IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2015

Abstract: It is well known that the children with autism tend to have aversion for sticky substances like gum, rice mixed with curry or stew etc. As a fact this leads to difficulty in teaching them self-care skills like eating and toilet skills (especially washing after voiding). Four children (boys of age range from 4.5 to 5 years) with Autism and associated features of ADHD were brought by their parents on different occasions. Parents' main expectation is that their children should become independent in self-care skills and their major complaint is that their children have not achieved the eating and toilet skills, moreover they don't even cooperate for training the same. They were treated individually, with the combination of systematic desensitization and exposure and response prevention along with positive reinforcement. The target to get accustomed to sticky substances was achieved within the first session itself. After achieving the target parent were given a home program of shaping for children to achieve the expected self-care skills. Surprisingly parents reported that the goal achieved within a week's time, i.e the children are independent in eating and partially independent in washing after voiding skills.

Keywords: Autism, aversion, behaviour therapy, systematic desensitization and exposure and response prevention

[1]. Azrin, N. H., & Foxx, R. M. (1971). A rapid method of toilet training the institutionalized retarded. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4, 89-99. [2]. Boyd, B.A., Woodard, C.R. and Bodfish, J.W.. (2011). Modified Exposure and Response Prevention to Treat the Repetitive Behaviors of a Child with Autism: A Case Report. Case Reports in Psychiatry., Article ID 241095, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/241095
[3]. Kroeger, K. and Sorensen, R. (2010). A parent training model for toilet training children with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 556-567. [4]. McLay, R.N., Wood, D.P., Webb-Murphy, J.A., Spira, J.L., Wiederhold, M.D., Pyne, J.M. and Wiederhold, B.K. (2011). A randomized, controlled trial of virtual reality-graded exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in active duty service members with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 14(4), 223-229.
[5]. Taylor, S., Cipani, E. and Clardy, A. (1994). A stimulus control technique for improving the efficacy of an established toilet training program. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 155-159).

Abstract: Leadership and good governance are topical issues in Nigeria. Ordinarily, the country should have evolved a system of governance that would benefit its populace. Regrettably, the country lacks leadership and good governance continues to elude the populace. This paper, thus examines the quest of the citizens for leadership, and good governance and discusses the role of the mass media in this quest. The paper submits that the media are unable to play their role effectively due to several challenges confronting them. Suggestions are therefore made on how the media can improve their performance of this role. The paper concludes that, it will be difficult for the media to improve since the media would always reflect the society in which they operate.

Key words: Leadership, Good Governance, Mass Media.

[1]. Chisano, Joachim (2014) "The Leadership you Deserve" Vanguard. November 24, 2014.
[2]. Coleman, James S. (1963). Nigeria: Background to Nationalism. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
[3]. Fiedler, Fred E (1967) A Theory of Leadership and Effectiveness.McGraw Hill: Harper and Row Publishers: Cited in Wikipedia en.wikpedia.org/wiki/ leadership.
[4]. Foti, R.J. and Howestein, N.M.A (2009) "Pattern and Variable Approaches in Leadership Emergence and Effectiveness".Journal of Applied Psychology.Cited in Wikipedia en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/leadership.
[5]. Ibagere, Elo (1995) "The Mass Media in the Nigerian Democratization Process: The Assessment of a Paradigm and the Paradigm of assessment". Nigerian Theatre Journal.Society of Nigerian Theatre artists.

Abstract: The issue of electoral fraud and violence without doubt has remained a threat to Nigeria's existence and democracy. This paper therefore focuses on finding out the unavoidable negative consequences of electoral fraud and violence on Nigeria's democracy as well as its remedies. The work relied basically on content analysis of data in which existing records from secondary sources were used. It was admitted from the collected data, cases of implausible turn out figures, under-age voting, disenfranchising and intimidation of voters in some regions and unguided utterances from the politicians. The implication has always been a weakened electoral process that breeds riots, destruction of life and properties and terrorism that threatens national democracy. The paper recommends among others for the reorientation of our politicians on their conducts during elections and also committing them to taking responsibility of their actions by signing legal documents that they must accept electoral results calmly or take just legal actions if they are not satisfied.

[1]. Akinnola. A. A (1986), The search for Nigeria Political System: London, Afroward Publisher
[2]. Anifowose. R (1982), Violence and Politics in Nigeria, Enugu: Nok Publishers International.
[3]. Aurthur. N (1986), Can Nigeria Survive, Enugu Fourth Dimension Publishers.

Abstract: Mass media is a very effective and efficient source of information to general public on a wide array of subjects. Every day, a lots of health related issues are also disseminated through mass media which passes through various steps before it reaches the people. In modern era, the original source of dissemination of health related issues published in various journals. The present study has covered two blocks from Shimoga District Viz., Shimoga and Bhadravathi were related for the study. The primary data was collected with 200 respondent were related from two blocks by using simple random sampling method. This is purely a descriptive study. Mass media has an important role in influencing the behavior of people, by transferring the knowledge base created by health related research, as indicated in our study. The public health fraternity who is engaged in promoting healthy lifestyle among public at large should consider mass media as one of the tools that may encourage the propagation of healthy behavior and discourage health damaging behavior. In our study, 46% respondents reported that they read the article only if it was interesting. This shows that the message containing health related information should not be boring. It should be able to get attention of the people in the first place so that people for whom media is a source of entertainment may not feel put off. For being persuasive or for effectively convincing the people, DHRITMM should give clear messages which are in consonance with the prior general public knowledge so that it is acceptable to the people.

[1]. Tones K. Health Promotion, Health Education and the Public Health. In. Oxford Textbook of Public Health 5th Edn, Vol.2, R Detels etal (Eds), London, Oxford University Press, 2002:289-863.
[2]. Brezis M., Halpern-Reichert D, Mass media induced availability bilas in the clinical suspicion of west Nile fever. Ann Intern Med, 2004; 140; 234-235.
[3]. Grilli R, Ramsy C and Minozzi S. mass media interventions: Effect on health service utilization. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, 2002 Article ID CD000389.
[4]. Johnson T. Shattuck lecture: Medicine and Mass Media, N England J Med, 1998; 339; 87-92.
[5]. Davies, J. The impact of the mass media upon the health of early adolescents. Journal of Health Education, 1993, S-28-S35.
[6]. Bartlett C, Strne J, Egger M. What is news worthy: Longtiudinal study of the reporting of medical research in two British newspapers? BMJ; 2002: 325: 81-84.

Abstract: Indian society represented a conflicting position of women vacillating between extremes of patriarchy and matriarchy. While Sati - the barbarous practice negated woman life on its own, tying her with the innate presence of her husband even in his life after death, female goddesses in different forms like Sita-Parvati-Durga or Lakshmi dominated the core of Hinduism and Hinduized way of life, as the ultimate source of strength, wealth and wisdom. However the goddesses themselves and their stories of immense power always had an overarching presence of elements like respect for husband, sacrifice and one‟s duty towards the larger society. In this patriarchal society the women‟s question thus had an overarching presence ,but was always answered by others rather than woman herself.

[1]. Kumar, R.1999, A History of Doing: an Illustrated Account of Movements for Women's Rights and Feminist in India 1800-1990, Verso. London
[2]. Bandyopadhyay,Shekhar(ed.,),2013, Nationalist Movement in India, OUP, New Delhi
[3]. Thapar-Bjorkert, Suruchi, 2006, Women in the National Movement Unseen Faces and Unheard Voices, 1930-1942, Sage, New Delhi.
[4]. Iijer, Raghawan,(ed.)2013, The Essential Writings of Mahatma Gandhi, Oxford University Press, 2013, New Delhi.
[5]. Sarkar, Sumit and Sarkar, Tanika (ed.), 2007, Women and Social Reform in Modern India Volume I, Permanent Black, New Delhi
[6]. Butulia,Urvashi,1998, The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the partition of India, Penguin books India , New Delhi

Abstract: At the moment, the history of Africa continues to be bandied with various forms of epithets in respect to its development status. This is sequel to failing state syndrome, economic stagnation and inundated features of state conflicts. While the socio-economic and political fortunes plummet in Africa, efforts of domestic, international donor agencies, and international regime converge in attempt to addressing these myriads of problems confronting and bedevilling the continent. Sometime, there is clash of culture of the domestic pattern with the international regime posture in handling African situation. It will be recalled that that emergence of international regime as global liberal thought pursued by the dominant and hegemonic powers came in order to keep the world safe for western liberal democracy and capitalist value permeation. Africa is not spared of the heinous intention of the international regime cloaked in the idea that its emergence came with a relief to addressing third world's problems. Various international regime efforts are available in Africa, and crises of good governance and development continue to plague the continent. This is travesty and parody questioning the essence of the international regime in Africa. Data are sourced through secondary methods. The paper attempts at dissecting the effects and intentions of international regime effort in solving developmental challenges in Africa. It also calls for common synergy between the autochthonous domestic forces and the international regime in tackling developmental problems. The paper makes succinct strategic policy recommendations.

[1]. African Economic Outlook, 2015.
[2]. African Economics, 2013.
[3]. Ake, C (2001). Democracy and Development in Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd.
[4]. Aluko, M.A (2002). The Institutionalisation of Corruption and its Impact on PoliticalCulture and Behaviour in Nigeria. Nordic Journal of Africa.
[5]. Aro, G.C and Otu, S. E (2014). Autochthonous Democracy, Social Justice and
[6]. Human Rights: A Road to Political Development in Africa. African International Journal of Contemporary Studies in Humanities and Social Science. HPC Books vol 2.
[7]. Bassy,C (2006). Project Management Committee Training. Micro Project Manual, Calabar Cross River State.

Abstract: The process of framing the new constitution of India took eight long years. The first step was taken in November 1927 when the statutory commission was appointed and the last when the Royal assent was given on August 4, 1935. Briken head who took the initial steps was sceptical about reform and believed the Act of 1919 had given away too much because of the general malaise which succeeded the war. The process was initiated under the Conservative Government with Baldwin as Prime Minister and Briken head as Secretary of State, it was continued under the Labour Government. Ramsay MacDonald and Wedgwood Benn, then completed under the National government headed by Ramsay MacDonald, supported by Baldwin and Samuel Hoare.

[1]. Indira Gandhi National Open University. (May, 2014). Students handbook and prospectus Jan, 2015, Master of Education (M.Ed.). A DE[1]. Tara Chand, History of the Freedom Movement in India, New Delhi, 1972 P. 199
[2]. J.Allan, SIR.T.Wolseley Haig, H.H.Dodwell, The Cambridge Shorter History of India,1964, New Delhi,p 724
[3]. Ibid, P.726
[4]. Saroja Sundarajan, March to Freedom Movement in Madras Presidency, Madras, 1989, P. 501
[5]. J.Allan, SIR.T.Wolseley Haig, H.H.Dodwell, Op.cit, p.732
[6]. Tara Chand, Op.cit, P.203
[7]. J.B.P. More, Op.cit,P.128
[8]. Saroja Sundarajan, Op.cit, P.502

Abstract: Women are integral to all aspects of society. However, the multiple roles that they fulfill in society render them at greater risk of experiencing mental problems than others in the community. Women living in poor social and environmental circumstances with associated low education, low income and difficult family and marital relationships, are much more likely than other women to suffer from mental disorders. Women's mental health needs to be considered in the context of social, political and economic realities. While there exists a huge gap between availability and accessibility of the health care services, various social, legal and ethical issues especially in respect of women with mental illness act as hindrance in the overall care and recovery of such women. A gender-based, social model of health needs to be adopted to investigate critical determinants of women's mental health with the overall objective of contributing to improved, more effective promotion of women's mental health.

Keywords: discrimination, homelessness, victimization .

[1]. Johnstone MJ. Stigma, social justice and the rights of the mentally ill: Challenging the status quo; Australian and New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 2001;10,200-09
[2]. Vindhya U. Mental Health Care: A Review of Gender Differences, International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries 2001; 21:86-96
[3]. Kanchan Kumari (2008): Women and children: mental health dimensions. In Nagaraja D & Murthy, Pratima (Eds): Mental Health Care and Human Rights, 234-242, NHRC, New Delhi.
[4]. National Commission for Women Report (2007). http://ncw.nic.in/PDFFiles/Mental_health_is_destitution_the_only_answer.pdf
[5]. Sullivan,G., Burnam A., Koegel,P.Pathways to homelessness among the mentally ill. Social Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 2000, 35 (10), 444-450. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11127718
[6]. Kumar S, Jeyaseelan L, Suresh S, Ahuja RC. Domestic violence and its mental health correlates in Indian women. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 187: 62-67. 5.

Abstract: Sudha Murthy a disciplined writer, a technocrat with the most innovative and skilful mind has been highly esteemed with awards for her philanthropic and literary acquisition .She is writing in the back ground of Indian English Literature. The works of recent Indian writers like Anita Desai, Ruth Prawer Jahabwala, Mahashweta Devi Shashi Deshpande, Narayan Sahgal, Shobhaa De, Eunice De Souza, Jhumpa Lahiri, Arundhati Roy and Sudha Murthy has not only enjoyed a large and international reading public but has also made us to think and rethink over the serious matters. They had acclimatized with the discernments of balance of our Indian conventions and expect more from the foreseeable future. Her novels are fascinating; they are understandable, unique and stimulate spiritually the readers to aspire and to calibrate their mental outlook.

[1]. Murty, Sudha. House of Cards. New Delhi: Penguin Books India., 2013, p.38.
[2]. Ibid., p.109.
[3]. Ibid., p.139.
[4]. Ibid. p.183.
[5]. Cunningham, K. Trust Quotes on http://www. wow4u.com.
[6]. Murty, Sudha. House of Cards. New Delhi: Penguin Books India., 2013, p.186.
[7]. Ibid.,p.213.
[8]. Ibid., p.222
[9]. Stuart Y. Barbara. Betrayal of sacred Trust: Living with an unfaithful Husband .Lincoln, NE: iuniverse.,2005, p.31.

Abstract: Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), also known as pseudoseizures are events superficially resembling an epileptic seizure, but without the characteristic electrical discharges associated with epilepsy. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures are paroxysmal episodes that resemble and are often misdiagnosed as epileptic seizure. PNES are triggered by psychological problems and it is estimated that 20% of seizure patients seen at specialist epilepsy clinics have PNES . The prevalence of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures is somewhere between 1/50 000 and 1/3000, or 2 to 33 per 100 000, making it a significant neurologic condition. In a community survey of rural India, the prevalence of pseudoseizures has been found to be 2.9 per 1,000 population. Most PNES patients (75%) are women, with onset in the late teens to early twenties being typical researchers postulating that PNES may be an expression of repressed psychological harm in response to trauma such as child abuse, bullying in adulthood, sexual abuse or adverse family dynamics. Pseudoseizures must be correctly recognized because a misdiagnosis can be harmful. The management of pseudoseizures requires good psychoeducation to the patient and family regarding the causes, symptom manifestation, course and outcome. Therapies focusing on offering support, improving coping patterns and problem solving skills of the client are beneficial.

Keywords: pseudoseizure, PNES, epilepsy, psychoeducation.

[1]. Ujjwala Jain, Jyotibala Jain, Vedavani Tiruveedhula and Ashish Sharma, Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures in a Second-Trimester Pregnant Woman with a previous Child Loss. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 15(6): 2013; PCC.13l01562 Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3977767/
[2]. Savard, Ghislaine and Andermann, Frederick, Convulsive Pseudoseizures: a Review of Current Concepts. Behavioural Neurology, , 3, 1990, 133-141
[3]. Bowman, ES, Pseudoseizures. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 21, 1998;: 649-57.
[4]. Krumholz A. Nonepileptic seizures: diagnosis and management. Neurology 1999; S76–83. [5]. Pritchard Jennifer M., MD, and Hopp, Jennifer L., MD,Ppsychogenic nonepileptic seizures Journal of Cooperative Organisation and Management, 2014.
[6]. Aboukasm A, Mahr G, Gahry BR, et al. Retrospective analysis of the effects of psychotherapeutic interventions on outcomes of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsia 39, 1998;470–3

Abstract:Degree of low acceptability and the negative attitudes of the society towards persons labeled "mentally ill" are well known. Social isolation and lack of meaningful life continue to be a problem for persons with severe mental illness. Attachment, social integration, reassurance of personal worth, reliable alliance are the integral components of social support that effectively integrate the individual into the broader social context. Social network is a part of social support system which facilitates relationship building between individuals, associations and organizations, so that, they may work together in a spirit of co-operation. Many elements of wider social network aid significantly in stabilization and reintegration process. Reintegration includes advancement of social and vocational goals so that the client may function successfully in non-patient environments. It is a long term process, difficulties are encountered at various stages, still with sparks of hope being provided by members of family and community, successful reintegration of mentally ill persons is possible. Here, an attempt has been made to discuss the efforts made and challenges faced with respect to reintegration of mentally ill persons with special focus on enhancing social network and community participation through some case studies.
Keywords- reintegration, social network, community participation.

[1]. B Saraceno,. Psychosocial rehabilitation as a public health strategy, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 20(4),1997, 10-15. [2]. W A Anthony, MR Cohen,, & M.D Farkas,..Psychiatric rehabilitation, 2002. Available at cpr.bu.edu/wp.../Primer-on-the-Psychiatric-Rehabilitation-Process.pdf [3]. Mental Health Act, 1987 Available at www.medindia.net/...health_act/mental_health_act_1987.../list-of-acts.ht.
[4]. F.R Lipto, C.I Cohen, E Fischer, and E.S Katz, Schizophrenia: A Network Crisis, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7(1), 1981,144-151.
[5]. C. Faccicani, G. Mignolli, and S. Platt, Service Utilization, Social Support and Psychiatric Status in a cohort of patients with schizophrenic psychosis: a 7 year follow up study, Schizophrenia Research,3(2),1990,139-146.
[6]. M. Albert, T. Becker, and P. McCrone, Social networks and mental health service utilization- a literature review, International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 44, 1998, 248-266.

Abstract: Understanding the linkage between Food security programme and PAP's (Poverty Alleviation Programmes) is significant without which we will not be able to eradicate hunger and poverty.If we are to reverse the vicious cycle of poverty, a reformed PDS orPublic Distribution System as a social security net needs to be continued while adopting an integrated approach with a specific focus on removal of poverty.It has to be acknowledged that investment for ensuring food security is investment in development and 'Food' is really a 'development input'.While it has to be appreciated that PDS has played a significant role in assuring food security to millions of households,there is an urgent need to revamp the existing PDS and plug the loopholes.

Keywords: Public Distribution System or (PDS), food security, BPL or Below Poverty line households, vicious cycle of poverty, Poverty Alleviationn

[1]. FAO, "The State of Food & Agriculture", 1992.
[2]. FAO, "Food Nutrition and Agriculture Newsletter," 1999.
[3]. Venugopal, K.R, "Deliverance from Hunger - PDS in India", New Delhi, 1993
[4]. Sen, Amartya "Poverty & Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation", Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1981.
[5]. Report of the Indian Council of Agricultural research, 2014
[6]. Roy, Sunando, "Public Distribution of Cereals", Econ, & Pol, Weekly, June 6 1992.
[7]. Bhatia, B.M, "Food Security in South Asia", Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi, 1985.

Abstract: In order to enhance our understanding of recent and future global changes our analyses needs to be holistic, quantitative and spatially-explicit. However, there is disconnect between socioeconomic and geophysical analyses as a result of differences of interest and unit of examination. The study aims to develop spatially explicit model of economic activity which bridge this divide. The study used GDP as a proxy of economic activity across the country, in conjunction with data on population, total labour force and unemployment. Processing was carried within a GIS platform and output were classified using geometrical intervals. Annual values for total and total non-oil economic activity were computed at 100m grid resolution. The result shows that mean total economic activity is around 0.5 million Naira, this is about 16% higher than mean annual non-oil economic activity.

[1]. Houghton, R. A.. The Worldwide Extent of Land-use Change. Bioscience, 44, 1994, 305-313.
[2]. Lawal, O. Analysis of land use changes in the Thames Gateway: the change-pattern approach. University of East London, London. Ph.D.2009.
[3]. Nordhaus, W. D. Geography and macroeconomics: New data and new findings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(10) 2006, 3510-3517.
[4]. Hall, R. E., & Jones, C. I.. Why do some countries produce so much more output per worker than others? : National bureau of economic research. 1999.
[5]. Mellinger, A. D., Sachs, J. D., & Gallup, J. L.. Climate, coastal proximity, and development. The Oxford handbook of economic geography, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 2000, 169-194.

Abstract: Social phobia is one of the most chronic, widely prevalent, and unwanted but less noticed psychological disorder. The present study was aimed to find out the social phobia and academic achievements of girls at postgraduate level. Students were selected from College of Home Economics, Lahore through random sampling. "Social Phobia Inventory Scale" was used to investigate the presence of social phobia and 128 students identified with social phobia were taken as sample. Mean of the results of past two years of phobic students were used to assess their academic achievements. Data was analyzed through t- test, Coefficient of correlation and Regression analysis. The results indicated that social phobia was highly prevalent among the girls but it had no significant effect on the academic achievements of students. The results also showed that the demographic factors of students had no significant effect either on the social phobia or the academic achievements. It is recommended that further studies on this topic should be conducted on a larger scale and the qualitative analysis should be carried out to get an in depth viewpoint of adolescents about social phobia.

Keywords - Social Phobia, Academic Achievement

[[1]. Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T. S., Bryson, H., ... & Vollebergh, W. A. M. (2004). Disability and quality of life impact of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109(s420), 38-46.
[2]. Bruce, T., & Saeed, S. (1999). Social anxiety disorder: A common underrecognized mental disorder. American Family Physician, 60(8), 2311-2320.
[3]. Kessler, R., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., & Walters, E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry., 62(6), 593-602.
[4]. Ahmed, N. (2009). Academic achievement and its relationship with social anxiety and self esteem in male and female school students (Unpublished Phd thesis). University of the Punjab.
[5]. Ingman, K. (1999). An examination of social anxiety, social skills ,social adjustment and self-construal in Chinese and American students at an American university (Unpublished Phd thesis). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

Abstract: Resource use conflict involving pastoralists is on increase and failure to take it into account is likely to undermine pastoralists' livelihoods. The purposes of the study are to examine existing channels of conflicts management in the North East Arid Zone of Nigeria and analysed their strength and weakness. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used in addressing the objectives of the study. Structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted with traditional rulers, officials of pastoralists and farmers organizations, security agents and officials of Ministry of Animals and fisheries. Twenty four Focus group discussions were conducted in eight sites or settlements with separate group of farmers, separate groups of pastoralists and a combined with both farmers and pastoralists. Though, both formal and informal conflict management mechanisms are in existence, there is no single accepted institution by farmers and pastoralists. While informal systems are often accepted by pastoralists, formal systems are accepted by farmers. The study recommends the need for shifting paradigm from conflict resolution to conflict prevention strategy, building and developing the capacity of pastoralists, giving livelihood support to conflict affected pastoralists

Keywords: Formal , informal, prevention, strategy

[1]. Blench, R. (2003) The Transformation of Conflict Between Pastoralist and Cultivators in Nigeria, http:/www.rogerblench.info/Herder-FarmerconflictNigeria.Accessed 10/12/08.
[2]. FACU (1999) Farmers- Pastoralist Conflict in the Core States of National Fadama Development.
[3]. FAO (2004) The future is an Ancient Lake: Traditional Knowledge, Biodiversity and Food and Agriculture in Lake Basin Ecosystem (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization).
[4]. IRIN (2002) Masses of Fulani flee from Nigeria to Cameroon; http://www.afrol.com/news/ng008-bororo-com.hmt Accessed 10/10/2008
[5]. IRIN(2008) NIGERIA: Violence over land on increase in Jigawa state IRIN news- 01/10/2008
[6]. Lawry, S.W (1990) Tenure Policy Toward Common Property Natural Resource Management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Natural Resource Journal, 30(20) 1-16.
[7]. Oxfam (2009) Pastoralism; Oxfam International. England.

Abstract: This study aimed at identifying salient factors affecting utilization of public health facilities among rural communities in Yobe State with the view to proposing ways of tackling the emerging factors. The methods employed in the study include administration of interview schedules and key informant interview. A total number of 183 patients/ patients' relatives were interviewed and eight medical and health workers were selected as key informants. The study adopted cross sectional design. This study revealed that poor attitudes of medical and health workers, extortion of money by medical and health workers and fear of arrest/discrimination as salient factors affecting health facility utilization among rural communities. Pregnant women, accident victims and those suffering from other illnesses indicated poor attitudes of medicaland health staff as major reasons for poor utilization of publichealth facilities. Extortion of money was reported in spite of the free medical services introduced by the Yobe State Government for pregnant women, children under the age of five and accident victims (within 3 days of the accident). Accident victims and People Living with HIV/AIDS do not utilize public health facilities for the fear of arrest and discrimination respectively. Establishment of public complaintsunits in all public health centers is recommended.

Key words: Utilization, Facilities, Health, Rural, Attitude

[1]. Blakemore, K., (1999).Health and social care needs in minority communities: An ver- problematized issue? Health and Social Care in the Community.8, (1), 22– 30.
[2]. Christopher, P., Arntza, M., Florence,w., Nana, A.A., Samuel, C…Peter, O., (2013) Factor affecting Antenatal Care Attendance: Results from Qualitative Studies in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi, PLos ONE ,8 (1).
[3]. Hargraves, J. L., & Hadley, J., (2003). The contribution of insurance coverage and community resources to reducing racial/ethnic disparities in access to care. Health Services Research.38, (3), 809 – 829.
[4]. Noor, K., Shamaila, K., Nabila, K., and Suleman, K.,(2013) Factors Affecting Utilization Of Maternal And Child Health Services: District Swat KPK Pakistan, International Journal of Innovative Research and development, (2) 8 pg 217-227.
[5]. Probst, J.C., Samuels, M.E., Jespersen, K.P., Willert, K., Swann, R. S., & McDuffie J.A., 2002). Minorities in rural America an overview of population characteristics. Columbia South Carolina: University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health Department of Health Administration.

Abstract: The study established farmer, social and institutional characteristics influencing the adoption of rabbit production technologies, the level of awareness and extent of adoption of rabbit production technologies and finally to determine the profitability of rabbit production in Nyamira County, Kenya. A total of 154 small scale rabbit farmers were chosen using a multistage sampling to cover Nyamira County. Data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire administered by trained research assistant and analysis done using descriptive statistics, gross margin and multiple regression analyses. Result showed that awareness of improved rabbit production technologies among rabbit farmers was high (76.6 percent) and 60 percent of the respondents adopted the new production technologies.

[1]. Adesehinwa, A.K., Makinde, G.E.O. &Oladele, O.I. (2003). Socio-Economic Characteristics of Pig Farmers as Determinant of Pig Feeding Pattern in Oyo state, Nigeria. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 15(12).
[2]. Adisa, B.O &Oladoja, M.A. (2003). Farmers Associated With Adoption Of Improved Rabbit Management Practices and its Implication on Household Food and Nutrition Security in Osum State. African Journal of livestock extension, 2: 47-53.
[3]. American Rabbit Breeders Association, (2010).Breeds of Rabbits and Cavis. Retrieved from, http://www.arba.net/breeds.html.
[4]. Appiah, P., Nimoh, F., Kwame Tham-Agyekum, E. &Tracoh, L.Y (2011). Rabbit Technologies: Adoption Studies in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(11): 2539-2543
[5]. Begensel, F. (2008). Rabbit Production Gives Mahomed A New Lease of Life. Agrinews Magazine, 39(4): 6
[6]. Cheeke, P.R. (1986). Potentials of Rabbit Production in Tropical in and Subtropical Agricultural Systems.Journal of Animal Science, 63: 1581-1586
[7]. Cicek, H., Tandogon, M., Terzi, Y. &Yardimci, M. (2007).Effects of Some Technical and Socioeconomic Factors on Milk Production Costs in Dairy Enterprise in Western Turkey.World Journal of Dairy and Food Science, 2(2): 69-73
[8]. Das, S.K. (2012). Adoption Behavior of Rabbit Production Technology in Meghalaya of India.Indian Research Journal of Extension Education Special Issue,1: 75.

Abstract: Fringe belt is a dynamic area which fluctuates in span of time. It continues shifting outward from the city with the diffusion of urban innovation in the surrounding localities. As its development is associated with growth of the city, it becomes more difficult to delineate the ever changing area on the periphery of a growing urban centre. The delimitation of such a geographical expansion of a city that binds the socio-economic influence is in fact a matter of interest. For delimitation of rural-urban fringe of Jammu city, two sets of indices or determinants have been selected based on the studies carried out by several researchers. The three sets of indices/determinants for delineating the rural urban fringe of the Jammu city are economic services ,occupational structure and demographic determinants. It is found that the expansion of the city mainly towards the south and south east direction especially along bypass of national highway. Here some of the methods have been examined which were used in the delimitation of the rural-urban fringes of the different cities and towns of India and abroad.

Keywords: Fringe, delineation, commuters, literacy, occupational structure, demography.

[1]. Wehrwein ,G. S.,(1942),"The Rural Urban Fringe" , Eco. Geog. Vol. 18, pp. 217-18.
[2]. Myres, R.B., and Beagle , J.A.,(1947),"Delimitation and Analysis of the Rural Urban Fringe" , 3 Applied Anthropology, Vol. 6, pp.14-22.
[3]. Rodehaver, M.W.,(1947),"Fringe Settlement as a Two Directional Movement Vote on Demographic Analyses of Rural- Urban Fringe", Rural Sociology, pp.91-101.
[4]. Blizzard and Andreson, (1952), "Problems in Rural Urban Fringe Research", Pennsylvania State College, Agl. Expt. St. Progress Report, No. 89, p.11.
[5]. Hind,J., and Smith,(1969)"The Impact of Urban Growth on Agriculture Land: A Pilot survey", Referred in A. Coleman, "The Planning Challenge of the Ottawa Area", Geogl. Paper No. 42, Deptt. of Energy Ottawa, pp. 11-12.
[6]. U.S. Bureau of Census, (1950), Seventeenth Census of the U.S.A, Population, Vol. 2. p.24.

Abstract: Kudumbasree can be viewed as one of the programmes launched by government of Kerala for the upliftment of women. Kudumbasree Units encourage women to utilize their skills, capabilities, talents, innovative ideas etc in an efficient manner which can make the status of both men and women equal. It will also motivate them to work more which can ultimately lead to their b job satisfaction. The current study concentrates on the level of job satisfaction among Kudumbasree workers in Ernakulam District. Places like Neerikodu, Kadamakudi, Pizhala,Chennur and Mannamturuthu are selected for the study. Data are collected with the help of schedules.

Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Kudumbasree Units, Kudumbasree, Kudumbasree Worker(s)

[1]. Dr.Venugopalan K. (2014). Influence of Kudumbasree on Women Empowerment – a Study. Journal of Business and Managemen, 35-44.
[2]. N Shihabudheen N. (2013 ). What is right and wrong with Kudumbashree: the field. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention , 09-21.
[3]. Aswathy & C Athena.(2014 ). KUDUMBASHREE Programme - Success Mantra For Women In. International Journal of Research in Applied,, 57-64 .
[4]. R. Reshmi(2012). Role Of Kudumbashree Micro Enterprises In Alleviation. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, 173-187.
[5]. Gupta K Shashi & Joshi Rosy (2005). Human Resource Mangement . New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers
[6]. Lotich Patricia. Retrieved from https://thethrivingsmallbusiness.com/job-satisfaction-and-job-performance

Abstract: Women empowerment and the movement towards gender equality is a modern phenomenon that continues to develop around the world. To be precise, women empowerment refers to a process of empowering women with all the denied aspects of life. Reforms undertaken in the early 1990s have made India one of the world's fastest growing economies. However, it is interesting to note that this economic growth had bypassed the poor and vulnerable, especially, women. In recognition of this, the Planning Commission had made inclusive growth an explicit goal in the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007 – 2012). The inclusive approach has been extended in the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017), which lays emphasis not merely on economic development but on inclusive growth to bring more poor and marginalized citizens including women under its ambit. The concept of inclusive growth generally means that everyone is included in the growth process. This paper examines the status of women and the issues of their empowerment in India in the context of inclusive growth. The results show that in spite of claim of 'gender inclusive growth' by the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012), the mass of Indian women have been continuously bypassed and marginalised in the growth process.

Keywords - Inclusive growth, Status of women, Women empowerment.

[1]. Government of India, Five Year Plan Documents, available at: http://planningcommission.nic.in
[2]. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
[3]. Naila Kabeer, Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women‟s Empowerment, in sida Studies No. 3, Discussing Women‟s Empowerment - Theory and Practice (Stockholm: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (sida), 2001), 17-57.
[4]. World Bank, World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development (Washington DC: World Bank, 2012).
[5]. United Nations, Guidelines on Women‟s Empowerment for the UN Resident Coordinator System (2001), available at: http://www.un.org/popin/unfpa/taskforce/guide/iatfwemp.gdl.html (accessed 18 January 2015).
[6]. Manisha Desai, Hope in Hard Times: Women‟s Empowerment and Human Development, Human Development Research Paper 2010/14 (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2010).
[7]. Anju Malhotra et al., Measuring Women‟s Empowerment as a Variable in International Development, available at: http://www.siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGEND (accessed 22 January 2015).

Abstract: Although tense and aspect occupy a major part in the language teaching materials, many EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners continue making mistakes in those areas even when they are in advanced level studies. Tense alone cannot distinguish between expressions, especially when the expressions are in the same tense. Therefore, understanding the aspect is essential in order for the language users to use expressions properly. Traditional EFL grammar books have ignored lexical aspect. As a result, many EFL learners face semantic problems as they attempt to produce the target language. This article examines some problems which may encumber learners' attempt to master tense and aspect, and emphasizes that language teachers and teaching materials must also focus on the lexical aspect so that learners can be aware of meaning apart from the form and the function of an expression.

[1]. Bardovi-Harlig, K. (2000). Tense and Aspect in Second Language Acquisition: Form Meaning and Use. Oxford: Blackwell.
[2]. Celce-Murcia, M.; Larsen-Freeman, D. & Williams, H. A. (1999). The grammar Book: An ESL/EFL Teachers' Course. Boston: Heinle and Heinle.
[3]. Comrie, B. (1985). Tense. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[4]. Cowan, R. (2008). The Teacher's Grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[5]. Collins, L. (2007). L1 Differences and L2 similarities: teaching verb tenses in English. ELT Journal, 61(4), 295-303.
[6]. Flora, M. A. & Hasan, S. M. M. (2012). The Semantics of Progressive Aspect: A Thorough Study. Stamford Journal English, (7), 87-97.

Abstract: Apartheid was a system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party ( NP) governments, the ruling party from 1948 to 1994, under which the rights, associations, and movements of the majority black inhabitants were curtailed and Afrikaner minority rule was maintained. Legislation classified inhabitants into four racial groups-'black', 'white', 'colored', and Indian'. The article examined the way that the different racial groups in South Africa in most historical texts were presented. Attention was focused on the nature and extent of ethnic stereotyping in most of the publications and the endorsement of particular social and political attitudes relevant to the particular circumstances in the apartheid South Africa. The overall object of this study was to assess how far and in what way these texts formed part of the legitimatization process of the apartheid regime. Texts books as medium of instruction are capable of reflecting and transmitting dominant social values and the study of history is a particularly potent means of doing so especially when the interpretation of past events is used to give meaning to the present..Obviously, there may be many interpretations of history which ought not to be thought of as a body of permanent truth. Nonetheless, history can be used throughout the world to justify particular forms of social structure and government. Therefore, the central thesis of this paper is that historical scholarship was used to justify the system of racial segregation in South Africa.

Key Words: Legitimatization, Apartheid, Education, History, Ideology, Textbooks, Nationalism, Inequality, Legislation