IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-9 ~ Sep-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Menarche and Menopause among the Yanadi Tribal Women
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Chandrika T , Adilakshmi T
	:	10.9790/0837-19920103

Abstract: Menarche and menopause are two important events in women's life, and they are accompanied by many morphological and physiological changes in the body. The onset of menarche in girls signifies the attainment of sexual maturity. The period of menopause is also important, as it is marked by the arrest of ovulation and menstruation flow and indicates cessation of reproductive function. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the age at menarche and menopause among the Yanadi women of Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh. The mean menarcheal and menopausal age of Yanadi women was found to be 13.46 ± 1.094 years and 44.68 ± 2.765 years respectively.

Keywords: Menarche, Menopause, Yanadi, Variation

[1] Kish EH 1910. The Sexual Life of Women in the Physiological, Pathological and Hygiene Aspects. London: Rehman Ltd.
[2] Sharma, M.B. and Choudhary, Dipesh.: Menarche and fertility. A correlation study among the Gond tribe of Maharashtra, J. Hum. Ecol., 6(3): 209-212 (1995).
[3] Pandey, G.D. and Goel, A.K.: Some demographic charactericts of Abujhmaria of Madhya Pradesh. J. Hum. Ecol., 10(2): 85-88 (1999).
[4] B. Dakshayani*, M. Satish Chandran and M. R. Gangadhar: Menarche and Menopause among the Iruliga Tribal Women, Anthropologist, 9(3): 255-256 (2007).
[5] Chakravarty, R.: The People of Manipur. B.R. Publishing Company, Delhi (1986).
[6] Bhowmik,K.L., Choudhury, M. K., Das, P. and Choudhury, K.K.: Fertility of Zemi Women of Nagaland. Institute of Social Studies, Calcutta (1971).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Research Project On Castism In India 'A Study on caste and the intensity of cased based prejudices among people of various economics levels in Travancore'
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Gayathree P Thampi
	:	10.9790/0837-19920408

Abstract: India is well known for its complicated system of caste and its own indigenous system of social division. The caste based prejudices vary from a ban on marriages to untouchability. Even in the 21st century, India is far from salvation. Kerala, which is the state which was under the research survey, proved to be one of the 'forward' states when it came to inter-caste marriages. It has one of the highest numbers of inter-caste and inert-religious marriages. The question is how worst is the best?

Keywords: Kerala, caste in India, caste and economics, Travancore, caste based rejudices, education and caste.

[1] Gazetteers of India Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Page 233-242

[2] Sinnakani, Tamil Nadu State: Thoothukudi District, Volume 2, Government of Tamil Nadu, Commissioner of archives and Historical Research. pp. 233–242.

[3] Hardgrave, Robert, The Nadars of Tamilnad: the political culture of a community in change, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969, pp. 29–34

[4] Thomas A. Green, Martial arts of the world: en encyclopedia, A – Q, Volume 1, 2001, ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 177

[5] <http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_sc/listofcastesinclud.htm>, last accessed 0n 04/03/2014

[6] Ghildiyal, Subodh, "Steady rise in inter-caste marriages involving dalits‟, The Times of India, 09/19/2013, <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Steady-rise-in-inter-caste-marriages-involving-dalits/articleshow/22728944.cms>, last accessed on 03/09/2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Urban Myth and Reality: The State of Urban Growth and Development in Assam
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rakesh Chetry , Dr. Bimal K. Kar
	:	10.9790/0837-19920917

Abstract: An urban centre, being a living dynamic entity, has the capacity to support outsized human population with great potential for an improved quality of urban life. But, contrary to the developed countries of the world, the phenomenon of urbanisation and urban development relationship can be hardly noticed in developing economies like India. Assam being no exception has been experiencing a phenomenal urban growth with absolute increase in number of urban centres (12 to 214) and urban population (77 thousand to 4.4 million) during 1901-2011. But, it is discouraging that the rate of urban development as compared to the urban growth in the state is quite low. Therefore, it is still unclear, whether urbanisation in Assam is the product of urban development or it is mere reflection of high population increase and consequent unbalanced urban development in urban centres. Based primarily on Secondary data, the study examines the level of urbanisation in Assam with respect to urban development including the demographic and social implications of rapidly growing urban population.

Keywords: Urban development, Urban growth, Urbanisation

[1]. Betal, H.R., Use of Statistical Techniques to study Urbanisation in West Bengal, Geographical Review of India, 63(3), 2001, 258-276.
[2]. Bogue, D.J. and Zachariah, K.C., Urbanisation and Migration in India, in Turner, Roy. (Ed.), India's Urban Future, Oxford University Press, Bombay, (1962), 27-54.
[3]. Borah, J., Process of Urbanisation in Assam, North Eastern Geographer, 22, (1 & 2), 1990, 22-23.
[4]. Cherunilam, F., Urbanisation in Developing Countries: A Socio-economic and Demographic Analysis, (Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay, 1984).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Elections and Democracy: A Mirage for the Nation of Pakistan
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Sheikh Nadeem Ahmed
	:	10.9790/0837-19921824

Abstract: Pakistan developed its political structures wherein power was vested in the inherited colonial institutions, the army, the bureaucracy and political elites comprising of feudal lords. In the post-independent scenario these structures continued to dominate the political landscape of Pakistan. Landed gentry also strengthened power while getting hold of major industries besides military also emerged as one the strongest economic entrepreneur in the post- independent scenario. The people of Pakistan have been striving to come out of their perpetual influence but it seems a far cry for them. On the other hand elections have been used as a tool by these structures to consolidate power and stamp dominance over people. This paper is an endeavor to investigate how elections have shaped the behavioral pattern of these dominant structures in the polity of Pakistan.

[1]. Sheikh Nadeem Ahmed is serving as Lecturer in the Department of Political Science at Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan

[2]. Ayesha Jalal, Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective, (England: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp.29-65

[3]. Mohammad Waseem, Democratization in Pakistan: A Study of the 2002 Election(New York: Oxford University Press,2006), p. 4

[4]. S. J. Burki and C. Baxter, Socio-economic Indicators of the Peoples Party Vote in the Punjab: A study at the Tehsil Level, (Islamabad: Islamabad University Press,1975), pp. 167-169

[5]. Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan, The Campaign before the Storm, Asian Survey, July 1977, pp. 584-590

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Poverty Reduction through Microfinance Assistance by Banks in Rural Areas -An Analytical study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. G. L. Parvathamma
	:	10.9790/0837-19922531

Abstract: In developing country like India where approximately 400 million people living below or close to the poverty line, could be roughly translated into 75 million household out of which around 60 million are rural household. So poverty in India has predominantly a rural character. Micro finance has emerged as a needful programme to cater to the needs of the most under privileged people i.e., tribal, Dalits and Women. Micro finance is expected to play a pivotal role in poverty eradication and employment generation. In the present study Emphasis is to be given to analyse the nature of the micro finance activities under taken by the banks, role of banking institutions in rendering micro credit services to the poor people. Efficiency of micro finance provided by the banks and also identifies level of customer satisfaction about micro credit offered by the banks. Further, it concludes that. the most important form of micro finance is credit targeted to poor people who are also talented entrepreneurs. If these people gain access to credit, they will expand their business, stimulate local economic growth. These banks will be able to support their client's efforts to control family risks as well as capitalize on business opportunities. They will offer savings, insurance, remittance services and personal and business loans, to help clients grow their assets while increasing their incomes. The goal of growth and poverty alleviation is now well recognized, so the micro finance is a very good platform for ensuring this by optimizing use of the financial resources and generate the employment potentiality.

Keywords: Poverty Reduction, SHGs. business loans

[1]. L.M. Bhole, Financial Institutions and Markets.
[2]. Shekhar and Shekar, Banking Theory and Practice, New Delhi.
[3]. Shri Jayprakash .L. Samudre, (DDM NABARD Kolar District), potential linked credit plan.

4]. Professional Banker
[5]. The Icfaian Journal of Management Research

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Life Skills Education in Kenya: An Assessment of the Level of Preparedness of Teachers and School Managers in Implementing Life Skills Education in Trans- Nzoia District, Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Francis ABOBO , John Aluko ORODHO
	:	10.9790/0837-19923244

Abstract: Though Life Skills Education (LSE) has been made a compulsory component of basic education by the Ministry of Education in Kenya, effective teaching is hampered by several factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of preparedness by teachers and school managers in implementing the Life Skills Education in secondary schools in Trans-Nzoia West District. To achieve this purpose, the study was guided by three fold objectives, namely) to determine teachers' training on LSE, ii) find out teachers' and students attitudes towards implementation of LSE in secondary schools, and iii) to establish the level of availability and adequacy of teaching/learning resources for implementing LSE in secondary schools. A descriptive survey design was used for the study. From the target population of 1800 students, 150 teachers and 37 principals in 37 public secondary schools in the district, stratified random sampling technique was adopted to draw 15 principals, 30 teachers and 180 students yielding 225 subjects. Questionnaires were used to collect data from teachers and students while interview schedules were used to collect data from the principals. Quantitative data from questionnaires were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) while qualitative data from interviews were analyzed thematically.

Keywords: Life skills education, Implementation, level of preparedness, teachers, school managers, Secondary schools, Trans-Nzoia District, Kenya

[1]. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. In Bartholomew et al. (2001) .
[2]. Bunyi, W. G. (2000). Girls‟ education: An annotated bibliography on 13 AGEI countries in Eastern and Southern Africa. Nairobi: UNICEF.
[3]. Bizimana, B., Orodho,A.J..(2014). Teaching and learning resource availability and teachers effective classroom management and content delivery in secondary schools in Huye District, Rwanda. Journal of Education and Practice.Vol.3.No.9. pp111-122.www.iiste.org
[4]. Brook,.S.E.(2013). Selecting a sample. Educational Research, 250.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Assessment of Home Grown School Feeding Programme (HGSFP) Theory in Kinango Sub-County, Kwale County, Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Kadenge Stephen Karisa , John Aluko Orodho
	:	10.9790/0837-19924552

Abstract: The problematique of this study is that despite the fact that there has been a lot of rhetoric from various stakeholders regarding the perceive direct benefits of the home grown school feeding programme (HGSFP)theory, no systematic research has been conducted to test the theory .This study sought to assess the HGSFP theory in Kinango Sub- county of Kwale County, Kenya. Within this broad perspective, the study examined i) establish theextent to which local farmers were stimulated by the market created by the HGSFP , ii)assess the food security status of the pupils and communities in relation to the presences of the HGSFP in the neighboring primary school in Kanango Sub County. The study used mixed methods incorporating aspects of correlation research and grounded theoretical approaches. A purposive sampling technique was applied to select opinion leaders from cross-sectionof knowledgeable informants from the local community in the study locale. The study established that HGSFP did not directly benefit the local community as was envisaged since majority of people supplyingschool food do not reside from the study locale and instead operated from urban centers.The few local farmers participating in the HGSFP were further constrained with low yields as a result of not using modern agricultural production techniques and stringent procurement procedures. Hencefood security among pupils was not guaranteed due to erratic disbursement of the funds meant for project. It is recommended that the Government through the Ministry of education should sensitize the local community regarding the objectives of the project , and relax the procumbent procedure as an affirmative approach to enable local community actively participate since they can'tfavorably compete with established entrepreneurs in open tendering processes.( 283 words)

Key words: The HGSFP Theory, food sustainability, students, Kinango sub-county, Kenya

[1]. Aga Khan Foundation. (2010).Coastal Rural Support Programme Kenya Pro-Poor Integrity Project: Local Government Partnership Survey Report. Nairobi: Strapola Mala
[2]. Bodo, S. (2012).Education in Reconstruction: Kenya – A Working Brief. Tunis Belvédéré; Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)/African Development Bank (AfDB)
[3]. Bundy, D., Burbano, C., Grosh M., Gelli, A., Jukes, M. &Drake, L. (2009).Rethinking School Feeding: Social Safety Nets, Child Development, and the Education Sector. Directions in Development Series. Washington, DC: World Bank.
[4]. Espejo, F., Burbano C., &Galliano, E. (2009). Home-grown School Feeding: A Framework to Link School Feeding with Local Agricultural Production. Rome: World Food Programme

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Subsidized Secondary Education Policy: What are the Socio- Economic and Cultural Implications on Equitable and Quality Education in Madera West District, Mandera County; Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Mohammed Abdi ADAN , John Aluko ORODHO
	:	10.9790/0837-19925363

Abstract: The gist of this paper was to examine the socio-economic and cultural implications of subsidized secondary education policy on equity and quality education in Mandera West District, Mandera County, Kenya. The study was premised on the Reconstructionist Theory propounded by Brameld and George Counts that emphasizes the need to address social questions and a quest to create a better society and wonderful democracy. Mixed methods involving quantitative and qualitative approaches were used to collect and analyze data from a stratified sample of 126 respondents comprising of headteacher, teachers, members of the Board of Management, and Quality Assurance and Standards Officers (QUASO). The findings revealed mixed results in the sense that although the subsidized secondary education policy was making remarkable impact in terms of accelerated access to education, there was high wastage exhibited in low transition rates from lower to upper classes, low retention rate, widening inequality that was negatively affecting education of the girl-child, and overall low quality of education. The major factors contributing to this scenario were largely socio-economic and cultural in nature, with poverty, low formal educational attainment of most parents, low premium attached to the education of the girl-child and some retrogressive socio-cultural factors being the most conspicuous. The school based factors compromising equity and quality education included; unfriendly schools especially to the females

Key Words: Subsidized secondary education, education policy, socio-economic factors, cultural factors, equity. Quality, Mandera West District, Mandera County, Kenya

[1]. African Path (2009). Free Primary Education in Kenya: One of Kibaki's Trump Cards? April 11 2007. African Path, Retrieved March 19, 2009 from http://www.africanpath.com/p_blogEntry.cfm?blogEntryID=584
[2]. Alwy, A. & Schech, S. (2004). Ethnic Inequalities in Education in Kenya. International Education Journal 5(2), 266-274.
[3]. Buchman, C. (2000). Family Structure, Parental Perceptions, and Child Labor in Kenya: What Factors Determine who is Enrolled in School. Social Forces 78 (4), 1349-1378.
[4]. Bunyi, G. (2006). Real Options for Literacy Policy and Practice in Kenya [Electronic Version]. Retrieved March 4 2008, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145956e.pdf
&Alva, S. (1998). Maternal Education and Child Health: Is There a Strong Causal Relationship. Demography, 35 (1), 71-81.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An Intriguing Journey: From Delusion to Reality in Malamud's The Fixer
Country	:	India
Authors	:	B. Sam Jerome Sharone
	:	10.9790/0837-19926466

Abstract: This article sheds light on Malamud's writing of human beings experience with sufferings.This article examines Jewish suffering as a caricature of human suffering. OnceJewish race was despised by many nations, after a long struggle, it has emerged as a nation but at present, it is at stake. This article intends to put forth the traumatic experiencesof human beings in common not focusing on particular race. Mental agony, deepest hurts,bereavement and rejection of selfare experienced by each man in every society. Being born in a particular race,people are simply ostracized from the earth. This is the worst thing that ever happens to the people in the world.These sufferings are experienced and well expressed through the character Yakov.It analyses the unending and excruciating pains and perennial sufferings of aman. The character Yakov attempts to find answers for the life threatening questions of human beings and it overstates such life on earth could be livable. Yakov challenges the readers by keeping his identity and endures all the sufferings without complaining. Thusthe article examines the implicit life of human beings and suggests that suffering alone is the solution for the problems.

[1]. Astro,Richard and Jackson J.Benson. eds. The Fiction of Bernard Malamud.New Delhi: East-West press Ltd, 1992.Print.
[2]. Freidman, Allen Warren. "The Hero as Schnook."Bernard Malamud and the Critics.
[3]. Ed.Leslie. A. Field and Joyce. W. Field. New York: New York University Press, 1970.
[4]. Hassan, Ihab. Contemporary American Literature: An Introduction.Newyork: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co, 1973. Print.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Theory and Problems of Translation Studies
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. N. B. Shama Bharathi
	:	10.9790/0837-19926770

Abstract: It is an introductory, and it will present a brief background to the importance of trans–cultural communication. It also presents the types and problems of translation, objectives, the scope and the methodology underlying the present study
Key words: Interaction, translation, communication, cultural and linguistic heritage

[1]. Bijay Kumar Das. The Horizon of Translation, (New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 1998) p.l [2]. J.C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation, (London: Oxford University Press, 1965) p.20.
[3]. S.K. Verma in, Translation From Periphery to Centre stage, (New Delhi: Prestige Books, 1998) p.15.
[4]. K.M. George in, Translation From Periphery to Cent restage, (New Delhi: Prestige Books, 1998) p.32.
[5]. Manorama Year Book, 2003: pp.524 – 527.
[6]. S.S. Prabhakar Rao in, Translation From Periphery to Centresta.ge, (New Delhi: Prestige Books, 1998) p. 171.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of Globalization on Social Work Educator's Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Social Work Education
Country	:	India
Authors	:	B. Prince Solomon Devadass , Dr. A. Subramanian , Dr. Jude Gonsalvez
	:	10.9790/0837-19927184

Abstract: Globalization is a theme that is at the centre of debate by education policymakers, scholars, professionals and practitioners worldwide. It is a concept that provokes intense debate and examination. Therefore, globalization is described as "the flow of technology, economy, knowledge, people, values and ideas .... across borders. Globalization affects each country in a different way due to each nation‟s individual history, traditions, cultures, resources and priorities. A social work-based definition of globalization describes the concept as "a process of global integration in which diverse peoples, economies, cultures and political processes are increasingly subjected to international influences" (Midgley, 1997, p. xi). Additionally, Midgley suggested that globalization indicates "the emergence of an inclusive worldwide culture, a global economy, and above all, a shared awareness of the world as a single place" (1997, p. 21). In the 21st century, globalization leads to changes that challenge social work practice and education, and the idea of postmodernism challenges the validity of a universal knowledge base. This is because where societies are built on different cultural and social assumptions globalizations raises questions about the dominance of any particular set of ideas, both generally and in social work. The influence of globalization on Social Work educator‟s knowledge, attitude and practice of Social Work education has raised questions about whether Western models of social work education and organization are universal in their application. This research paper will provide a framework for understanding the impact of globalization in social work education in India.

Keywords: Influence of Globalization, Social Work Educator, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice, Social Work Education, International Social Work

[1]. De Jongh, J. (August 8-11,1972). A retrospective view of Social Work education. In International Association of Schools of Social Work(IASSW), . XVIth International Congress of schools of Social Work , The Hague,Netherlands (pp. (Proceedings)(pp.22-36)). NewYork: New Themes in Social Work Education .
[2]. L.S.Kudochodkar. (1963). Observations. Indian Journal of Social Work, 24(2),96.
[3]. M.Healy, L. (2001 ). International Social Work. New York: Oxford University Press.
[4]. Madan, G. (Sixth Edition, 2010). Indian Social Problems, Vol.2,.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Dietary Adequacy of school Going Children in Selected Areas of Himachal Pradesh
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rajju Priya Soni , Mittu Katoch
	:	10.9790/0837-19928590

Abstract: The objective of the study was to analyse the diet of 7-9 year school going children. A total of 200 school going children were selected from four different of two Districts of Himachal Pradesh viz. Kangra and Kullu were selected, with one rural and one urban block of each District nutritional status of children were determined by standard procedures. Information regarding socioeconomic background, dietary habits, frequency of consumption of foods and clinical symptoms were recorded. Data on dietary intake was collected by 24 hour recall method and analysed for food and nutrient intake which was calculated and compared with Recommended Dietary Intake/ Recommended Dietary Allowances. Results indicate that most of the rural and urban blocks school children had nuclear families and belonged to SC castes. Regarding family income 66% and 52% of the families of school children had family income Rs. 2000-4000/-. A large percentage of (80% and 77%) selected school children were non-vegetarian. Intake of all the food groups such as cereals, pulses, green leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, other vegetables, milk and milk products, sugar and jaggery was lower than RDI, but intake of fat was significant (P≤0.05) in all selected school children. Intake of protein, energy, calcium, iron, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin was lower than RDA. Intake of fat and ascorbic acid was more than RDA in all the subjects

[1]. Agrahar MD. 2005. Nutritional status of Khasi school girls in Maghalaya. Nutrition 21: 435-431.
[2]. Amuta, Une E and Houmsou RS. 2009. Assessment of nutritional status of school children in Makurdi, Benue state. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8 : 691-694.
[3]. Begum M and Nessa Z. 2008. Nutritional status of school going children of a selected school of Dhaka City. Bangladesh. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43: 97-102.
[4]. Candana S and Sehgal S. 1994. Nutrtional status of school children (7-9 years) a comparative study of boys and girls. The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 31: 323-328.
[5]. Chandna S and Sehgal S. 1995. Comparative nutritional status of school going boys and girls (9-12 years) of Panipat city. Journal of Dairying, Foods and Home Science 14: 221 – 28.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects of Youth Unemployment and its consequence: A Survey of Youth in Yobe State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Galadima. M.
	:	10.9790/0837-19929195

Abstract: This study assessed the effect of youth unemployment and its consequence: a survey of Youth in Yobe State, Nigeria. The socio-economic characteristics of respondents were described, the causes as well as the consequence of youth unemployment in the study area were all determined. In order to examine the effect of youth unemployment; all the three senatorial zones of the State were selected; taking one Local Government Area from each zone. Data were collected using well structured questionnaire and analysed through the use of descriptive statistics .From the findings of the research, out of the 160 respondents 51% were male while 49 % were female with ages ranging from 15 to 65 with an average of 30 years. While 97% of the respondents were married, whereas, 68% had formal education, mostly secondary and adult education. Majority of the respondents representing 80% were non members of cooperative societies and 56% had no access to credit facilities. The result further showed that, rapid growth of population, growth of labour force arising from rural–urban migration interms of push/pull factors,

Keywords: Effect, Unemployment, Youth, Empowerment, Democracy

[1]. Adebayo, A. (1999). Youth Unemployment and National Directorate of Employment Self Employment Programmes. Nigerian Journal of Economics and Social Studies, 41(1), 81-102.
[2]. Alanana, O.O. (2003). Youth Unemployment in Nigeria: Some Implications for the Third Millennium. Global Journal of Social Science, 2(1), 21-26.
[3]. Awogbenle, A.C. & Iwuamadi, K.C. (2010). Youth Unemployment: Entrepreneurship Development Programme as an Intervention Mechanism. African Journal of Business Management,4(6),831-835.
[4]. Ayinde, O.E. (2008). Empirical Analysis of Agricultural Growth and Unemployment in Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(7), 465-468.
[5]. Chigunta, F, 2002, "The Socio-Economic Situation of Youth in Africa: Problems, Prospects and Options", Paper presented at the Youth Employment Summit, Alexandria, Egypt, September.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Obviating learning difficulties among Nigerian adult learners through andragogical instructional Delivery methods
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Akpama, S.Ibor, Betiang, P .A, Akpama, Victoria & Betiang, Elizabeth
	:	10.9790/0837-199296103

Abstract: A plethora of scholars have recently associated the obvious deterioration in the academic achievements of adult learners with learning difficulties encountered in divergent learning settings. Similarly, abysmal performance in learning activities due to learning difficulties could inarguably culminate in aggravating the drop out syndrome with its attendant potentials for compounding the unabating and festering problem of illiteracy in Nigeria. Sadly, Nigeria has been fingered among the E-9 countries which harbour the highest number of illiterates globally. In order to avert the plummeted observed downward trend in the academic achievement of adult learners, these learning difficulties must be identified and assuaged. Indifference to these learning constraints of adults could undermine and scuttle current concerted efforts at attaining 50% improvement in the levels of adult literacy by 2015 as enunciated in the education for All (EFA) global blue print. It is in view of this, that this paper discusses the issue of learning difficulties, its patterns and relevant andragogical instructional delivery techniques or methods for attenuating these learning constraints with a view to improving learning outcomes and thus complement the combat against the problem of increasing illiteracy rates in Nigeria.

[1]. Anyanwu, C.N. (1981) Principles and Practice of Adult Education and Community Development. Ibadan: Abi Print Publishing Company.
[2]. Akpama, S.I. (2000) Counseling strategies for enhancing adult learning. West African Journal of Educational Research 3, 1, 30-36.
[3]. Biao, I. & Tawo, R.E. (2007) Psychological principles of Adult Education. Calabar: Wusen Publishers.
[4]. Biao, I., Akpama, S.I., Tawo, R. & Okukpon, L. (2009) Case study of two non-formal programmes in Cross River State, Nigeria. In Preece, J. (Ed), Non-formal education poverty reduction and life enhancement: A comparative study, Botswana: Lightbooks.
[5]. Delahaye, B.L. & Smith, B.J. (1998) How to be an effective trainer. New York: Wiley.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Situating Risk, Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS: Implications for (Non-) Negotiation of Safer Sex among Young People in North Central Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ekundayo B. Babatunde , Babatunde E. Durowaiye
	:	10.9790/0837-1992104113

Abstract: This research explores the contexts in which young people identified risks in terms of sexual activity that could result in HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancy or other outcomes injurious to their health. This qualitative study draws from 16 in-depth interviews and 10 focus groups through the voices of young women and men (aged 16-25) revealing the dimensions of their perception of sexual risk such as associated with having multiple sexual partners or casual sex and their construction of risk as related to unwanted pregnancy. Beyond this, the young people tended to deploy different discursive frames within moral, gendered and expert discourses to define patterns of sexual practice perceived as 'safe' or 'risky' in their day-to-day interactions. The study concludes that intervention programmes that emphasize the A and B elements (Abstinence and Being faithful to one partner) as opposed to C (condom use) were unhelpful for young people. Condom use was viewed by a majority of the young people as against their moral upbringing and further reinforced by religious mores and discourses condemning premarital sex for young people. Thus, while most interviewees viewed sexual activity as inevitable, they chose to engage in serial monogamous relations, associating condom use with promiscuity or prostitution.

Keywords: sexual risk; safer sex; negotiation; sexual health; HIV/AIDS; young people

[1]. ATUYAMBE, L., MIREMBE, F., JOHANSSON, A., KIRUMIRA, E. K. & FAXELID, E. (2005). EXPERIENCES OF PREGNANT ADOLESCENTS-VOICES FROM WAKISO DISTRICT, UGANDA. AFRICAN HEALTH SCIENCES, 5(4):304-309.
[2]. Bloor, M. (1995). The Sociology of HIV Transmission. London: Sage.
[3]. British Sociological Association (2002). Statement of Ethical Practice of the British Sociological Association. Retrieved on 12th July 2007 on http://www.britsoc.co.uk/equality/Statement+Ethical+Practice.htm.
[4]. Brown, T. (2000). AIDS, risk and social governance. Social Science & Medicine 50(7-8):1273-1284.
[5]. Fordham, G. (2001). Moral panic and the construction of national order: HIV/AIDS risk groups and moral boundaries in the creation of modern Thailand. Critique of Anthropology, 21(3):259-316.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Theorizing Globalization and Evaluating Transformed Globalized World: Contemporary Prospects and Challenges of Future
Country	:	USA
Authors	:	Muhammad Daim Fazil , Waqar Haider
	:	10.9790/0837-1992114121

Abstract: The process of continuing integration of world economies, which is called globalization, is increasingly underway in all parts of the globe. While the movement of goods, capital, technology, services and ideas across borders is not a new occurrence, its process in the past few decades marks a qualitative break with the past. Supported by rushing pace of technological modification, by trade liberalization and price, and by risingsignificance of supranational rules, globalization has opened national economies to much more strong competition than ever before.A combination of globalization and transition processes shakes overall advance of transition economies in most fundamental ways. Fastprogression in the process of transition escorted by full partaking in the global economy empowers countries in a region and their economic agents to grab the new openings and earnpaybacks of globalization. Without basic evolvingcompetences and the suitable policy structure, however, economic players in states in transition will find themselves incapable both, to progresscompetently the process of transition and to contesteffectively in the global atmosphere.

Key Words: Development, Economy, Globalization, Transition, USA,

[1].The writer is M.Phil scholar and associated with State-run TV

[2].The writer is M.Phil student and researcher

[3].Laurence E. Rothenberg, "The Three Dimensions of Globalization" The American Forum for Global Education, 2003, p. 1.

[4].Ibid. p. 2.