IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Food Security and Coping Strategies amongst Medium Income Earners in Maiduguri Metropolis of Borno State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ahmed, Funmilola Fausat || Dotti, Rakiya Yelwa
	:	10.9790/0837-19190108

Abstract: This paper examined the determinants of food security among medium income households in Maiduguri Metropolis of Borno State Nigeria. Data for the study were selected from 120 medium income households using purposive and multi-stage random sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics, Cost-of-calories method, Logit model and household dietary diversity scores were used as analytical techniques for the study. Based on the recommended daily energy levels of 2260 kcal, a food security line of N26,956.00 per adult equivalent per year was obtained for the households and about 67% of the sample households are therefore food secure. The Logit analysis revealed that the major determinants that positively influence food security in the study area among others are income, level of education, assets, farm enterprise, extension agent's contact and diet diversity while household size negatively influence food security. Therefore, it is imperative that government should give adequate priority and attention to policy measures directed towards educating and provision of better family planning. Also, improving wage earning capacity and exploring income diversification opportunities are crucial in enhancing food security status and general welfare of households in the study area.

[1]. Adekoya, A.E. (2009). Food Insecurity and Coping Strategies among rural households in Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 7 (3&4): 187- 191.
[2]. Amaza, P.S., Abdoulaye, T., Kwaghe, P.V., and Tegbaru, A, (2009). Changes in household food security and poverty status in PROSAB area of Southern Borno State, Nigeria. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and Promoting Sustainable Agriculture in Borno State (PROSAB). Pp 1-40.
[3]. Babatunde, R.O., Omotosho, O.A., and Sholatan, O.S. (2007). Socio-economic and food security of farming households in Kwara State, North-Central Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 6: 49-58.
[4]. Food and Agriculture Organization. (2009).Measuring Food Security Using Respondents Perception of Food Consumption Adequacy. Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy.
[5]. Federal Office of Statistics (2004).Nigeria Living Standard Survey. Report prepared by FOS in collaboration with EU, World Bank, Department for International Studies. Pp. 9-24.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An Overview of Users Information Seeking Behaviour on Online Resources
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Esew, Michael || Aisha Makarfi || Rhoda Wusa Goshie || Aisha Jimada
	:	10.9790/0837-19190917

Abstract: This paper discuses online information seeking behavior of students for sustainable education among students of higher learning institutions. Online information seeking behavior is a relatively new phenomenon. However, it is the active process of obtaining data from the Web. Libraries and Universities are continuously adapting and seeking effective ways to respond to the fundamental and interconnected missions of research, teaching and community service, and that is why some have embraced the use of the Internet in service delivery. On the other hand, this study is more concerned with maximizing usage of this resource by students in fulfilling their primary aim of research and reaching out to these resources on the Internet using the requisite navigational skills. The paper says the Internet offers widespread access to electronic resources and also has the advantages of interactivity, and information tailoring. It also agrees that access is inequitable and use is hindered by navigational challenges due to numerous factors e.g. disorganization, technical language and lack of permanence.
Keywords: Information, Information need, Information Seeking Behavior, Online Information seeking, Online information seeking theories.

[1] Aguolu, C.C. (1984). The Future of Library and Information Services in Nigeria. Nigerian Libraries Vol. 20 p 58.
[2] American Library Association Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report. (Chicago: American Library Association, 2010). Thoughtful summary of the deliberations of leaders in education and librarianship on the importance of Information Literacy to individuals, business and citizenship with recommendations for implementing the information age school.
[3] Belkin, N.J. Oddu, R. and Brooks, H. (1982). Information Retrieval: Pt 1 Background Theory. Journal of Documentation 8(2) 61 -71.
[4] Brophy, P. (1993). "Network in British Academic Libraries" British Journal of Academic Librarianship, Vol. 8 No. 1:49-60.
[5] Case, D.O. (2002). Looking for Information: A Survey Research on Information Seeking, Needs, and Behaviour Amsterdam. Academic Press.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Financial trend and status of commercial banks with reference to BSE &NSE – A study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mrs. Neelam Bharadwaj || Dr. Puja Archana Sahu
	:	10.9790/0837-19191821

Abstract: Development of a country mostly depends upon the financial structure provided by the commercial banks. The responsibility of banks in the developing country like ours is crucial and significant. The financial position of the banks is more or less concurrent with their working capital and fixed assets. Where the coefficient correlation between the working capital and fixed assets are in a positive side the position is considered good. For our study we have taken into consideration one nationalized bank and two private banks, as after liberalization, the private commercial banks have evolved and are functioning at par with the government banks under the guidance of Reserve Bank of India. The researchers have chosen these three banks as they are listed in both NSE & BSE Index. The purpose of this study is to find out, how far private banks are maintaining the ratio of their assets as well as their working capital as compared to the government banks. In support of this intention a relative study is conducted by choosing five years data from 2009 to 2013 of SBI, HDFC, & ICICI banks.
Key words: Commercial Bank, working capital, fixed asset, liberalization policy, financial environment.

[1] Balakrishnan, P. and Parameswaran, M. (2007), "Understanding Economic Growth in India, Further Observations," Economic and Political Weekly, Nov 3, pp. 117-119.
[2] Dr.S.P.Gupta, Management Accounting, Kalyani Publication 1997 pg.171
[3] Jain SP, and Narang KL, Cost and Management Accounting, 2006 pg 109
[4] Jain, SP, Narang, KL, and Agarwal, S, Accounting for managers, Kalyani Publication, 2008, pp 119 Mony control.com
[5] Siraj P Sudershan 2013, Research Journal of Financing and Accounting vl 4 no.1 2013.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Role of Indian Railways in Promotion of Tourism in India: A Case Study of Foreign Tourists
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Vinod Kumar || Dr. J. B. Komaraiah
	:	10.9790/0837-19192232

Abstract: Travel has been one of the fastest and ever growing service industries with an enormous potential for further growth in world. The bulk of tourist arrivals are in developed countries but now developing countries are also increasingly sharing in the tourism boom. Tourism has come to play an important role in the socio-economic development of a country. It is both cause and consequence of economic development. Travel today, is sold like any normal consumer product through retail outlets, wholesalers and even departmental stores of many countries. The reasons for travel too have changed over the span of time. Tourism in India is witnessing widespread growth on the back of increasing inbound tourists by the burgeoning Indian middle class, rising inflow of foreign tourists and successful government campaigns for promoting 'Incredible India'It is a fact that tourism is an inter-disciplinary subject by nature and each of its aspect is too complex and complicated. Form the Indian railway's point of view, the significance of the study lies in identifying and highlighting the problem areas in the field of tourism development. It specially aims towards finding answers to problems and shortcomings in the field of infrastructure development, improvement in quantity and quality of basic amenities for foreign tourists and requirement marketing of and publicity for the promotion of tourism.

[1]. Anderson, E. W., Fornell, C., & Lehmann, D. R. (1994). Customer Satisfaction, Market Share and Profitability. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 53-66.
[2]. Baker, D. A., & Crompton J. L. (2000). Quality, Satisfaction and Behavioural Intentions. Annuals of Tourism Research, 27(3), 785-804.
[3]. Barsky, J. D. (1992). Customer Satisfaction in the Hotel Industry: Meaning and Measurement. Hospitality Research Journal, 16(1), 51-73.
[4]. Bojonic, D. C., & Rosen, L. D. (1994). ―Measuring Service Quality in Restaurants: An Application of the SERVQUAL Instrument‖. Hospitality Research Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 3-14.
[5]. Buhalis, D. (2000), Marketing the competitive destination of the future, Tourism Management, 21(1), 97–116.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Film Business in Bangladesh: A Historical Account
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Md. Mohiuddin
	:	10.9790/0837-19193336

Abstract: Film is the wonderful industry and powerful organ of mass media in the present world. This unique mass media becomes the container and carrier of society, civilization, history, tradition and culture. It is equally popular in Bangladesh, like other countries. In 1895,Lumiere Brothers son of Antoa Lumiere invented cinematograph with the combinations of camera and projector. On 28 December in 1895 they showed the first cinema by the cinematograph. This date is the red-letter day in the history of cinema. Hira Lal Sen was the first film shower and maker in the history of film in Bengal and also in undivided India. He formed a company which was named as The Royal Bioskop Company in 1898. He arranged the first film show in the then East Bengal (now Bangladesh) on 4th April 1898, in Bhola of Barishal. After the War of Independence, Bangladesh started to making film for commercial purposes. This study is conducted to find out the history of film business in Bangladesh. Film making is very expensive which is made in any studio, now it establishes as film industry, so it was made and showed for commercial purpose from it's birth.
Keywords: Bangladeshi film, Film making, Film showing, Film business history.

[1] Hayat, A , Bangladesher Cholochchitrer Itihas,( Bangladesh Film Dedevelopment Corporation(BFDC), Dhaka, 1987)
[2] Hayat, A , Cholochchitra Bidhya ( Bangladesh Film Study Centre, Dhaka 2004) pp-13-14.
[3] Mokammel, T, Cholochchitra Kotha (Bangladesh Film institute, Dhaka,2007)
[4] Nasreen, G. and Haq, F, Bangladesher Cholochchtro Shilpo Sangkote Jonosangskriti (Shrabon Prokasoni, Dhaka,2008)
[5] Roy, S, Bisoy Cholochchitro (Ananda Publishers (Pvt) Ltd, Kolkata,1976).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Domestic Enforcement of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Nazya Rahman
	:	10.9790/0837-19193749

Abstract: India is the second largest populated country in the world.1 India is the seventh largest country in the world having 28 states and seven Union Territories. It can be said that, India is a country having the largest child population in the world, i.e. approximately 400 million children below 18 years of age. The all round development of children is a matter of great concern for Indian government since independence.2 The issue of children has been of extreme priority. According to Rabindranath Tagore a Nobel Laureat, ‗Every child when born brings with it the hope that God is not yet disappointed with man.3 It means children are really the gift of the God which helps in contributing social, cultural and economic life of nation.

1 India's First Report to CRC, 1997, (CRC/C/28/Add. 10) p.3.
2 India's Second Report to CRC, 2001, (CRC/C/93/Add. 5) p.4.
3 Asha Bajpai, Child Rights in India: Law, Policy, and Practice, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 437.
4 First Report on CRC, n.1, p. 8.
5 Article 43 of the CRC.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Life Skills Assessment Scale: the construction and validation of a new comprehensive scale for measuring Life skills
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. R. Subasree || Dr. A. Radhakrishnan Nair
	:	10.9790/0837-19195058

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a valid, reliable scale to measure life skills. The first phase involved the conceptualization and operationalization of life skills based on the review and identifies the research gaps. Similar questionnaires, scales were reviewed, based on that the items were framed for the tool. In the second phase, Face and content validity were assessed by a panel of experts, data collection (N= 890) was carried out extensively to establish reliability and validity for the Life Skills Assessment Scale. Using Cronbach's coefficient alpha, test retest, split half reliability methods the internal consistency was assessed for the tool. After item analysis and construct validity assessment, the test items showing weak indicators were eliminated in a stepwise fashion until the reliability coefficient peaked. However, highest reliability was already obtained without eliminating items. The final summated scale of 100 indicators had a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .84. The psychometric properties were established adopting standard procedure.
Key words: Life Skills, Assessment Scale.

[1] Bandura, A. (1977a). "Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavior Change." Psychological Review. 84 191-215.
[2] Bandura, A. (1977b). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
[3] Basen-Engquist K., et al (1994). "The Effect of Two Types of Teacher Training on Implementation of Smart Choices: A TobaccoPrevention Curriculum." Journal of School Health. October. 64(8): 334-339.
[4] Beyth-Marom, R.; Fischhoff, B.; Jacobs, M.; and Furby, L. (1989). Teaching Decision-Making to Adolescents: A Critical Review.Carnegie Corporation of New York.
[5] Bierman, K. and Montminy, K. (1993). "Developmental Issues in Social-skills Assessment and Intervention with Children and Adolescents." Behavioral Modification. 17:5 (July) 229-254.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Comparative Study of the nature of Special Schools for the Blind in Kolkata and Tokyo
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ritwika Laskar
	:	10.9790/0837-19195964

Abstract: Educationally defined, the blind child is one whose visual loss indicates that he/she should be educated chiefly through the use of Braille and other tactile and auditory materials. Special Schools for the Blind are meant to teach these students self–help skills, daily living skills, vocational skills, and to assist them to manage their own affairs independently during adulthood. Through this study an attempt was made to compare the nature of the Special Schools for the Blind in Kolkata and Tokyo and the facilities provided by these schools. Purposive Sampling technique was used and three Special Schools for the Blind were chosen from both Kolkata and Tokyo. A survey was conducted in these schools and Interview Schedule was used to collect data from the Principal/Teacher-in-Charge. The obtained data were analyzed qualitatively only. Regarding the nature of the Special Schools for the Blind in Kolkata and Tokyo, the data revealed incidences of both similarities and dissimilarities. One striking feature was the lack of uniformity between the schools of Kolkata regarding the availability of facilities. It was observed that quite a few facilities provided in the special schools of Tokyo could be implemented in the schools of Kolkata. The study helped in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these schools along with determining the scope of their improvement.
Keywords: Blind, Kolkata, Nature of the Special Schools, Special Schools for the Blind, Tokyo.

[1]. S.K. Mangal, Visually Impaired Children, in Educating Exceptional Children an Introduction. (Delhi: PHI, 2007) 179-181.
[2]. Ibid. Concept and Provisions of Special Education, 29-31.
[3]. M. Bhargava, Introduction to Exceptional Children in Exceptional Children an Introduction.. (New Delhi: Sterling, 1994) 7-9.
[4]. M. Dash, Special Education, in Education of Exceptional Children. (New Delhi: Atlantic , 2007) 19-20, 26.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Voluntary Organisation in Emancipation of Rural Women: A Village Study in Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. N. Padmaja || Prof. R. Siva Prasad
	:	10.9790/0837-19196570

Abstract: The concept of Voluntary Organization is not a new phenomenon in India and it arose during ancient period. After independence, the planners gave importance to Voluntary Organizations that could assist the Government in the successive plans or policies to improve the conditions of the poor, especially women. Voluntary Organisations are non-governmental and non-profit making agencies. The voluntary agencies play the role of enabler, helper,facilitator, transformer and as catalyst. The aim of the paper is to see socio economic conditions and the impact of RASS in emancipation of women. The study was conducted on RASS a Voluntary Organisation in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. The RASS promotes all-round development of the children, the women, the households and the communities. The paper identifies that due to the efforts of both the RASS as well as the Government considerable change is noticeable in the areas of cultural, social, economic and political spheres of women, especially the poor women. Thus, RASS clearly brings to the fore the fact that voluntary action can alter the fortunes of the weaker sections, especially women, drastically through a concerted effort.
Key words: Emancipation, Government, Voluntary Organisation, and Women.

[1]. Ghosh, D.K. 2001. NGOs Intervention in Poverty Alleviation. Kurukshetra, March 2001, pp.2-9.
[2]. Krishna Murthy. 1985. Voluntary Action in Rural Development: A Survey. Kurukshetra, 32 (1), pp. 33-36.
[3]. Muniandi K. 1992. Role of Voluntary Agencies in Rural Development. Khadi Gramadyog, 38 (10-12), pp 628-630.
[4]. Rao, Y.V. 1984. Voluntary Action in Rural Development. Kurukshetra, 32 (5), pp. 22-24.
[5]. RASS Organising Committee for Development. 1998. Partners in Progress. Tirupathi: RASS.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Female Feticide: A Social Evil in India (Challenges before Us)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ms. Rajani Srivastava
	:	10.9790/0837-19197174

Abstract: In a modern time, Female feticide--the selective abortion of female fetuses, females not only face discrimination in this culture, they are even denied the right to be born female feticide determined by many factors, but mostly by the vision of having to pay a dowry to the upcoming bridegroom of a daughter. While birth of the baby boy offer refuge of their families in old time and can execute the rites for the souls of late parents and ancestors, daughters are treated as a social and economic encumber. In India feticide is a moderately new practice, rising concurrently with the advent of technological advancements in prenatal sex determination on a large scale in the 1990s. Detection technologies have been distorted, allowing the selective abortions of female offspring to proliferate. Legally, however, female feticide is a penal offence although female infanticide has long been committed in India, According to the Census 2001 report the declining sex ratio which has been dropped to alarming levels, female feticide become common in the middle and higher socio-economic households, especially in north zone because of the low status of women such as dowry, looking up for son, as concern with family name are the main evil practice performing sex selection abortions in India. There is an urge to reinforce the law to stop these kinds of illegal practices, it impact overall societies especially on women. The paper will discuss the socio-legal challenges female feticide presents, as well as the consequence of having too few women in Indian society.
Key Words: Sex Ratio, Feticide, Sex Selection Abortion, Technology.

[1]. Prof. Tulsi Patel, sex- selective abortion in india (gender, society and new reproductive technologies, Saga Publication House India-New Delhi, Department of sociology, 2007).
[2]. Kusum Jain, and Anju Sachdeva , Attitude of Urban Societies towards Female foeticide, Advanced International Research Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2013, 83-86.
[3]. Sneh Lata Tandon and Renu Sharma, female foeticide and infanticide in india: an analysis of crimes against girl children in university of delhi, 2008.
[4]. Adhikary.Mita, article on, female foeticide- the devil among us, 2012.
[5]. Chetan Sharma, and divya Jain, government of india on e-governance technology and its impact on female feticide in india, 2005.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Effects of Corruption on Employment (A Perception of Rural Educated Youth)
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Manzoor Qadar || Muhammad Ibrar || Mussawr Shah || Waqas || Liaqat Ali || Ismeal Afzal || Muhammad Israr
	:	10.9790/0837-19197579

Abstract: The major objective of this research study was to ascertain the relationship between social inequality, institutional disorder and unemployment was conducted with special reference to seven selected villages of Union Council Shahi-Khel, District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtoon-Khwa, Pakistan. A sample size of 359 households were proportionally allocated to each village and then randomly selected. Both uni-variate and bi-variate analyses were carried out to determine outcomes. The association between dependent variable (unemployment) and independent variable (social stratification) was tested by using Chi-Square Test. The relationship between family institution and unemployment reveal that unemployment is having significant association with people of strong emotional background (P=0.000), facilitated individual (P=0.012), family motivation for an individual (P=0.000), family preferences (P=0.002), family expectations (P=0.000), rich and powerful families (P=0.000), officer's son is officer and labourer's son as labourer (P=0.000), emotional support from the family (P=0.000), negative attitude with family (P=0.002) and unemployment. It is concluded that the perception of youth about family as it give sound foundation to personality of its members ensuring their success in every walk of life, especially in getting employment. Family believed to be ever pushing its members for getting employment and in majority of cases uses it influence in society to secure employment of its members. However, preferences for specific jobs, high expectations from the educated youth and low economic and emotional support from families pose obstacle to employment of youth.
Key Words: Unemployment, Family Institution.

[1]. Ayinde, O. E. 2008. Empirical Analysis of Agricultural Growth and Unemployment in Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 3(7):465-468.
[2]. Dickinson, A. 1999. The Role of the Family in Determining Youth Employment. http://www.ipr.northwestern.edu/jcpr/workingpapers/wpfiles/pabilonia_WP_ori.pdf (verified on April 7, 2012).
[3]. Goldfarb, R. and Anthony, Y. 1983. A Model of Teenage Labour Supply. Journal of Economics and Business. 35(2):245-255.
[4]. International Labour Organisation. 2001. Youth and Work: Global Trends. Geneva, p.4 http://www.yesweb.org/docs/rdbook.pdf (Verified on April 7, 2012).
[5]. Lovell, P., et al. 2010. Families of the Recession: Unemployed Parents & Their Children. http://www.brookings.edu/media/Files/rc/papers_families_recession_isaacs_families_recession_isaacs.pdf (verified on April 7, 2012).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Empowerment of Women through Self Help Group in Madhya Pradesh: A Sociological Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mukhtar Ahmad Bhat || Irshad Ahmad Wani || Ahsan Ahrar || Manzoor Ahmad
	:	10.9790/0837-19198094

Abstract: Women in India represent a more traditional section of society and have been reflected throughout the ages. Therefore, their participation in any walk of life is viewed as a sign of progress, particularly in the case of economic field. This paper is an attempt to know, what is the impact of micro-finance on, women's empowerment in Madhya Pradesh. Micro finance institution started in India in 1980s through self help groups (SHGs) model. It is the Grameen replication model of Bangladesh. Women empowerment through SHG (Self Help Group) based micro finance has been central to development agenda in India. Self help group projects were launched by Government of India, with the financial assistance from IFAD & empower rural poor women through micro finance. The present study is an attempt in this direction to analyze the impact of SHG projects on poor women in Sehore district of Madhya Pradesh.
Keywords: Empowerment of Women, Self Help Group (SHG), Micro finance, Development, IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development).

[1]. Anand, Jaya, Self help groups in Empowering women: case study of selected SHGs, discussion paper No. 38, (2002)
[2]. Bagati, Deepali. "Micro credit & Empowerment of women." Manuscript. Article based on doctoral dissertation research at Brynmawr college, PA (2001)
[3]. Batliwala, Srilatha, Education for women‟s empowerment, ASPBAE position paper for the fourth world conference on women, Beijing, September 1995, New Delhi, Asia South Pacific Bureau of Adult Education (1995).
[4]. Cheston, Susy, Lisa, Empowering women through Micro Finance, Washington DC, USA: Micro Credit summit campaign, (2002).
[5]. Deshpanda, Rani; Increasing Access and Benefits for women: Practices and Innovations among microfinance institutions - survey results. New York: UNCDF, (2001).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Six Sigma Application: An Order Management System
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	H. N. Aleem || S. Anwar || I. Shariff || Prof. Dr. Syed Abdul Aziz
	:	10.9790/0837-191995100

Abstract: Order processing system is investigated using Six Sigma methodology to examine application of Six Sigma Methodology to a business problem that emerges with an Information Technology (IT) Solution as an appropriate alternative. This research was carried out to exhibit Six Sigma approach to business process problem solving. Sustainability in order processing was achieved through IT solutions till any major change comes in business process logic. After conducting this research project it was proved that problem solving techniques among six sigma and traditional IT solutions are somehow similar in temperament and can be used in collaboration for getting proper elucidations. In this paper the statistical tool used is Minitab.
Keywords: Capability value (Cpk), Cause-and-Effect Diagram, Communication Plan, Control Charts, Critical to Quality Tree (CTQ), Defects per million occurrences (DPMO), DMAIC Methodology, Fish Bone Diagram, Order Management System, Pareto Charts, Process Mapping, SIPOC, Six Sigma Methodology, Systems Development Methodology.

[1] Barney, Matthew, and Tom McCarty, eds. "The New Six Sigma: A leader's guide to achieving rapid business improvement and sustainable results." Prentice Hall Professional, 2003.
[2] Douglas, P. C., Erwin, J. (2000). "Six Sigma's focus on total customer satisfaction." The Journal of Quality and Participation, 23(2), 45.
[3] Jiju Antony, Ricardo Banuelas, (2002) "Key ingredients for the effective implementation of Six Sigma program", Measuring Business Excellence, Vol. 6 Iss: 4, pp.20 - 27
[4] Schroeder, Roger G., et al. "Six Sigma: definition and underlying theory."Journal of operations Management 26.4 (2008): 536-554.
[5] Lee, S. H., and A. Haider. "Asset Lifecycle Information Quality Management: A Six-Sigma Approach." Engineering Asset Management 2011. Springer London, 2014. 461-470.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Use of Phonological Awareness Skills in Teaching Phonetics and Phonology for University Students
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Fakhir Omar Mohammed
	:	10.9790/0837-1919101106

Abstract: The study aims at assessing, understanding and explaining the phonological awareness skills with university students, namely, University of Zakho, School of Languages, Department of English, using different skills and tasks. Focusing on the students' participation in a variety of previously prepared tasks, the researcher followed the methods of observation and evaluation to discover the range of phonological awareness skills with the students. Depending on a number of tests, the researcher evaluated and measured the students' abilities in whether they easily master phonological concepts and topics. Here, the four levels of phonological awareness are targeted in the current paper: word awareness, syllable awareness, onset-rhyme awareness, and sound awareness. Following some teaching instruction and practice, participants were administrated fifteen tasks to assess different types of phonological awareness skills. Finally, these tasks were measured to show the participants' abilities in mastering the phonological structure of language, using a series of t-tests, ANOVAs and multiple comparison correlations, that were programmed and output by SPSS software.
Keywords: Phonological awareness, university students, skills, assessment, phonetics, phonology.

[1]. Aitchison, Jean (1999). Linguistics. 3rd ed. GB: Teach Yourself Books, 41.
[2]. Akmajian, A., Demers, R., Farmer, K. A., and Harnish, M. R. (1995). Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. New Delhi: Hall of India, 15, 21, 427.
[3]. Bauman-Waengler, J. (2009). Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology: From Concepts to Transcription. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 301, 303.
[4]. Bentin, Shlomo (1992). ―Phonological Awareness, Reading, and Reading Acquisition: A Survey and Appraisal of Current Knowledge‖. Israel Foundations Trustees and NICHHD Grant, 167, 170-175.
[5]. Brinton, Laurel J. and Brinton, donna M. (2010). The Linguistic Structure of Modern English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 51-55, 68-69, 114-115.