IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-12 ~ Dec-2015

Abstract: From the time immemorial in the history of mankind there have been some basic tenants governing warfare in every religion and culture but it would be pertinent to say that the contemporary sets of rules and norms have evolved since the mid of 19th century and have consolidated in the form of International Humanitarian Law. ICRC post the Battle of Solferino and the United Nations and some regional politico-security organisations like NATO post World War II have been involved actively in Humanitarian Relief and Intervention and have different perspectives for core principles and pillarsof Humanitarian Law during the conduct of any warlike Distinction, Military Necessity, Proportionality, Neutrality, and R2P etc.

[1]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_humanitarian_law
[2]. Dr, H.O. Aggarwal, Human Rights, Central Law Agency Allahabad, Edition 2007, Page No- 221.
[3]. http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/what_is_ihl.pdf
[4]. Dr H.O. Aggarwal, Human Rights, Central Law Agency Allahabad. Edition 2007 Page No- 248- 251.
[5]. http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/what_is_ihl.pdf
[6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_humanitarian_law

Abstract: The present study was aimed at assessing attitude of parents towards the education and schooling of their children. The study analyzed the data from 145 parents, who had one or more than one school going children. Out of these, 116 parents belonged to tribal families and 29 families belonged to non - tribal families. The age range of the sample was 25 - 35 years, and they all belonged to channageri taluk of Davanagere district in Karnataka consisting tribal population. A 23-item questionnaire was used for collecting data along with personal interview. The respondents were required to indicate their agreement or disagreement with each of the statements about children‟s education in a four - point Likert type scale, where 1 denotes strong disagreement and 4 denotes strong agreement. Mean scores were calculated separately for tribal. And non - tribal samples, and for male and female respondents.

[1]. Basu, K. "Child labor, consequence, and cure, with remarks on international labor standards. ‟Journal of Economic Literature, 3: 1083–1119. (1999).
[2]. Bauch, P.A. Linking reasons for parent choice and involvement for minority families in Catholic high schools. International Journal of Educational Research, 15 (3/4), 311-322 (1991).
[3]. Bogunović Blanka; Polovina Nada, Educational-material context of the family and students‟ attitudes towards schooling, volume-39, (2007).
[4]. Breen, R., and Goldthorpe, J. H. "Explaining Educational Differentials: Towards a Formal Rational Action Theory.‟ Rationality and Society, 9 (3): 275–305. (1997).
[5]. Buchmann, C. "Family Structure, Parental Perceptions, and Child Labor in Kenya: What Factors Determine Who Is Enrolled in School?‟ Social Forces, 78 (4): 1349–1378. (2000)
[6]. Buchmann, C. and Brakewood, D. "Labor Structure and School Enrolments in Developing Societies: Thailand and Kenya Compared.‟ Comparative Education Review, 44 (2): 175–204. (2000).

Abstract: Complexity as an idea is the pertinent gap between human mind's perception of the world and the response of the society. The individual infuses the intricate structures of caste, religion etc. into the folds of life thus making a complicated puzzle. Anita Nair through her fiction portrays the individual's psyche from a keen perspective and studies the contours of art. This paper focuses on the complexities in Art and Life as reflected in her novel titled 'Mistress'.

Keywords: Art, complexity, life, mind, psyche.

[1]. Jebaruby, Vigila. "The role of Artist redefined". JELTALS. Jan-June 2015. Print.
[2]. Nair, Anita. Mistress. India: Penguin, 2005. Print
[3]. Kumar, Vijay. "The Art of Indian mime". http://www.bbc.co.uk/go/toolbar/blocks/- /home/d/. n.d. Web. 24 Sep 2014.]
[4]. Vinay, Maya. Interrogating Caste and Gender in Anita Nair's Fiction.
[5]. New Delhi: Prestige Books International, 2014. Print.
[6]. Kumar, Saravana. "Multifaceted women in Anita Nair‟s Mistress'.Language in India. 14:2 (2014): 162-74. Print.
[7]. Dhar.Debroti. Radha‟sRevenge : Feminist agency, post coloniality and the politics of Desire in Anita Nair‟s Mistress. Postcolonial Text. 7:4 (2012): 1-18. Print.

Abstract: The immense contribution of the media to the success of the struggle for independence in Nigeria, the heroic role it also played in bringing to an end, military dictatorship in the country and its unending quest since the return to democracy in 1999 to make the country's governmentaccountable to the Nigerian people are issues which underscore the pragmatic posture of the Nigerian media in its nation's development process.With this in mind, this paper examines the extent to which the media in Nigeria has beenempoweredover the years to function as the watch-dog and mirror of society.

[1]. Agbaje, A. (1992). The Nigerian press, hegemony, and the social construction of legitimacy: 1960-1983.Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellon.
[2]. Akanbi, M. (2004). The fight against corruption‖: Extract from ‗Point Blank', NTA'sInterview Programme. Abuja: September 15.
[3]. Akingbolu, R (2013).World Press Freedom Day: How Free is the Nigerian Press? This Day Newspaper, May 19 [4]. Eso, K (1979) 2/3 of 19 is not 13 states: Dissenting judgment in the Presidential election petition Awolowo v. Shagari NSCC 87
[5]. Aturu, B. (2010). Freedom of the press in Nigeria: Some fundamental issues; presented as lead paper at the fourth Lawyers in the media forum in Kaduna

Abstract: C.R.E is meant to help the youth to utilize the acquired social, spiritual and moral insights to think critically and make appropriate moral choices in a rapidly changing society. It is also aimed at enabling the youths to appreciate and respect their own religions, cultures, beliefs and practices and those of others and therefore contribute positively to the transformation of the self and the society as a whole. In spite of these noble ends of teaching and learning C.R.E in secondary schools, students have not been exhibiting moral, social, physical and intellectual maturity and this has resulted into unbecoming behaviors such as political violence, rape, robbery and unwanted pregnancies.

[1] Burpee, G., Heinric G., and Zemanel, R. (2008). Integral Human Development: The Concept and the Framework. Catholic Relief Services. U.S.A.
[2] Elias, J. (1989). Moral Education: Secular and Religious. Robert. E. Krieger Publishing Company Malabar. Florida.
[3] Freathy, R. J. K. (2007). Ecclesial and Religious Factors Enhance Preserved Christian and Traditional Forms of Education for Citizenship in English Schools between 1934-1944. Oxford Review of Education.v33n3 p 367-377july 2007 (EJ 795893).
[4] Gichaga, N. S., Kerre, M. R., Mwaura, N. P., and Onoka, A. E.(1997). Secondary Christian Religious Education: Students' Book One. Second Edition. Kenya Literature Bureau. Nairobi.
[5] Grajales, G .T., Leon, V. J., Vincente, H., Elias. G. (2010). Christian Education in Chile; Is the Seventh Day Adventist System at Risk. Journal of Research in Christian Education. V19 n3 p224- 239 2010 (EJ 908253).
[6] Groome, T. (1980). Christian Religious Education. Harper and Row Publisher's. New York.

Abstract: The study concentrates on the Court Based Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) as a special form of ADR in Bangladesh. It critically analyzes the present legal framework for Court based ADR in Bangladesh. The Court Based ADR is not a single process or program rather, it encompasses many different varieties, variations, and flavors of ADR mechanisms. Nevertheless, the research does not focus on whether ADR is better than litigation rather it shows how the courts are transforming ADR and how ADR is transforming in the court system. While reviewing the ADR provisions, the study attempts to assess the existing position of the court based ADR and its efficacy in settling disputes.

[1] Ettie Ward, Mandatory Court-Annexed Alternative Dispute Resolution in the United States Federal Courts: Panacea or Pandemic?, St. John's Law Review, Vol. 81, 2007; Retrieved from SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=993220, last accessed November 25, 2015. [2] Md. Abdul Halim, ADR in Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges (Dhaka, CCB Foundation, 2011). [3] World Bank ADR Guidelines, 2011, (Washington D.C., The World Bank Group, 2011), Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECA/Resources/15322_ADRG_Web.pdf, last accessed November 29, 2015.
[4] Dame Hazel Genn, Paul Fenn, Marc Mason, Andrew Lane, Nadia Bechai, Lauren Gray, Dev Vencappa, Twisting Arms: Court Referred and Court Linked Mediation under Judicial Pressure, (London, Ministry of Justice Research Series 1/07, 2007), Retrived from https://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/judicial-institute/files/Twisting_arms_mediation_report_Genn_et_al_1.pdf, last accessed November 25, 2015.

Abstract: This paper endeavours to show that colonialism and imperialism are not at all defunct even after their formal termination and how Globalization has affected the social as well as cultural values. It analyses how globalization as a form of neocolonialism in the postcolonial period influences the English literature with special reference to Aravind Adiga's novel Last Man in Tower. Aravind Adiga was born in Madras in 1974. A former India correspondent for Time magazine, his articles have also appeared in publications including the Financial Times, Independent and the Sunday times. He is the author of three critically acclaimed works of fiction: the Man Booker Prize-winning novel The White Tiger (2008), the short-story collection Between the Assassinations (2009) and the novel Last Man in Tower (2011). In Last Man in Tower Adiga has depicted Mumbai as a commercial and financial hub which has emerged as place of assorted opportunities. To have a pucca house in Mumbai is a distant dream of middle class because of the corrupt politicians and their intimate relations with the developers.

[Primary Source: Adiga, Aravind. The White Tiger. New Delhi: Harper Collins, 2008 ……………... . Last Man in Tower. London: Atlantic Books, 2012 Secondary Source: Das, Gurcharan. "India Unbound". New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. Mehta, Suketu. Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found. New York: Vintage Books, 2004. Nilekani, Nandan. Imagining India: Ideas for the New Century. New Delhi: Penguin Books. 2008. Varughese, E. Dawson. Reading New India: Post-Millennial Indian Fiction in English. New Delhi: Bloomsbury, 2013.

Abstract: This paper aims to shed light on the strategies used by interpreters to render fixed expressions in Arabic–English simultaneous interpreting depending on the Interpretive Theory of Translation (ITT). Two main parameters, which are comprehensibility and transferability, are derived from the ITT to investigate the participants' strategies to render fixed expressions in their interpretations. A qualitative data represented in a practical experiment of 12 interpreters (holdingDiploma in English–Arabic Interpreting& Translation) is analyzed to boost the investigation of this paper.

[[1]. Abu-Ssaydeh, A. (2004).Translation of English Idioms into Arabic. Babel, 50(2), pp.114-131.
[2]. Al-Daqs, M. (2012).The Role of Idioms and Collocations in Improving English Arabic Translation Quality. (Unpublished MA thesis), University of Salford, UK.
[3]. Aldahesh, A., Yunis, (2013). On idiomaticity in English and Arabic: a cross - lingustic study, Journal of Language and Culture, 4(2), pp. 23-29,doi: 10.5897/JLC2013.0220
[4]. Al-Hamad, M. Q., & Al-Shunnag, M. A. (2011). Emotive expressions in president Bashar Al-Assad‟s political speeches with an eye to translation. Onomazein, 23(1), pp.149-170.

[5]. Al-Zahran, A. (2007). The consecutive conference interpreter as intercultural mediator: a cognitive-pragmatic approach to the interpreter‟s role. (Unpublished PhD thesis), University of Salford, UK.
[6]. Baker, M. (2011). In other words. London: Routledge.
[7]. Baxter, R. N. (2013). A simplified multi-model approach to preparatory training in simultaneous interpreting. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, (1), pp.1-24. doi: 10.1080/0907676X.2012.758751.

Abstract: Existentialist crises expounded by Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus permeate in diverse form in the life of Ganguli family in Jhumpa Lahiri's The Namesake. The crises can be traced in the fear of death, in angst for alienation, in socio-cultural in-between-ness, and in sense of being nowhere which the characters experience. Most of these crises emerge from being immigrants adapting to a new culture in America and from the identity crises for being the second generation of these immigrants. Just like Nikolai Gogol's solitary soul, Akakii Akakievich, in 'The Overcoat', all the characters of The Namesake try vainly to find their own overcoat to create their sense of belongingness in a culture which is not originally their own, but ultimately result in facing existentialist crises. This paper will explore the source and nature of these crises in their lives.

[1] Camus, Albert (1975), The Myth of Sisyphus. London: Penguin Books
[2] Beckett, Samuel (1983) "Worstbound Ho" <http://www.samuel-beckett.net/w_ho.htm>
[3] Dalton-Brown, Sally (2011), "The Freedom of the In-between: Gogol's Ghost and Jhumpa Lahiri's Immigrants‟. London: Oxford University Press.
[4] Lahiri, Jhumpa. (2003) The Namesake, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
[5] --- (1999) The Interpreter of Maladies, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
[6] --- interview released by Houghton Mifflin company in

Abstract: This paper aims at to study how women are silenced in the male- dominated society, a topic that has great relevance even in this twenty- first century. To pursue the study I have chosen Adrienne Rich's poem Aunt Jennifer's Tiger. Rich, in her poem, has explored the mechanisms of the 'male domination' and 'patriarchy' that exists in the society. Adrienne Rich, a poet from marginalized communities reacts towards the dominating nature that forms the mainstream society. Rich saw poetry as a keen-edged beacon by which women's lives and consciousness could be enlightened. The poem is an eye- opener to re-construct the identity of the women as it was before being distorted by the phallocentric ideology. The poet examines women's positions in a conventional society, and strongly argues for restructuring identity and, rewriting the norms that result in en-visioning a new world to come.

Keywords: Aunt Jennifer, Tigers, Patriarchy, gender, disempowered

[1]. Fox ,Margali. ― Adrienne Rich-feministpoetandauthordiesat82.‖New York Times 28March, 2012 . [2]. Biswas ,Banani and Aktar, Tasnima. ―A Study on the Mainstream's Gaze in the Works from Margin.‖ Arts and Design StudiesVol 3, 2012 www.iiste.org.accessed on 7 august 2015. [3]. Cheri, ColbiLangdell. Adrienne Rich: The Moment of Change, Pacific Coast Philology, Vol. 41 (2006), 146-148.
[4]. O'Reilly, Andrea. From Motherhood and Mothering: The Legacy of Adrienne Rich's ―Of Woman Born.‖ New York: State University of New York Press, 2004.
[5]. Keyes, Claire. The Aesthetics of Power: The Poetry of Adrienne Rich. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986.
[6]. Albert, Gelpi. The Aesthetics of Power: The Poetry of Adrienne Rich by Claire Keyes, Adrienne Rich, The New England Quarterly, Vol. 60 (4), 649-652

Abstract: "The language and culture of an area have an undoubted importance as they represent a pattern of living which is common in that area." - Resolution of the Government of India relating to the State Reorganization Commission, 1953 According to historical records, during the British rule, India was divided into about "600 princely states and provinces". Language is a major aspect of national consolidation and integration. The reorganization of the states based on the language came to the fore almost immediately after independence.

[1] Pendse, Lalji. Maharastrace Mahamanthan. Sahitya Sahakar Sangh Prakashan, Mumbai: 1965
[2] Phadke, Y. D. Visavya Satakatila Maharastra, Khand 7, Mauj Prakashan, Mumbai: 2007
[3] Phadke, Y. D. Visavya Satakatila Maharastra, Khand 7, Mauj Prakashan, Mumbai: 2007
[4] Phadke, Y. D. Politics and Language, Himalaya Publication, Pune: 1979
[5] Atre, P. K. Mi Atre Boltoy. Manorama Prakashan, Mumbai: 1996