Politics. New York: Willey, 2000.
[5]. Rabkin. S, Eric. Science Fiction and the Future of Criticism. America: Modern Language Association, 2004.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	(Ekpo) Masquerade In Edo Belief: The Socio – Economic Relevance
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	T. O. Ebhomienlen || M. O. Idemudia
	:	10.9790/0837-19186468

Abstract: This paper examines EKPO (masquerade) among the Edo and its socio-economic contributions to development. It sees EKPO Cult and its Festivals as a vehicle for social stability and cohesion. Masquerades features prominently in African traditional religions. It is not out of place to assert that the preponderance of masquerades in most African Socio- religious Cult is a reflection of their unitary mode of expressing that which they perceive and thought of the divine or out of the sphere of humans. The African recognizes the place of the ancestors and gives them appropriate veneration and reverence as they are seen as human representatives in the spirit world. This paper further seeks to reveal that masquerade is one of the ways the African use to convey the continuous participation of the ancestors in human affairs. Hence, the Yoruba and the Edo conceive of masquerades as visible symbolic representation of the ancestors. They consider them as sacred and special cult is accorded them. To both people, Masquerade is a bridge of the chasm between the living and the living dead. The literature also discusses that masquerade though a spiritual phenomenon is also a vehicle for Socio- economic development among the Edo people. The thrust of this paper is in this regards. A comparative and evaluative method is adopted in the crux of the discourse. The work succinctly submits that EKPO among the Benin like Egungun among the Yoruba is a vehicle for social cohesion, stability and development.

[1]. C. G. Fredrick, "Culture" The Encyclopaedia of Americana 8, (U S A: Grolier Incorporated 1997), 134.
[2]. Fredrick, 134.
[3]. C. O. Okojie, Esan Native Laws and Customs with Ethnographic Studies of the Esan People (Benin City: llupeju Press Ltd 1994),24.
[4]. B. E. Asien The Benin People, (Benin City: Spectrum Books Ltd, 206), 19.
[5]. R. E. Bradbury, The Benin Kingdom and the Edo speaking People of Southern Nigeria (London: Wightman Mountain 1970), 26.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Vyasa's Draupadi, Sophocles' Antigone, Euripedes' Medea, Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth Aeschylus' Clytemnestra and Valmiki's Sita: A Feminist Approach
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Saptorshi Das || Dr. (Prof) Arindam Modak
	:	10.9790/0837-19186972

Abstract: This paper brings together six women characters whose names are firmly etched on the sands of time: Vyasa's Draupadi from the Mahabharata, Sophocles' Antigone from Antigone, Euripedes' Medea from Medea, Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth from Macbeth, Aeschylus' Clytemnestra from Agamemnon and Valmiki's Sita from the Ramayana. They belong to the past, yet they have profound influence upon the present experiences, and upon hopes for the future. The objective of this work is to relate the reality of their womanhood to concepts of feminism, not as it is strictly defined today as a movement, but as a manifestation of a woman's desire or her right to do whatever she wants to do, to consider right whatever her heart dictates her to deem right, to live as she wants to live and to find happiness in whatever she feels is conducive to her happiness.
Keywords: feminism, men, patriarchal, women, society.

[1] Diner, Hellen. Mothers and Amazons: The First Feminine History of Culture. (New York. Doubleday Anchor Books. 1973).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	To Study the Cause of Teachers Grievances in Secondary School
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Ghazala Mubarak || Prof. Dr. Syed Abdul Aziz || Imranulla Shariff
	:	10.9790/0837-19187378

Abstract: In the study teacher's grievances in secondary schools and their causes are discussed in detail. Why teachers face difficulties in showing their performances? It is observed that there are so many causes due to which teachers' grievances persist in secondary school. By data collection through questionnaire and interview, it is concluded that most important causes are pay inequities, favoritism, workload differences and management attitude. Suggestions for management and for teachers have also discussed and recommendation also mentioned in the paper.

[1] http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2013-09-18/story/duval-teachers-complain-about-class-sizes-planning-time-and-more.
[2] http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-11-20/news/bs-md-co-teacher-grievance-20131119_1_file-grievance-county-teachers-teachers-association
[3] http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2013-09-18/story/duval-teachers-complain-about-class-sizes-planning-time-and-more
[4] http://www.uft.org/our-rights/know-your-rights/teacher-programs.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Status of Job Opportunities and Employment of Library and Information Science Professionals in India An Analysis of Job Advertisements
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Manoj Kumar Sinha || Brojesh Kumar Pandey
	:	10.9790/0837-19187993

Abstract: The career in library includes areas like library and information systems management, classification/cataloguing systems, bibliography, documentation, preservation and conservation of manuscript, collection management, information systems and technology, research methodology, computer applications, reference, statistics and management, information processing, archives management, indexing, library planning, etc. Now –a-days, a number of career prospects are available in Library and Information Science. The qualified and trained professionals are employed in various libraries and information centres. The present study aims to identify and assess the job opportunities for the professionally qualified LIS professionals in the area of Library and Information Science.

[1] Editorial. (2007). Library and Information Science Education in Uttar Pradesh. DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology, 27(5), 41-47.
[2] Editor, (2007). Trends, challenges and future of library and information science education in India. DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology, 27(5), 17-26.
[3] Alimohammadi, D., Jamali, H. R. (2011). Common problems of library and information science education in Asian developing countries: A review article. International Journal of Information Science and Management, 1(2), 80-92.
[4] Bharat Kumar (2010). Library and information science education in South India: Perspectives and challenges. DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology, 30(5), 74-82.
[5] Dasgupta, Arjun (2009). Preparing future librarians in India: A vision for LIS schools of Indian Universities in the 21st century. Presented at the World Library and Information Congress: 75th IFLA General Conference and Council, Milan, 23-27 August 2009.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	History of Science in Egypt (1)
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Professor Hamed Abdelreheem Ead
	:	10.9790/0837-19189497

Abstract: The emergence of science and its prosperity in any country requires sufficient maturity in moral and social ideals, and this requires a sufficient degree of centralization and political stability. This has been achieved early in the Nile Valley, its stability was long enabled Egyptians to consolidate and deepen the roots of their traditions and thereby facilitate the Egyptian civilization progress and development. Thus, the multiplicity of long periods of stability in Egyptian history was undoubtedly the most important factor in the progress of civilization and intellectual scientific creativity. The Egyptian civilization has excelled in different areas evidenced by archaeological evidence, arts and literature, alchemy, engineering, medicine, astronomy, sports. In addition to, their findings of the art of mummification.

[1]. Cosmetics in Ancient Egypt, Edited and prepared by Prof. Hamed A. Eadhttp://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam23.html
[2]. Ancient Egyptian Science Edited and Prepared by Prof. Hamed A. Eadhttp://www.touregypt.net/science.htm
[3]. Technical Arts Related To Alchemy in Old Egypt, Edited and Prepared by Prof. Hamed A. Eadhttp://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam03.html
[4]. Stockholm Papyri, Greco-Egyptian Chemical Documents from Early 4th Century AD, Earle Radcliffe Caley, William B. Jensen, Oesper Collection in the History of Science, University of Cincinnati,Cincinnati.OH, 2008.
[5]. Ancient Egyptian Metallurgy, Major H. Garland and C. O. Bannister, London: Charles Griffin & Company, Limited, 1927.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Relationship of Stress among University Lecturers in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Amina Abdullahi Ubangari || Dr. Raymond Bako
	:	10.9790/0837-191898104

Abstract: Stress can have impact on the performance of university lecturers in Nigeria. It takes a lot more than just working to earn a living and have a successful career in lecturing job. This paper among other things, examines the relationship of stress and academic performance among Nigerian university lecturers, source and types of stress. The paper explores Imeokparia's (2013) model on stress management (conceptual framework) to analyze the study and reviewed related empirical studies on relationship of stress and performance among university lecturers in Nigeria. Finally, the paper highlighted the effect of stress on the performance of Nigerian universities and proffers general and philosophical solutions to the challenges of stress among university lecturers
Key words: Relationship, stress, university, lecturers, Nigeria.

[1]. Ahsan, N. & Abdullahi, Z. & Yong Gunfle, D & Alam, S.S (2009). A Study of Job Stress on Jobs Satisfaction Among University staff in Malaysia: Empirical Study. European Journal of Social Science Vol. 8. No. 1 pp 21-130
[2]. Beehr & Newman, (1978) Job Stress, Employee Health, and Organizational effectives: Facet Analysis, Model and Literature Review, Personal Psychology, 31, (4) 665-669.
[3]. Blackburn, R.T., & Bentley, R.J (1993): Faculty Research Productivity: Some Moderators of Associated Stressors. Research in High Education. 34, 725-745.
[4]. Brush (1993). Everyday Philosophy (n.d) Dealing With Stress and Challenges/Body mine Awakening. Retrieve December, 2013 from http://www.bodymineawakening.com/everyday-philosphy
[5]. Cai and Lin (2006). Theory and Practice on Teacher Performance evaluation, Frontier of Education in China 1(1), 29-39.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Quality Characteristics of Electric Illuminants
Country	:	Ukraine
Authors	:	Dr. Andriy Andrushko || Dr. Markiyan Hoshko
	:	10.9790/0837-1918105114

Abstract: Electric illuminants quality characteristics are the objective prerequisite for ensuring of artificial illumination optimal parameters. Since consumers purchase electric illuminants to get enough lighting onto the working surface, poor quality products may not ensure normal conditions both, for work and for everyday living. The article defines, and then investigates the quality characteristics of electric illuminants, available in Ukrainian market. The results show that the quality of electric illuminants, available in the market, does not correspond to consumers' expectations. Such outcomes pose many questions that induce for further research.
Keywords: Characteristics, Electric Illuminants, Glow Lamp, Quality, Values.

[1] Jones Gareth R. and George Jennifer M. (2006) Contemporary Menegement, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill / Irwin, New York, NY.
[2] Cronin Joseph J., Jr., Brady K. Michael and Hult Tomas M. G. (2000), Assessing the Effects of Quality, Value, and Customer Satisfaction on Consumer Behavioral Intentions in Service Environments, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 193-218.
[3] Zeithaml Valarie A. (1988), Consumer Perception of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence, Journal of Marketing, (July) Vol. 52, pp. 2-22.
[4] Burlton Roger (2001), Business Process Management: Profiting from Process, Sam's Publishing, Indiniapolis, Indiana.
[5] Syerikov Y. O. and Orobinska K. Y. (2009), Методика Проектування Системи Штучного Освітлення Виробничого Приміщення Розподільного Пристрою Тягової Підстанції (Projecting Methodology of Artificial Illumination System for Production Premises of a Traction Substation Switching Center), Illumination and Electric Power Engineering, No.4, pp. 53-58.

Paper Type : Research Paper Title : Nature and Types of Schools In pre independence India Country : India Authors : Ratnesh Ranjan || Anuradha Pandey || V. Ranjan : 10.9790/0837-1918115119

Abstract: In this paper, nature and types of schools prevailing in India during pre-independence period during 18th century till the year 1947 has been discussed. The various educational policies, practices and their impact on the society have been elaborated. The contributions of the public schools to the society in different cultural, scientific and industrial development has been assessed.
Keywords: school, public, private

[1] Shukla Vagish, "SIRF SHAUK NAHI MAJBURI BHI", Hastakshep (Rastriya Sahara),New Delhi Dated 20 December 1997 Page No.4
[2] IBID
[3] MohantyBiswarajan "Nation Building and Elementary Education", EN VOL XXV NO-50 Dated 10-16 March 2001, New Delhi. Page No-01
[4] Chopra .P.N. "Society, Religion and Literature", The Gazetteer of India, Indian Union Vol-2, Publication Division, Govt. of India, Patiala House New Delhi, DEC.-1990 Page No-655(4-A) Source: Deptt. Of Higher Education, Ministry of HRD, Government of India.
[5] Prasad Bandhu, The Bihar Education Code 2001, Malhotra Brother, Patna, Page –7.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impacts of Oil Exploration on the Livelihoods of agro-pastoralists in Western Kordofan State-Sudan
Country	:	Sudan
Authors	:	Mahir Salih Suleiman Khaleel || Elmalieh Mohammed Ahmed
	:	10.9790/0837-1918120126

Abstract: Mostly local communities perceive oil discovery in their areas as an opportunity to improve their livelihoods. They expect better access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living, though that might not always be the case. Pastoralist and subsistence farming have traditionally been the two main livelihood systems in the study area, however their life began to change recently as a result of oil exploration. In spite of the huge resources generated from the area still communities are lagging behind and suffering from the lack of basic social services. The study intended to answer the following question: What is the impact of oil exploration on the livelihoods of agro-pastoralists in West Kordofan State-Sudan? The overall objective of the study is to investigate the oil exploration and its impact on Agro-pastoralists in West Kordofan State and scrutinize the character of the changes occurred in various aspects of their livelihood.
Keywords: Oil production, Sustainable Livelihood, Community Development.

[1]. Alkire, S. (2010). Development: A Misconceived Theory Can Kill. In: Christopher W. Morris (ed.), Amartya Sen. Cambridge University Press.
[2]. Carney, D., Drinkwater, M., Rusinow, T., Neefjes, K., Wanmali, S. and Singh, N. (1999). Livelihoods Approaches Compared. Department for International Development. London.
[3]. Chambers, R. and G. Conway (1992). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century. Institute of Development Studies. Discussion Papers, 296. Cambridge.
[4]. Chikanda, A. (2009). Environmental Degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Environment and health in Sub-Saharan Africa eds Springer Netherlands.
[5]. Christenson, J.A. and J.W. Robinson (1989). Community Development in Perspective. Iowa State University Press.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Instructive Indicators of Sustainable Livelihood in Poverty Moderation: A Case Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Chhaya Yadav || S. P. Lal || K. Lal
	:	10.9790/0837-1918127142
		Downloads : Times

Abstract: A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future, while not undermining the natural resource base. The unique livelihood strategy makes rural people exclusive from other parts of any country. Uprising problem is common in similar regions, which need to be sorted out with a detailed perspective on people and their living condition. Finding indicators is a way to improve understanding of the livelihoods of poor people. It draws on the main factors that affect poor people's livelihoods and the typical relationships between these factors. It can be used in planning new development activities and in assessing the contribution that existing activities have made to sustaining livelihoods.
Keywords: Sustainability, Indicators, ICT, SLD, SLA, Primary data.

[1]. Roger A. Petry, Educating for sustainable production and consumption and sustainable livelihoods: learning from multi-stakeholder networks, Sustainability Science, Springer, (6) 2011,83-96.
[2]. Stephen Morse and Nora McNamara and Moses Acholo, Sustainable Livelihood Approach: A critical analysis of theory and practice. 2009,Geographical Paper No. 189 ,
[3]. http://jharkhandindustry.gov.in/Concept%20note%20on%20JEXCOM.pdf
[4]. http://Uttar Pradesh Natural Resources Forests Rivers Minerals.mht
[5]. Planning Commission of India 2004-05.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Volatility of stock market and capital flow
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Shafaq Sherazi || Habib Ahmad
	:	10.9790/0837-1918143147

Abstract: The study examines the relationship between capital flow, return of stock indices and exchange rate. This paper documents a significant relationship between capital flow and market volatility but returns of stock exchange and exchange rate are found to be insignificant. The study will be helpful for the policy makers so that they will be able to take the decision by considering the impact of capital flow.
Key words: Capital flow, stock market volatility, exchange rate, returns, Colombo stock exchange, Karachi stock exchange.

[1]. Abbott, A., Cushman, D. O., & Vita, G. D. (2012). Exchange Rate Regimes and Foreign Direct Investment Flows to Developing Countries. Review of International Economics , 20 (1), 95–107.
[2]. Ahmad, H., & Naeem, K. (2013). Impact of futures on spot price volatility. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics , 20 (1), 20-31.
[3]. Ahmed, S., & Zlate, A. (2013). Capital Flows to Emerging Market Economies: A Brave New World? 1-57.
[4]. Albuquerque, R. (2002). The Composition of International Capital Flow: Risk Sharing Through Foreign Direct Investment. 1-42.
[5]. Alfaro, L., Ozcan, S. K., & Volosovych, V. (2007). Capital Flows in a Globalized World: The Role of Policies and Institutions. 19-71.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Inter-Religion Hate Speech in India: A Sociological Study on the Ambiguous Terminology of Secularism
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Pooja Shankar
	:	10.9790/0837-1918148155

Abstract: Hate speech, among other things, is one of the most pressing issues in India today. The fact that our society and our nation are so culturally diverse may often lead to discrimination and cultural bias in one form or another. Thus, I decided to look into the matter in order to discover the probable reasons behind this display of hate speech, the mediums through which it is often exhibited, and why people react differently to hate speech presented in different forms and degrees, e.g., why citizens would throw a riot for a political figure displaying some form of hate speech, as opposed to a young schoolboy. I have conducted a survey on inter-religion hate speech in India, with questions ranging from the religion the survey takers follow, to the level of hate speech they have either engaged in or been subjected to, to their faith in the Indian Judicial system to develop appropriate laws governing hate speech.My survey ranges all over India for reasons which are explained in my analysis, and the target audience of this survey rests in the educated youth of the country. For this reason, I have sent emails to various colleges in India, and received a total of approximately 100 responses.

[1] MICHEL ROSENFELD,Hate Speech in Constitutional Jurisprudence: A Comparative Analysis, Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 1, 2002-2003.
[2] UPENDRABAXI, Conflicting Conceptions of Legal Cultures and Conflict of Legal Cultures, Journal of The Indian Law Institute, Vol. 33, April-June, No. 2.
[3] UPENDRABAXI, Supra n.2.
[4] Justice R.A. Jahagirdar, Secularism in India: The Inconclusive Debate, available at: http://iheu.org/content/secularism-india, last accessed October 14, 2013.
[5] ASHISNANDY, An Anti-Secularist Manifesto, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1995.