IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-9 ~ Sep-2014

Abstract: This paper analyzed the effects sectoral public spending on human development in Nigeria using data from 20 states for the period1999-2012. Data on each state were generated from various issues of the Accountant-Generals' Reports, Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Report and Statement of Accounts and United Nations Development Programme Reports. For robustness of the analysis, total, recurrent and capital public spending on education, health, agriculture, rural development, energy, housing, environmental protection and portable water resources are employed as predictors of human development. The result depicted that there is a positive functional relationship between education, health, agriculture, rural development, energy, housing, environmental protection and portable water resources expenditure and human development; an indication that expenditure on these sectors fosters human development. Beside, the efficacy of education, health, agriculture, rural development and portable water in improving human development is greater than that of energy, housing and environmental protection. A further analysis of recurrent and capital expenditures reveals that recurrent and capital expenditure has both positive and negative effects on human development across states and period under consideration. However, the relative effect of capital expenditure in improving human development was greater than that of recurrent expenditure.

Keywords: Public spending, Human development, Panel data, least square method

[1]. Accountant Generals‟ Report (1999-2012), Various States:
a. Adrian, G and P.O Nadkami (2001), Protecting the Environment for Human Development, a four country study: Botswana, Ghana, Honduras and Senegal. ESMAP Technical Paper, March
b. Alayande, B. A (2003), Determinant of Vulnerability to Poverty in Nigeria: A Probit Analysis. Consultant Report for the World Bank /NPC Social Risk Assessment Exercise.
c. Alesine, A and D. Rodrick (1992), "Expenditure Distribution, Political Conflict and Human Development". In: Cukierman, A Hercowitz, Z and Leiderman (Eds). Political Economy, Growth and Business Cycle,Cambridge: MIT Press: 23-50
[2]. Anand, S and R1 Ravallion (1993), "Human Development in Poor Countries: On the Role of Private Income and Public Services". Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, (1) December: 135-150.
[3]. Anand, S. and R Kanbur (1991), "Public Policy and Basic Needs Provision. Iteration and Achievement in Developing Countries". In: Dreze and S (eds). The Political Economy of Hunger. Vol. 3 Oxford Claredun
[4]. Ardndt H. W (1998), Market Failure and Underdevelopment, World Development 16 (2)

Abstract: There has been a continuing discourse about the application of suitable techniques for maintaining peace, law, and order by UN forces around the globe. In Africa for example where regional outfits have been formed to complement UN forces, this has brought to light the ever challenging task of drawing the line between peacekeeping and peace enforcement. In defining these parameters, some scholars have tried to review some of these instances in which traditional peacekeeping techniques became ill suited for the forces on ground thus leading to an extension of peacekeeping mandates to include that of peace-enforcement. From UN missions in the Congo to ECOMOG interventions in West Africa, there is the need to review some of these aspects.

Keywords: ECOWAS, ECOMOG, Peacekeeping, Peace enforcement, Conflict

[1]. Emmanuel Eyeh, Nigeria and Peace Support Operations in Darfur, unpublished M.A. thesis, Nigeria defence Academy, Kaduna, 2009, 1.
[2]. Ibid.
[3]. Salim, Ahamed Salim The Priorities and the Challenges of the OAU on the Eve of the Millennium, Lecture to the German Society for foreign Relations, OAU Conflict Management Bulletin, Vol 1. No 5 August September 1996, 4.
[4]. Ibid.
[5]. Ibid.

Abstract: India is also the largest consumer and exporter of chilli crop. It consumes about 90% of the total produce of the country. The demand from the chilli powder-growing sector constitutes to 30% of the total production in the country. Exports of chillies sum up to around one lakh tons, which makes 33% of the total spices exported from the country. Chilli powder, dried chillies, pickled chillies and chilli oleoresins are some of the forms in which this crop is exported. The major importers of chillies from India are United States of America, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Mexico, Canada, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Malaysia and Germany. Though Indian exports are showing satisfactory trends, India is facing a very tough competition in the international export market as price of the Indian chilli powder is considered too high for the market and other competitive countries are providing chilli at very competitive rates to the major importing countries. If the country is able to meet the strict quality demands of the international market, the exports can be further improved. Steps have to be taken by the government encouraging the exporters to maintain the Indian dominance in the world market

[1]. Government of Andhra Pradesh (2010): Season and Crop Report of Andhra Pradesh for 2008-09, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad
[2]. Karvy (2008): Seasonal outlook on chili, Karvy Special Reports, Karvy Comtrade, http://www.karvycomtrade.com

[3]. A. P. Murugan (1998): Production Outlook for Chillies, World Spice Congress, 1998, Organised by Spices Board India and All India Spices Exporters Forum, Cochin, India, January 23-25, 1998.

[4]. A.S.M. Anwarul Huq and Fatimah Mohamed Arshad (2010): Technical efficiency of chili production, Science Publications, Institute of Agricultural and Food Policy Studies, University Putra Malaysia

[5]. Government of Andhra Pradesh (2009): Hand Book of Statistics 2007-08, Kurnool District, Chief Planning Officer, Kurnool

[6]. Henderson and Quandt (1980): Mathematical Economics, Prentice Hal of India, New Delhi.
[7]. ACHOTH, L., NAGARAJ, R. K., REBELLO, N. S. P. AND RAMANNA, R., 1988, A study of the growth and variability of pulse production in Karnataka. The Asian Economic Review, 30(2) : 274-286.

Abstract: While on the global scenario, women workforce is considered as a key to the economic growth of 21st century, the economic participation of women in India and especially that of Kerala is far from satisfactory. In spite of their better status and position with regard to literacy, educational standards and health indicators compared to other parts of the country, women of Kerala have low levels of participation in economic activity. A study on the attitude towards women's employment on a sample of 360 employees and students conducted in University of Calicut in the year 1998 revealed the positive attitudes of women students and employees and the negative attitudes of men students and employees towards women's employment. When the study was repeated after 15 years, results showed a significant positive trend. Female students and employees showed a highly favourable attitude towards employment of women as in the previous study. Male employees showed a significant positive change while the male students still have a negative attitude towards women's employment. In order to change the deep rooted perceptions regarding gender roles and life goals of women, effective interventions in the socialization process in favour of women's emancipation is required.

Keywords: Attitude towards women's employment, Work participation rate, Gender role perception, Work-family conflict, Spousal support.

[1]. S. Mazumdar and M Guruswamy, Female labour force participation in Kerala- Problems and Prospects. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting Program Population Association of America, Los Angeles, California, March (2006).
[2]. Census data 1991, 2001 & 2011. Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
[3]. Census data 1991, 2001 & 2011. Directorate of Census Operations, India
[4]. M. Kuruvilla, Discrimination against girl child - The trajectory of missing girls (New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2011).
[5]. C.K. Holahan and Gilbert, Inter role conflict for working women: Career versus jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64 (1), 1979, 86-90. Retrieved from http : dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/Bitstream/handle/purl/1846/Dyuthi-T0002.pdf?sequence=1.
[6]. M. Baker, Motherhood, employment and the "child penalty". Women‟s Studies, Vol.33 (1), 215-224. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif. 2010.01.004.

Abstract: There has been a lot of interest, even admiration, for the fiction written in and about India in the last two decades. Writers like Salman Rushdie, Amitav Ghosh and Arundhati Roy have given a 'magical' turn to these writings, thus, engendering a transformation much beyond the conventional terms of description. Coming after the fictional writers of anti-colonial struggles and nationalist movement, the current crop of fiction writers seem to respond to the shift towards discourse, identities and communities (Bose & Jalal 8) which broadly underpin the efforts of writing about the postcolonial societies. Ghosh, with an awareness of such a shift, creates a body of fiction, which, while enlarging the forms of writing histories, tries to describe the political and social manifestations of postcolonial India. In fact, Ghosh's fiction can be said to betray a deep understanding of the process of de-colonization with evocative descriptions of the community and the post-national identity. Subversive descriptions of colonial certitudes and rigidities of the nation-state inform this understanding. The setting and the narrative contents of the fiction signify overlapping experiences and intertwined histories of South Asia, brought out by a single colonial rule. This study focuses on these aspects and the affected structural changes in the fictional narratives of Ghosh. A broad look at the evolution of the novel form in India and the problem of nationalism make a context for this study.

Keywords: Indian Fiction, Memory as a Narrative device, Nationality

[1]. Nandy, The illegitimacy of nationalism (Delhi: OUP, 1994).
[2]. R. Sethi, The writer's truth: representation of identities in Indian fiction, Modern Asian Studies, 31(4), 1997. 965.
[3]. S. Bose, and A. Jalal. Modern south Asia (Delhi: OUP, 1998).
[4]. W. Jones, Gentle Iconoclast, The New Indian Express, 1988 n.d.
[5]. A. Ghosh, The writer and the holy script, The Telegraph. 27August 1995
[6]. A. Ghosh. The Shadow Lines (Delhi: Ravi Dayal Publishers, 1988

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to find out the image of women in the novels written by A. Hasjmy. The novels to be observed are Melalui Jalan Raya Dunia (1939). In both novels the women faced the problems of poverty and the problems of patriciarchal culture. The image of women portrayed is so hopeless, weak and dependent. The novels are regarded as local color for they talked about women in Aceh related to their culture (talking about ethnicity/including customs, tradition and religion). The method used is descriptive qualitative concerning the data in the form of statements actions and thoughts. The theory applied are sociology of literatur and feminism. Ideology of feminism is needed to analized the problems related to women in domination. After analizing the problems it is hope to find the solutions of the problems as the findings of the research.

Keywords: The image of women, feminism ideology, patriarchal culture

[1]. Athibi, Ukasyah. 1998.Wanita Mengapa Merosot Akhlaknya. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press.
[2]. Elizabeth, Tom Burns (Ed). 1973. Sociology of Literature and Drama. Middlesex: Penguin books.
[3]. Endraswara, Suardi. 2011. Metodologi Penelitian Kebudayaan. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
[4]. Faruk. 2009. Pengantar Sosiologi Sastra dari Strukturalisme Genetik sampai Post-modernisme. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar
[5]. Groden, Michael dan Martin Kreiswirth (ed). 1997. Feminist Theory and Criticism. London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
[6]. Harun, Mohd. 2009. Memahami Orang Aceh. Bandung: Citapustaka Media Perintis

Abstract: Demand for statehood is a common factor of regional aspiration in Indian political system. Just after the declaration of Telengana as the 29th state of India , the people of different parts of India started to raise voices for separate state. In Assam, four communities, Bodos, Koch-Rajbangshis, Karbis and Dimasas started to show their anger for not fulfilling their long standing demands of separate statehood. This paper makes an attempt to find outthe causes of their demands for statehood and suggest few measures that may solve the problems of these communities without bifurcating the state of Assam and within the purview of Indian Constitution.

Keywords: Bodo, Dimasa, Karbi, Koch-Rajbangshi, regionalism, statehood, Telengana

[1]. Based on daily news papers published in Assamese and English from Assam during the period of July-August, 2013 as The Assam Tribune, The Sentinel, Dainik Janambhumi, Amar Asom etc.

Abstract: The concept of city-size distribution has riveted the attention of social scientists during the last four decades. The existence of three types of city-size distribution has been noted in the literature on city-size distribution and settlement system. These are central place, rank-size and primate city distributions. This paper is primarily concerned with the last two. The Rank-Size rule is one of the methods of analyzing total settlement network in a region and also a tool for analyzing the settlement system that helps in the description and interpretation of the relationship between rank and population size of urban centres. A city-size distribution, in which the largest, city is several times larger than the second largest is known as the primate city-size distribution. The present study aims to examine the validity of Rank-Size Rule in India's backward region Eastern Uttar Pradesh. A Stochastic model of the actual and expected population of the primate city and its variation from the estimated one provides interesting results that the urban centres in Eastern U.P. do not completely conform to the rank size rule.

Keywords: Rank-Size Rule, Zipf's Law, Primacy Index, Primate City

[1]. Auerback, F. (1913): Das Gesetz Der Bevolkerungskonzentation, Petermnn‟s Geographischa Mittilungen, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 74-6 as quoted in Robson 1973.
[2]. Berry, B.J.L. and Garrison, W.L.(1958): "Alternative Explanations of Urban Rank-Size Relationship," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 48, p.83.
[3]. Berry, B.J.L. (1961): "City-Size Distribution and Economic Development", Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 9, p. 573-588.
[4]. Brakman, Stephen, Harry Garretsen, Charles Van Marrewijik and Mariane Van Den Berg. (1999): "The Return of Zipf: Towards a Further Understanding of the Rank-Size Distribution", Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 39, p.183-213.
[5]. Duncan, O.D. (1957): "The Measurement of Population Distribution" Population Studies, July 1957, p.43.

Abstract: From the dawn of human civilization, rivers have been playing a significant role for the development of human settlement worldwide. The Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) is no exception to this. It is located on the bank of river Hugli, the distributory of river Ganga at its lower course in India. In the medieval and early modern period it was the most important riverine trade route in eastern India when market based economy was started to develop. In the later phase Kolkata (erstwhile Calcutta) port and adjoining town was established. Afterwards, this port town expanded rapidly to become the metropolitan city of Kolkata, which was the national capital of British India till 1911and became the main center of economic, cultural and political activities in the country.
Following the partition and independence of India, a phenomenal change in the population distribution took place as a result of huge refugee influx from erstwhile East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. At that time river Hugli acted as a major barrier of migration flow between the eastern and western districts of KMA. Even today, effects of such immigration are reflected through population pressure differential on both the banks within KMA. Apart from that, the land use and morphology of this metropolis is also profoundly affected by the existence of river Hugli. The current study is an attempt to explore these all round influences of river Hugli on KMA.
Keywords: colonies, population growth, urban crowding, commuters, refugee influx

[1] R. Basu, Migration and the Migrants in Calcutta Metropolitan Area, Geographical Review of India, 63(4), 2001, 334-354.

[2] S. B. Dhar, and R. Basu, Nature of Inter-District Immigration in Kolkata Metropolitan Area and Its Social Impact; Indian Journal of Landscape Systems and Ecological Studies, 32(02), Institute 2009 , 41-50.

[3] Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, Vision 2025, Perspective Plan of CMA, (Working Group Report, Kolkata, 2002).

[4] R. Mitra, Kalikata Darpan, (Subarnarekha, Kolkata 1982).

[5] S. B. Dhar, Social Impact of Migration in Kolkata Metropolitan Area, doctoral diss., University of Calcutta, Kolkata, M. Sc., 2012.

[6] B. Pati, Narcotics and empire, (Frontline, Chennai, 2006)