IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-12 ~ Dec-2015

Abstract: The concept of Islamic law, customary law, and civil law in Aceh in sales agreement is still being used. The process of ijab and qabul have been practiced by the people of Aceh in the belief that the concept of buying and selling is legal under both state law and religious law. In fact, even though the people of Aceh are Muslim in majority and enriched with culture, however in buying and selling land and houses, they are still combining the three concepts of law. The concept of Islamic law and customary law in accordance with the particular form of autonomy granted in the field of religion and custom, the opportunity to bring forth regulations like Qanun, which regulates in the field of mua'malah (financial transaction) widely practiced amongst the people of Aceh.

[1] Abdul Rahman Gazali, et al, Fiqh Muamalat (Jakarta: Prenada Media Group, 2010).
[2] Adam Podgorecki & Cristopher J. Whelen (ed), Pendekatan Sosiologi Terhadap Hukum, (Jakarta: PT. Bina Aksara, 1987).
[3] Amir Syarifuddin, Garis-Garis Besar Fiqih.
[4] Budi Harsono, Hukum Agraria Indonesia Sejarah Pembentukan UUPA, isi dan Pelaksanaannya, (Jakarta: Djambatan, 1982).
[5] Chairuman Pasaribu, et al, Hukum Perjanjian dalam Islam (Jakarta: Sinar Grafika Offset, 2004).
[6] Dahlan, Hak Masyarakat Hukum Adat Atas Tanah di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh, (Banda Aceh: Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, No.28/X/ April, 2001).

Abstract: India and Pakistan are the two large countries of South Asia. Since their independence in 1947,the relations between the two countries have been in the state of constant flux. Several decades of armed conflict, bilateral talks and gradually rising trust deficit have become distinctive features of mutual Indo-Pakistani relations. Even though they share linguistic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion. Both India and Pakistan hold different views regarding their conflict; to Pakistan it is Kashmir, where as for India it is Cross-border terrorism across the LOC, supported by Pakistan. The indo-Pakistan conflict has also hampered the development of economic and trade cooperation between them. Time is ripe when both the countries should try to resolve their differences and move towards peace and cooperation

Key Words: Pakistan-India Rivalry, Kashmir issue, Nuclearization, USA, Terrorism.

[1] Abdul Sattar (2003) Fifty Years of Kashmir Dispute: The Diplomatic Aspect. in Gupta K.R (Ed). India-Pakistan Relations with Special Reference to Kashmir, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. [2] Amit Baruah and Sandeep Dikshit, The Hindu (New Delhi) 26 November 2015, India-Pak. Ceasefire comes into being, Available at www.thehindu.com.
[3] Ashutosh Misra. (2010). India-Pakistan: Coming to Terms. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
[4] J.N. Dixit. (2001). India‟s Foreign Policy and its Neighbors. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House.
[5] Larry Hanuer and Peter Chalk. (2012). India‟s and Pakistan‟s Strategies in Afghanistan: Implications for the United States and The Region. RAND Centre for Asia Pacific Policy: available at http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2012/RAN pdf
[6] Manoharan N. India-Pakistan (2004) Composite Dialogue 2004 a status Report. Available at.www.ppsc.org/.

Abstract: It is Known to us that the Naiyayikas have accepted four sources of valid knowledge or pramana which are perception, inference, analogy and verbal testimony. In the case of verbal testimony, knowledge of a pada becomes the instrumental cause ( karana ) of the comprehension of meaning. Generally it is said that the word or sentence of a trustworthy person is sabda. The recollection of the meaning of a term through the knowledge of that term is called vyapara. It is said that potency or sakti of a term is the medium which can help us to recollect the meaning of a term. But here some problems may be raised: What is sakti? Whether potency or sakti is the only medium which helps us to recollect the meaning of a term, or not? The Naiyayikas said that besides sakti, laksana also helps us to understand the meaning of a term. But again some questions may be asked: What is laksana? How many types of laksana we have to accept? Whether sakti and laksana are sufficient to understand the meaning of all terms, or not? In the present paper I shall explain the above problems from the standpoint of Nyaya philosophy. I shall also show here my departure from Nyaya philosophy.

Key words: verbal testimony, apta, sakti, laksana, vyanjana.

[1]. Gautama: Nyaya-Sutra.
[2]. Annambhatta: Tarkasamgraha.
[3]. Vatsyayana: Nyaya-bhasya.
[4]. N.S.Junankar: Gautama: The Nyaya Philosophy, Published by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1978, pp.146-147.
[5]. Dr. Bijoya Goswami: Meaning and interpretation in ancient India, Published by Sanskrit Pustaka Bhandar, Kolkata, March2002, page no. 14.

Abstract:Our ancestors have given a lot of prominence to science and technology. This is more and more evident as we refer many of our ancient Sanskrit works related to science and technology. Samarangana Sutradhara of Bhojadeva is one of the best examples of such works. This article which is based on the chapter "Yantravidhanam‟ of Samarangana Sutradhara mainly concentrates on definition and classification of yantras, various constituent elements, meritorious features, description of various yantras, details regarding the construction of a few of the yantras, description of Dharu vimanas, use of mercury vortex engines, details regarding its construction, practical application of Dharu vimanas and finally our analysis and conclusion on this topic based on our study and the articles refered.
Keywords: Samarangana Sutradhara, Yantras, Mechanical Contrivances, Constituent Elements, Dharu Vimanas, Mercury Vortex Engine

[1] Sharma 2012: Sharma, Sudarshan Kumar. "Named Yantravidhanam I.e. The Chapter Dealing with the Preparation of Mechanical Contrivances." Samarangana Sutradhara of Bhojadeva An Ancient Treatise on Architecture. 2nd ed. Vol. I. Delhi: Parimal Publications, 2012. 363-406. Print.

[2] Childress 1991:256 Childress, David Hatcher, and Ivan Terence Sanderson. Vimana Aircraft of Ancient India and Atlantis. Adventures Unlimited Press, 1991.

[3] Raghavan 1952: Raghavan, Venkatarama. Yantras or mechanical contrivances in ancient India. Indian Institute of Culture, 1956.

Abstract: I have been working with NIPUN as a volunteer for the past two years and have been a part of a number of programs that have been initiated by them. I started a program of my own called"PITARA- the Treasure of Joy" under which I held hobby classes for the children at NIPUN during the summer vacations of 2014 and 2015 and taught them English.

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Abstract: The process of communication is a two way process where the sender and the receiver play significant roles in determining the success of the process. But it has been observed that the receiver's role is more significant as he/she is the listener. An active listener not only makes the communication process vibrant and interactive but can also learn many things through the process. The listener's response is of utmost importance especially when the listener is the leaner. In this paper, I have highlighted the importance of active listening in boosting the word power of a learner. Vocabulary enhancement happens only if the listener understands and recognizes word, accent and speech patterns. Understanding is created through attentive listening and if retained appropriately, one can choose the right words to communicate his/her intentions correctly. A good listener is bound to become a good orator, which is of utmost importance in today's corporate scenario.

.[1] M Ashraf Rizvi, Effective Technical Communication (TATA McGraw HILL: New Delhi, 2005).
[2] Meenakshi Raman, Prakash Singh, Business Communication (OXFORD University Press: New Delhi, 2006).

Abstract: Privatization of State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) is believed to be potential to support to encourage SOEs to transform towards a more efficient management as per market demands. Basically, privatization of state enterprises through the capital market is defined as the transformation of state ownership to private ownership, that can also be interpreted as a transition of concentration of state supervision of SOEs to the market mechanism. At the time of SOEs privatized through capital markets, the ownership of state-owned shares will be pulicly widespread, the existences of state-owned enterprises as a private entity need to be managed under the stipulations in force in the regulations of capital markets that do not treat private enterprises in different way from the state-owned enterprises.

[1]. Arrasjid. Chainur, ""Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Hukum",", Sinar Graphic, Jakarta, 2000
[2]. National Law Development Board, ""Privatisasi Perusahaan Milik Negara Ditinjau dari UUD 1945", Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI, Jakarta, 2011
[3]. Cox, James D, Thomas Lee Hazen, Hedge O 'Neal, "Corporations, Law & Bussines Alps", 1997
[4]. Harahap, Yahya, "Hukum Perseroan Terbatas",, Rays Graphic: Third Printing, Jakarta, 2011
[5]. Hatta, Mohammad, "Ideals Cooperative in Article 33 UUD 1945" in Sri-Edi Swasono (ed.), "Economic Systems and Economic Democracy" Jakarta, 1987

Abstract: Society is a group of people living together in different families. There are nuclear as well as large families in society. In a family itself, we can see people with different intellectual levels living together. Sometimes, the disabled people are viewed as a burden to their families as well as to the society. Most often, these types of people are removed from their own families and stayed in certain institutions. Some of them become self dependent through effective skill acquisition programme arranged by the institutions themselves. The second Vatican council promotes liberalization and modernization of certain practices in the church. Family is the focus of the apostolate of Holy family congregation, founded by Bl.Mariam Thressia. It is therefore the impact of Vatican II that the CHF Congregation started different institutions for mentally and physically challenged people.

Key Words: Vatican II, Congregation of Holy Family, Disabled People, Families, Jyothi Nilayam

[1]. CHF Charithrathiloode, Vol.1, Holy Family Publications, Mannuthy, 1989.
[2]. The History of CHF Arunoday Province Part 1, Bihar, 2003.
[3]. Joseph Vithayathil (Fr., Chaplain of the Convent), History of Mariam Thressia (Unpublished handwritten Manuscript in Malayalam. CHFA 08, kept in the Archives of Holy Family Generalate, Mannuthy.
[4]. Joseph Vithayathil, Mariam Thresiayude Jeeva charithram(Mal),(Life of Mother Mariam Thresia). This Diary consisted of approximately 600 pages of handwritten Manuscript extending from the years 1902 to 1926. This is kept in the Achieves of the Congregation of Holy Family Generalete, Mannuthy,Trichur, Kerala.CHFA.07.

Abstract: Nigeria adopted the federal character principle to counteract the nationality question that has been bedeviling the polity. The principle after several years of introduction, it was assumed to have yielded positive result thus made a constitutional matter. In a bid to ensure equity in the allocation of values in the nation that regards herself as the Giant of Africa, a provision was made in the part 1 of the third schedule of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as amended for the establishment of the federal character commission. As enshrined in the constitution, the functions of the commission includes to promote, monitor and enforce compliance with the principles of proportional sharing of all bureaucratic, economic, media and political posts at all levels of government.

[1] Adamu, M. (1978). The Hausa factor in West African History. Zaria: ABU Press Afigbo A. (1987). "Federal Character; Its Meaning and History" Quoted in I. Ukwu Federal Character and National Integration in Nigeria, NIPSS Conference Proceeding.
[2] Awolowo, (1947). Path to Nigerian Freedom. London: Faber and Faber.
[3] Briggs, B. (1987). "The University System", NIPSS Conference Proceeding.
[4] Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999). .
[5] Deutch K and Foltz W (eds.) (1963). Nation Building. New York: Atherton Press.

Abstract: Bangladesh has realized a growth in child killings and abuse in recent years; most of the sufferers have been lowly and poor children. Islam strictly prohibits the all sorts of abuse towards child. Islamic basic norms to the child are love, mercy and compassion which are uniquely practiced by the Prophet (s.m). This article is attempted to grow attention of Islamic guidelines against the abuse and exploitation of child. The core discoveries of this paper are that Islam forbidsabuseof children; their exploitation is excluded and child labor is prohibited. This work also highlights about Child abuse, exploitation, child labor, and buying or selling children for purpose of prostitutions are prohibited under the Bangladeshi laws.

Key words: Child abuse, Islamic Law, Child exploitation, Child labor, Penal Code, Child Act

[1] Y. ALI, Q. 1999. The meaning of the Holy Qur'an, Beltsville, amana publications.
[2] A‟SHOOR, M. T. B. Tafsir al-Tahrir wa-Tanwir, Tunis: Dar Sahnun, n. d.
[3] AFROZ, S. 2000. Islam and Slavery Through the Ages: Slave Sultans and Slave Mujahids. J. Islamic L. & Culture, 5, 97. AHSANIAMISSION. 2014. ChildProtectionPresentation [Online]. Available: http://www.ahsaniamission.org.bd/knowledge/ChildProtectionPresentation.pdf AL-ASTROSHNI, M. H. 1997. Ahkam al-Sighar, Beirut, Dar al-kutub al-Ilmiyah AL-BUKHARI, M. 1987. Sahih al-Bukhari, Hamdaan Publications.
[4] AL-JAWZIA, I. Q. Al-Jawab Al-Kafi li man Sa"la "Aun Al-Dawa Al-Shaafi. AL-KHAYYATT, A. A. Human Rights and Racial Discrimination in Islam, Dar Al-Salam. AL-MAQDISI, I. M. A.-D. A. I. A. I. Q. Al-Mughni, Riyadh, Dar Alam Alkutub