IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2015

Abstract: Literature, and in this case, the oral traditional narrative, has often been employed to record and express the socio-economic and political philosophies of Africans. This approach has entrenched the understanding that a nation whose history is not enshrined in its literature risks leaving nothing for posterity. This paper, however, attempts to focus on the use of African traditions of peace and justice which are enshrined in African proverbs and myths. In this endeavour, African proverbs and myths from the Ndebele, Shona and Tonga tribes in Zimbabwe and the Igbo from Nigeria, as presented in Achebe's Things Fall Apart (1958) have been selected for analysis. Ideas from Martin Luther King regarding peace in terms of what it is not, that is, 'peace is not the absence of tension', have been used in conceptualising the study..

[1]. Achebe, C. (1958) Things Fall Apart. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers
[2]. ACPDT (2009) A People‟s Guide to Constitutional Debate. Cape Town: fingerprint Co- operative Ltd
[3]. --------- (2002) Peace-building: An Introduction for Communities. Harare: Chirorodziva Printing and Publishing
[4]. --------- (1997) Participation, Development, Power and Democracy: An Introduction to basic civic concepts. Harare: The Church/ NGO Civic Education Network
[5]. Danesh, H.B. (2006) "Towards and Integrative Theory of Peace Education". Journal of Peace Education, 3(1); 55-78

Abstract: Globalization is the process of international integration that results from the interexchange of world views having its effects on virtually all aspects of human life including governance and economy. This paper examines the issue of globalization and governance in Nigeria and explicates how the issue of governance is impacting on poverty. Specifically Nigerian government cannot provide its citizenry with the common good of government; governance is not only at its lowest ebb in Nigeria, and this has resulted into promotion of mediocrity, ethnicity, god fatherism, violence and ultimately poverty. Relevant data were obtained through secondary method and empirically discussed. The study observes that because politicians were rigged into power by their god fathers and external bourgeoisies, those whom they have to pay back with the state resources hence the provisions of common goods for populace is always abandoned and thus results into negligence of the responsibility of governance. The paper concludes that globalization can help to solve or worsen the effects of poor governance on poverty in Nigerian provided global collective action complements and reinforces country-based efforts on poverty reduction

Keywords: Globalisation, Governance, Poverty, Development.

1]. Aina, T.A. (1996): "Globalization and Social Policy in Africa". CODESTRIA Bulletin No. 4.
[2]. Amobi D.C (2008): The Human Capital and Millennium Development Goals I Nigeria. The possibilities and impossibilities, J. Policy Dev. Stud. 2(1): 15-16.
[3]. Bhatt, E. (1999): "Notes on the politics of poverty reduction" in inclusion, Justice and Poverty Reduction. A Villa Borsig Workshop series, Berlin.
[4]. Chukwuemeka E.O. (2008): The Substance of Public Administration in Nigeria: A Compendium of Public Policy and Local Government, Enugu: Computer Edge
[5]. Chukwuemeka E.O. (2009): Poverty and The Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria: The nexus: Education and Research and Review vol. 4 (9).

Abstract: Graphic memoirs or autobiographic comics emerged in the 1960's in the American comic underground scene, with Barefoot Gen (1973 – 1975) by KeijiNakazawa, and since then, the proliferation of graphic memoirs has been staggering, revealing the demand of such literature. As a sub-genre of the graphic novel, the graphic memoir has forged a place for itself in the landscape of comic book literature. The synthesis of both text and image is an effective combination that serves to enhance subjectivity and reflection. The retrieval and reconstruction of memories make graphic memoirs a site of subversion and transgression of the boundaries of traditional biography and autobiography. Thus, from biography and autobiography emerges graphic memoir, which is a subversive and discordant hybrid. Taking Persopolis by MarjaneSatrapi, the paper will attempt to study the inherent desire to remember and inscribe one's life-story. Satrapi has utilized graphic memoir to capture her experience as a young woman in the aftermath of the Iranian Cultural Revolution of 1979. Every individual possesses the impulse to testify his life-story. Focussing on Persopolis, the paper will touch on aspects of memory, history, gender and ideology.

Keywords: graphic memoir, ideology, MarjaneSatrapi, memory, Persepolis

[[1]. Milan Kundera, Lost Letters, The book of laughter and forgetting (London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1996) 4.
[2]. Ben Yagoda,By Way of Definition, Memoir: a history(New York: Riverhead Books, 2009) 3.
[3]. Ben Yagoda, Interlude: Truth, Memory, and Autobiography,Memoir: a history (New York: Riverhead Books, 2009)103.
[4]. MarjaneSatrapi, The Veil, Persepolis (London: Vintage, 2008)3.
[5]. Steve Joordens,Sensory Memory – Brief Traces of the Past, Memory and the human life span (Virginia: The Great Courses, 2011).
[6]. MarjaneSatrapi, The Party, Persepolis (London: Vintage, 2008) 42.

Abstract: Bedouins are often used as an object in Classical Arabic humor. This is due to the different behavior with people in general. As mentioned by Rosenthal that in Arabic literature, found a lot of stories about the funny resourceful or stupid of Bedouins. Likewise, Morehsaidthat the literary of anti Bedouin describesBedouin as savage and stupid, can not appreciate or understand the way of sedentary and luxurious living, poor and do not know the customs, and have never felt the city life, and who is mentioned by Marzolph that Bedouins portrayed as stereotypical as opposed to life in the city, a simple-minded and ignorant, can be easily deceived and badly. From these opinions, this article aims to analyze the texts of classical Arabic humor to see the truth of the opinion mentioned above.

Keywords: Humor, ArabBedouins, customs, behavior, classical texts.

[1]. Ali, Abdul, (1998) Arab Legacy to Humor Literature, New Delhi: MD Publication PVT LTD
[2]. Asthiany, Julia (ed), (1990), Abbasid Belles Lettres, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
[3]. Barakat, Halim (1993), The Arab World: Society, Culture and State, California: University of California Press
[4]. al-Hufi, Ahmad Muhammad, (1956), Al-Fukahafi al-Adab, Usuluhawa `anwa'uha,Jilid 1,
Mesir: MaktabaNahdaMisr
[5]. Leder, Stefan (1998), Story-telling in Framework of non-fictional Arabic Literature,
Wiesbaden: HarrassowitsVerlag
[6]. Lesmana, Maman (2011), "Tracing Back the Humor Style of the Eight and Twentieth Century Texts of
Abunawas", in Tawarikh, International Journal for Historical Studies, Volume 2, Number 2, April 2011, Bandung: ASPENSI

Abstract: The Dutch colonization of the Islands has played a major role in shaping the present Indonesian literary scenario, for it bears the pangs of political pressures. Women writers were the first to write the novel in the colonial times, as early as the period between 1860 and 1890s. The literary scene can be traced as belonging to various 'generations' or 'ankgatans' which caters to different sensibilities. The stereotypical images of women in fiction were shaken by the writers of 'Generation 2000' who took the literary sensibility to a new phase. Ayu Utami's Saman (2000) challenges the repressive Indonesian society through its descriptions of female sexuality. In Indonesia, the State tries to impose control over the lives of people even after the Dutch colonial rule which imposed heavy censorship of the freedom of expression. The essentialized notion of ideal womanhood propagated by the New Order regime is rewritten through women who are outgoing, working, promiscuous, independent and mostly despising motherhood. This paper reads Saman as a work that charted a new sensibility in Indonesian literary scenario and how the mainstream literature neglects its due recognition. Keywords: Female Sexuality, Generation 2000, Ibuism, Kodrat Wanita,Resistance.

[1]. Day, Tony. "Locating Indonesian Literature in the World". Modern Language Quarterly 68.2 (2007):173-193. Print.
[2]. Garcia, Michael Nieto. "Indonesian publishing: New Freedom, Old Worries and Unfinished Democratic Reform"Social Analysis 50.1 (2006):184-191.Print. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/23181951>
[3]. Watson, C.W. "Salah Asuhan and the Romantic Tradition in the early Indonesian Novel." Modern Asian Studies 7.2 (1973): 179-192. Print. JSTOR 12 Feb.2007http://jstor.org/search
[4]. Garcia, Michael Nieto. "Introduction" They Say I'm a Monkey. By Ayu, Djenar Maesa. Trans. Michael Nieto Garcia. Jakarta Metaphor Publishing, 2005. Print.
[5]. Stevens, Alan.M. Rev of Six Indonesian Short Stories, by Rufus S. Hendon. The Journal of Asian Studies, 29.2(1970): 490-491.Print.
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Abstract: The gist of the study was to examine the challenges and main coping strategies on resource management and academic performance amongst primary schools in Makindu District, Makueni County, Kenya. The study was premised on Hunts (2007) theory on project management. A descriptive survey design was adopted. A combination of Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were s used to draw 25 head teachers, 200 teachers and 25 chairpersons of Parents Teachers Association(PTAs), yielding a total sample of 250 respondents. Interview schedules and questionnaires were used to collect data from chairpersons and headteachers/teachers, respectively. The study established that the various resource management challenges were: inadequate funding by the Government through the Ministry of Education, overstretched physical facilities as well as inefficient utilization of the available physical and human resources in schools. In addition, there was a positive and significant correlation between the effectiveness of resource management strategies and learners' academic performance in national examination. The researcher recommended that schools managers should involve teachers and learner in decision making process and management strategies that enhance learners academic performance in national examinations in the study locale of Makindu District, Makueni County, Kenya.[189 words].

Keywords: Resources, Management strategies, Academic performance, National Examinations, Public Primary Schools, Makindu District, Makueni County, Kenya.

[1]. Ackers, J., & Hardman, F. (2001). Classroom Interaction in Kenyan Primary Schools. British Association for International and Comparative Education , 31 (2), 245 - 261.
[2]. Ackers, J., Migoli, J., & Nzomo, J. (2001). Identifying and addressing the causes of declining participation rates in Kenyan primary schools. International Journal of Educational Development , 21, 361 - 374.
[3]. Anand, G., P. T. Ward, & M. V. Tatikonda. (2010). Role of explicit and tacit knowledge in
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[5]. Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current theories, research and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology , 60, 421 - 429.
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Abstract: This study examined home-based factors influencing the performance of pupils on transition from lower to upper primary in public schools in Ekerenyo Division. The study adopted descriptive research design. The target population was all teachers and education officers in the division from which a sample size 109 respondents were obtained. The main data collection instruments were questionnaires, interview guides and observation checklist. The study revealed that the main home-based factors such as poverty, drug abuse, language barrier, parent involvement and HIV and AIDS were the major variables influencing performance of pupils on transition from lower primary to upper primary in Ekerenyo Division, Nyamira County, Kenya. It was recommended that concerted efforts among categories of stakeholders particularly parents should be encouraged to enable them provide basic needs at home and monitor their children's education as they progress to higher levels of education[141 words].

Keywords: Home-based factors, academic performance, pupils, transition from lower to upper primary, Ekerenyo Division, Nyamira County, Kenya.

1]. Arnold, C.M. (1993). Social selection in education and economic development. Washington DC: World Bank.
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[7]. Kiruhi, M.A.M., Githua, B., & Mboroki, G. (2009). Methods of instruction; a guide for teacher educators. Ongata Rongai: Gugno Books and Allied.

Abstract: Indonesian geographical location and the large population and the number of foreign nationals caught smuggling drugs into Indonesia became a cause of international drug trafficking and the manufacture of narcotics, especially marijuana, ecstasy and methamphetamine and drug users themselves. Development of the illicit traffic of narcotics in Indonesia since 2002 has increased, in Indonesia combating illicit trafficking conducted by state police with the Indonesian republic forming a national drug agency with some effort: 1) are preventive or pencehan through dissemination, outreach to the community, youth, student, students and government and private agencies. 2) As a repressive or law enforcement. 3) Rehabilitation to users of Narcotics and 4) regional and international cooperation, however, illicit trafficking in Indonesia remains the higher frequency and even Indonesia into "heaven" for international Drug Dealers.

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Abstract: In every democratic state the world over election is regarded as the heart of liberal democracy. Elections are seen as the hallmark of democracy because it gives an avenue for peaceful change of government and legitimizes the new administration. For a government to be legitimate, the Electoral process must be in line with the dictates of the electoral laws as enshrined in the regulatory framework. The study laid emphasis on the electoral process with a view to examine the extent of adherence with the provisions of the 2010 Electoral Act as amended which was used for the conduct of the 2015 general elections in Nigeria. The study utilizes secondary source of data and content analysis as its methodology. The paper argues that there were gross violations of the 2010 Electoral Act by the ruling elite during the electioneering process which has negatively affected the electoral process in the conduct of the 2015 general elections. The study recommends that an Independent Commission be set up by the government in order to monitor and ensure that politicians adhere to the rules of the game as well as the setting up of an Electoral Offences Court in order to prosecute and punish offenders.

Keywords: Abuse, Democracy, Elections, Electoral Act, Electoral Process

[1]. Akasike, C. (2015) "Apologise for Okrika Attack, APC Tells Jonathan Wife". Retrieved on 22/3/2015, 2:26pm from www.punchng.com/.../apologise-for-okri...
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Abstract: This study aimed to reveal the correlationbetween achievement motivation, attitude of teaching and teaching experience with the ability of teachers in teaching and learning at Muhammadiyah Junior School Medan. The research used quantitative method. The respondents were 63 teachers of Muhammadiyah Junior School who were randomly selected from a population of 272 people. Data collection techniques used in form of a questionnaire instrument for achievement motivation (X1), attitude of teaching (X2) and teaching experience variables (X3) while to measure teachers' ability variable (Y) used the teacher's ability assessment tool.The findings reveal that: (1) there is a significant correlation between X1 and Y, with a coefficient correlation ry1= 0.606; (2) there is a significant correlation between X2 and Y, with a coefficient correlation ry2= 0.498; (3) there is a significant correlation between X3 and Y, with a coefficient correlation ry3= 0.574; and (4) there is a significant correlation between X1, X2, and X3collectively with Y with multiple coefficient correlation ry123= 0.439, the determination coefficient is 0.193. The contribution between achievement motivation, attitude on teaching, and teaching experience with the ability of teachers together is 19.3%.

Keywords: achievement motivation, attitude of teaching and teaching experience with the ability of teachers in teaching

[1]. Cochran, W.G. 1974. Sampling Techniques. New York: John Wiley &Sons Inc.
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Abstract: The present study aims at finding out the life satisfaction of elderly with reference to age, gender and residence. A sample of 180 elderly above 60 years were selected for the study and Satisfaction with Life Scale by Diener was administered. The study revealed that there is no difference between gender with regard to satisfaction and significant difference in satisfaction was found between institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly. Elderly who were residing with their children in family had more satisfaction than their counterparts. Keywords: Satisfaction with life, institutionalized and non-institutionalized.

[1]. Baltes, M.M. & Smith, J. (2003). New Frontiers in the Future of Aging: From Successful Aging of the Young Old to the Dilemma of the Fourth Age. In: Gerontology, 49, 123–135.
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[4]. Gana K, Bailly N, Saada Y, Joulain M, Alaphilippe D. Does life satisfaction change in old age: results from an 8-year longitudinal study. J Gerontology B PsycholSciSoc Sci. 2013 Jul; 68(4):540-52
[5]. Palgi, Y., &Shmotkin, D. (2010), "The predicament of time near the end of life: Time perspective trajectories of life satisfaction among the old-old." Aging & Mental Health, 14(5), 577- 86.
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Abstract: Rohinton Mistry is an Indian born Parsi writer settled in Canada. He writes about the ethnic conflict that his community faces from the right wing political parties in Bombay like the Shiv Sena. His short story collection titled Tales from Firozshah Bag describes the Bombay city of the 1960s and 70s from a Parsi perspective detailing the present condition of the Parsis and their loss of social, economic and political significance. The short stories in the collection also present the issue of ethnic conflict that the community had to face from the neighbouring communities that call themselves 'sons of the soil'. This article aims to analyse the issue of ethnic conflict faced by the Parsi community in the post-independence period with reference to Mistry's first collection of short stories titled Tales from Firozshah Bag. Keywords- Ethnic Conflict, Rohinton Mistry, Parsi Literature, Tales from Firozshah Bag.

[1]. Addis, Adeno. "On Human Diversity and the Limits of Toleration." Ethnicity and Group Rights. By Ian Shapiro and Will Kymlicka. New York: New York UP, 1997. 112-53. Print.
[2]. Bharucha, Nilufer E. Rohinton Mistry: Ethnic Enclosures and Transcultural Spaces. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2003. Print.
[3]. Brass, Paul R., ed. Riots and Pogroms. New York: New York UP, 1996. Print.
[4]. Crawford, Beverley. "The Causes of Cultural Conflict: An Institutional Approach." The Myth of "ethnic Conflict": Politics, Economics, and "cultural" Violence. Ed. Beverly Crawford and Ronnie D. Lipschutz. Berkeley: International and Area Studies, U of California at Berkeley, 1998. 3-43. Print.

Abstract: Participation is a concept that has multi-dimensional meanings depending on the user. Youth participation in the same vein can be perceived according to the circumstance, the need, and the nature of the subject involved in the participation. Therefore, youth participation in agriculture training program in malete farm is a circumstantial idea designed to empower the youth in order to acquire some skills in agriculture business. This study examines the extent of youth participation in this program considering the prevailing socio-economic condition of the youth and how the youth is involved in segments of the participation process. Using Malete youth Integrated Training Farm, qualitative case study method was employed for the study and the findings revealed that, there was adifferent degree of participation in the decision-making, implementation, sharing and evaluation. It appears that youth participate in the program as induced by the government through the monthly stipend and other motivational packages.

Keywords:Agricultural training, community development, MaleteFarm,participation, Youth Participation

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[2]. Cornwall A. "Historical Perspectives on Participation in Development,"Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. Community
Development Journal. 2006;44(1):49-65.
[3]. Chambers R. Critical Reflections of Development Nomad. Uma, editor. Kothari: Zeb Books; 2005.
[4]. Hickey Samuel, Mohan G. Participation. From Tyranny to Transformation. Exploring New Approaches to Development. London: Zed Books.; 2004.
[5]. Glyn W. "Evaluating participatory development: tyranny, power and (re)politicization," Third World Quarterly 2004;25(3):557-78.
[6]. Kinyasha GF. Towards Genuine Participation for the Poor: Critical analysis of Village Travel and Transport Project (VTTP) Morogoro, Tanzania Institute of Rural Development Planning. 2006.

Abstract: This article analyzes how patriarchal power relations have evolved and manifested through Zimbabwean Urban Groove music. We will explore the extent to which the urban groove musical genre reproduces dominant, patriarchal power relations through the discourse of popular culture paying particular attention to findings by scholars such as Stuart Hall, John Fiske, among others. The paper will also show how patriarchal power relations appear as mystical and religious connotations as it turns its attention from exotic to mundane and from indigenous to authored culture.

Keywords: patriarchal, power relations, urban grooves music, musical genre, popular culture, Zimbabwe

[1]. "Fortune Muparutsa The Icon of Zimbabwe's R & Band Rap Music," Available at: www.profileengine.com/.../fortunemuparutsa-the-icon-of-zim
[2]. "Popular Singer Prince Tendai Mupfurutsa Dies," Available at: www.nehanda.com/.../popular-singer-prince-tendai-mupfurutsa .
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[4]. Chari, T.J (2008) Representation of women in Selected Zimbabwean Films and Videos in Ogunleye, F. (2008) (ed.) Africa Through the Eye of the Video Camera, Academic Publishers, Manzini,pp 143-163.
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Abstract: By getting the results of the study, it is clear that both the immune florescence technique and Real time RT PCR one step technique are effective and quick techniques for diagnosis and for research purpose and immune fluorescence technique is very beneficial if it is fully set in a local context and through these finding we also find using immune fluorescence technique, one step real time RT PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis that the dengue serotype 4 were the cause of major dengue infection in year 2012, and dengue serotype 2 and 3 were cause dengue infection in very small percentage. Dengue serotype 4 which is the geographically dominating serotype which is present in most areas of Karachi district, and dengue serotype 2 and Dengue serotype 3 were found almost everywhere in Karachi region. This is an threatening condition for the future, because it may be possible in the next monsoon season every 1-4 serotype dengue epidemic will be circulated and will happen which may causes more sever mix infection So before the monsoon season we should take steps to eliminate the infection and prevent dengue life of severe dengue infection. This can be helpful in eliminating the infection of dengue in the coming years. Keywords: PCR, ReverseTtranscriptase RT-PCR, Immunofluorescence technique, Dengue fever, Dengue Virus.

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Abstract: This research is based on qualitative approach, in order to investigate, those factors which motivate students to increase their interest in education, Motivation means an inner drive which instigate students to do something. They are two type of motivation Instrumental motivation and integrative motivation. In order to identify that factor which motivate student to take interest in class .Questionnaire has been designed in such a way that starts from general question and then specific question. Through questionnaire, an authentic data has been analyzed, which gave concrete and vivid answer, related to the factors which motivate students. After a profound analysis of data, it can be said that student at school level are extrinsically motivated and it is their intrinsic motivation which leads them towards, extrinsic motivation.

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Abstract: This study shows the comparison of different disinfectant. With four organisms i.e.Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus hirea are tested against two test condition i.e. clean condition and dirty condition with selected disinfectant in five minutes contact time. The study shows, which disinfectant is more effectively killing all test organisms and provide more protection. Market survey shows that there is more impact of brand name on people. Through data analysis it is clear that the branded surface cleaner provide more protection against germs as compare to local surface cleaner. After getting complete results hence it is proved that branded surface cleaner gives five or greater log reduction against all four organisms when treated with clean and dirty condition in five minutes contact time by using the method EN 1276.
Keywords: In-Vitro,Disinfectant,Surface Cleaner,Efficacy,American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)

[1]. Z. MoustafaGehan, W. Anwer, H.M. Amer, I.M. EL-Sabagh, A. Rezk and
[2]. E.M.BadawyDepartment of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Department of
[3]. Virology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Abstract: In most parts of the South Asia, women commonly have less power and empowerment in making decisions. This is associated with her ethnicity, deprivation level, urban/rural classification and education. This study based on these issues tries to find out that, what factors determines level of woman empowerment in the context of India, Nepal and Bangladesh. So, paper tries to estimate the levels and factors affecting women empowerment with a specified hypothesis. The DHS-2006-07 data on currently married women of age 15-49 years has been used for analysis. Empowerment index is generated by principal component analysis into tersely categories. Multinomial logistic regression used to see the effect of socio-economic and demographic factors on women's empowerment. Results indicate that age, education, media, occupation, marital duration and wealth power are important factors for women by whom a woman gets a position in household and family, older women have more empowered than younger. Empowerment in rural areas is much less visible than in urban. Rural women, as opposed to women in urban settings, face inequality at much higher rates, and in all spheres of life.

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Abstract: Background: Condom bid protection against both unintended pregnancies as well as sexually transmitted infections. Condom use practice can reduce the increasing incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS. Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of married men regarding condom use. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban slum area of Gangwadi with a sample of 320 married men. Pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to elicit the required information. Percentages and chi- square test was applied for statistical analysis. Results: Condoms were considered by participants as an effective method for birth control (43.75%) and prevention of sexually transmitted infections (34.7%) respectively. Only (23.12%) of participants were using condom. A significant association found to be existing among knowledge, attitude and practices of condom use with that of age and socio economic status. Conclusion: The participant level of knowledge and practices towards condom use was low.

Keywords: Attitude, Condom, Knowledge, Practices, Sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

[1]. Osuafor GN. Condom use within marital and cohabiting women and its implication for HIV infection in Mahikeng, South Africa. Available from http://paa2015.princeton.edu/uploads/151547. Accessed on 3/5/2015.
[2]. Ismael AS, Zangana JMS. Knowledge, attitude and practice of condom use among males aged (15-49) years in Erbil Governorate. Global Journal of Health Science 2012; 4(4):27-36.
[3]. Donta B, Begum S, Naik DD. Acceptability of male condom: an Indian scenario. Indian J Med Res 2014; 140:152-56.

Abstract: The sustainability and the performance of any transport system depend so much on the quality of human resources that run the system. However, transport management in Nigeria faces many human resources challenges which tend to scuttle the efforts channelled towards transport sustainability. This paper focuses on these challenges and the dimension they have assumed in the society. It also discusses the relationship between transport sustainability and human resources, as well as the efforts geared towards transport sustainability in Nigeria.

Keywords: sustainability, environment, corruption, training and professionals.

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[2]. Branch, A.E., (1981). Elements of Shipping, Fifth Edition, Richard Clay Press Ltd,
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[4]. Button, K.J., (1982). Transport Economics, Heinemann Educational Ltd, London.
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[7]. United States.

Abstract: The impact of population growth on economic growth has always been a subject of disagreement among economists. The rate of population growth in Nigeria is high and thus the need to evaluate its impact on economic growth is necessary. This paper evaluates the impact of population growth on economic growth in Nigeria (1980-2010). The research is conducted using secondary data. Data were obtained from the World Development Indicators from 1980-2010. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics as well as regression analysis. The result revealed that there is a positive relationship between economic growth (proxied by GDP growth) and population, fertility and export growth; while negative relationships were found between economic growth (proxied by GDP growth) and life expectancy, and crude death rate. The paper recommends among others that the average population growth rate of Nigeria should be maintained since it is found to impact positively on economic growth in Nigeria within the period of study and that measures should be adopted to check the crude death rate of Nigeria as it affects economic growth negatively.

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Abstract: Throughout the course of recorded human history, the consequence of any form of disability always caused deep seated socialand emotional problems, among other challenges. In the education sector, for example, issues to do with disabilities have quite some negative impact, thereby affecting participation of learners who may have disabilities. Even in some schools today, seeing people with visual impairment (VI), still creates a feeling of deep discomfort, even in most teachers.One of the reasons attached being that most teachers see children with VI's academic reality as beyond their capabilities. Due to loss of useful vision, a major tool needed for learning, most teachers have always perceived learners with VI as inadequate, especially when it comes to practical activities of the school curriculum.

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Abstract: Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. To achieve this, there is a growing recognition of the need to tap the potential of small scale farmers, a vast number of whom are women, mostly found in the rural areas. One glaring weakness in Kenyan agricultural policy is the omission of the pivotal role women play in the production of the nation`s food supply. While Kenyan women only own one percent of the land they produce the vast majority of the food for their entire families nationwide, they receive less than seven percent of the farm extension services, less than ten percent of the credit given to small-scale farmers, and are generally undernourished, overworked, illiterate, and genuinely lack a voice in Kenyan society.

[1]. ActionAid (2011). Farming as Equals. How supporting women's rights and gender equality makes the difference
[2]. Agarwal, B. (2011). Food Crises and Gender Inequality. DESA Working Paper No. 107
[3]. ST/ESA/2011/DWP/10. Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi
[4]. ASDS, (2010). Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020. Inter-ministerial coordination committee. Republic of Kenya
[5]. Asian Development Bank (2012). Food security and poverty in Asia and the Pacific. Key challenges and policy Issues. p 25-30. ADB. Department of External Relations. Mandaluyong City, Philippines.
[6]. Blackden, C. and Canagarajah, R. (2003). Gender and Growth in Africa: Evidence and Issues. Paper presented at the UNECA Expert Meeting on Pro-Poor Growth Kampala, Uganda, June 23-24. Washington, D.C
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