IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2015

Abstract: Proliferation of petrol stations in Maiduguri and Jere has now reached a level of unimaginable nightmare with perceived consequences on both human health and the environment. It is against this the paper evaluates the environmental effects of the petrol stations in their neighbourhoods in Maiduguri and Jere. Specifically, it examined the presence of those petrol stations vis-a-vis residential houses within 100m radius of location in the township; hazards associated with their activities/operation; and the perception of residents/petrol stations workers on the effects pose by those petrol stations. Only purposed-built petrol stations both functional and non-functional as at 2010 were considered in the study. Out of the 138 petrol stations in the study area, 122 (88.41%) were functional and 16 (11.59%) were non-functional. These petrol stations are spatially located unevenly across the major road network in the township.

[1]. Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I. and Wisner, B. (1994). At Risk. Natural Hazards, People‟s Vulnerability and Disaster. London: Routledge. Pp. 66 – 67.
[2]. Burton, I., Kates, R. W. and White G. F. (1978). The Environment as Hazard. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 1 – 3.
[3]. Cointreau, S. J. (1982). "Environmental Management of Urban Solid Wastes in Development: A Project Guide". Urban Development Department, World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/urban/solid-wm/trechpaper5.pdf
[4]. Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR, 2010). Procedure Guide for the Issuance of License, Establishment and/or Operations of Industrial Consumers, Petrol Stations, Kerosene and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Revised Edition. P. 1-11
[5]. Department of Petroleum Resource (DPR, 2011). Maiduguri Zonal Office, Borno State.

Abstract: This study focuses on the patterns of greeting used by the Etulo, a minority ethnic and linguistic group who live in parts of Benue and Taraba states of Nigeria. Etulo is not a widely studied language. Before now, no study has been done on the patterns of greeting in the language. This study therefore is an attempt to fill this gap. The data consist of 28 greeting tokens based on live greeting events recorded in the course of a number of field trips. These were transcribed and translated into English. The findings show that such variables as age, status, sex and context determine the type of greeting to be used. In addition to serving as conversational routine, greetings are found to have propositional content.

Key concepts: greeting, communicative competence, routine, adjacency pair, propositional content.

1]. Agyekum, K. 2008. The pragmatics of Akan greetings. Discourse Studies Vol.10 (4): 49516. Accessed 04/08/2014.www/stor.org/stable/177163.
[2]. Akindele, D. F. 2007. Lumela/Lumela: A socio-pragmatic analysis of Sesotho greetings. Nordic Journal of African Studies. Vol.16(1): 1-17.
[3]. Crystal, D. 2003 edn. A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
[4]. Duranti, A. 1997. Universal and culture- specific properties of greetings. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. Vol.7 (1): 63-97.
[5]. Ekanjume-Ilongo, B. 2013. Greetings in Akoose: A Sociolinguistic approach. California Linguistic Notes Vol.xxxviii (1)25-45.
[6]. Emery, P.G. 2000. Greeting, congratulating and commiserating in Omani language. Culture and Curriculum. Vol. 13(2):169-217.
[7]. Ezenwafor, C.A. 2009. The interaction of tone with syntax in Etulo. M.A. thesis, School of Post- graduate Studies, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.
[8]. Ezenwafor, C.A. & Mmadike, B.I. 2012. A study of the syllable structure aand tone in Etulo. In Ndimele, O. (ed.). Language, literature, and communication in a dynamic world: A festschrift for Chinyere Ohiri Aniche. Port Harcourt: Linguistic Association of Nigeria. pp617-622.
[9]. Ezenwafor, C.I. 2011. Negation in Etulo. M.A. thesis, School of Postgraduate Studies, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.
[10]. Holmes, J. 2008 edn . An introduction to sociolinguistics. Essex: Pearson.

Abstract: The name Naga is generic term that refers to a group of over thirty tribes inhabiting not only in Nagaland but also some hilly region of the states of Manipur, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. Some Naga tribes are also found in the north western part of Myanmar bordering India as well. In Myanmar these Naga tribes are mostly inhabited Sagaing division and Kachin states. In Manipur Nagas are mostly inhabited in the districts of Chandel, Ukhrul, Senapati, and Tamenglong. In Nagaland there are eight districts the Naga inhabited districts are Tuensang, Mokokchung , Kohima, Dimapur, Mon, Wokha, Zunheboto and Phek. In Arunachal Pradesh Naga inhabited districts are Changlang and Tirap.

[1]. M. Horam, Naga Insurgency – The last thirty years, Cosomo Publications , Ansari Road, Daryagangj, New Delhi , 1988.
[2]. B.C. Allen, E.G. Gait, C.G.H. Allen, H.F. Howard, Gazetteer of Bengal and North – East India, Mittal Publication, New Delhi, Photographically reproduced in 1979,1982,1986,1989,1993,1996,2001,2005,2008,2010.
[3]. Sir James Johnstone, Manipur and Naga Hills, Gyan Publishing House 5, Ansari Road, New Delhi,2002.
[4]. Hokishe Sema,Emergence of Nagaland Socio – Economic and Political Transformation, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 576 Masjid Road, Jangpura, New Delhi , Fourth Impression 1992.
[5]. A.Lanunungsang, From Phizo to Muivah – Question in North East India, Mittal Publications, New Delhi , First Edition 2002.
[6]. .Proceedings of North East India History Association, Thirty second session, Tripura University, Agartala,2011, Edited and Published by Amrendra Kumar Thakur Shillong,2012.
[7]. Jonathan Glancey, Nagaland – A journey to India‟s Forgotten Frontier, Faber and Faber Ltd, Bloomsbury House 74 – 77, Great Russell Street, London ,WEIB 3DA,2011.

Abstract: Throughout its existence, every person is concurrently or sequentially under the impact of multiple educational influences that contribute to their formation. These influences, purposeful educational, triggers and produce changes in the internal structure of the human personality, whether having an intentional, systematic, organized character, or acting spontaneously, accidentally. Given the different degree of intentionality of education influences and the existence of different learning situations, education is found fewer than three main forms combining and complementing each other: formal, non-formal education and informal education. This research aims to highlight the implementation of learning theories in these three forms of education systems.

Keywords: Formal, Non-Formal, Informal education, Learning Paradigms, Learning theories..

[1]. Barna, A., Antohe, G., (2006), Curs de padagogie – partea I – Introducere în pedagogie, Teroia educaţiei, teoria curriculum-ului., "Dunărea de Jos" University Foundation Publishing House, Galati
[2]. Carron, G and Carr-Hill, R A (1991) Non-formal education: information and planning issues. International Institute for Educational Planning, Paris.
[3]. Coombs, P 1-1, Prosser, R C and Ahmed, H (1973) New paths to learning for rural children and youth. ICED, New York.
[4]. Cucoş, C., (2002), Pedagogie, Polirom Publishing House, Iasi
[5]. Cojocariu, V.M., (2007), Fundamentele pedagogiei. Teoria şi metodologia curriculum-ului. Texte şi pretexte, V& Integral Publishing House, Bucharest
[6]. Fordham, P. E. (1993). "Informal, non-formal and formal education programmes‟ in YMCA George Williams College ICE301 Lifelong Learning Unit 2, London: YMCA George William College.

Abstract: The role of the teacher and gender on students' attitude towards the subjects done in school including C.R.E is important as a way of improving performance in examinations. This paper examines how gender based opinions and teachers influence students' attitudes towards Christian Religious Education (henceforth, CRE) in secondary schools in Kenya and how these reflect on the performance in the subject. The study uses questionnaires which consist of both close and open-ended items. The close ended items have statements each rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. It is notable that the more positive the learners' attitude is, the better the performance. On the contrary, gender influence have the least impact as the majority of the learners evenly distributed across the various achievement brackets thought it had no impact on the choice of C.R.E at all.

Keywords: Teacher Influence, Gender Influence, Attitude, Performance, Christian Religious Education

[1]. Ajzen, 1.and Fishbein M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.
[2]. American Association of University Women (1992). Short changing Girls, short changing America: A call to Action. AAUW. Initiative for Education Equity, Washington DC.
[3]. Atkinson, M.E. (1979). Attitude of Black college Freshmen in Black college towards Mathematics. Ed. D. Thesis Rutgers University, unpublished.
[4]. Bray, M., Clarke, B.P. and Stephens, D. (1986). Education and society in Africa. Edward Arnold Publishers, Great Britain.
[5]. Camille, B.W., Loftus, F.E. and Marshall, E.M. (1992). Psychology. Fourth Edition, MC Graw – Hill Inc. U.S.A
[6]. Chesaro, D.K (2003). Role of Christian Religious Education in Moral Development of Secondary School Students in Rongai Division, Nakuru District, Kenya. Unpublished M.ed. Thesis. Kenyatta University. Nairobi, Kenya.

Abstract:Education plays a vital role in human life. It is one of the most important factors of development. Despite the tremendous effort of the government towards ensuring equality of educational opportunities, inequality still prevails. The present paper is an attempt to analyse the regional disparities in the level of education in West Bengal. The study is divided into four sections. Section 1 comprises Introduction, objectives and brief description of study area Section 2 tends to discuss the methodology and data base Section 3 presents the empirical results and their interpretation and the last Section i.e., section 4 concludes the study with some suggestions. The data for the analysis have been obtained from the secondary sources, for the analysis of data; the technique of factor analysis has been applied selecting 17 variables. The present study finds out that there are exist large regional variations in the level of education in West Bengal. This regional disparity in educational level is due to various factors, like historical, social, cultural, economical, inefficient government policies etc.
Keywords: Spatial distribution, Educational Level, Factor analysis, Regional disparities.

[1]. Ahmad, S. N. and Shamim, M. (1998) "Spatial Dimensions of Social and Economic Inequalities in Bihar", The Geographer, Vol. XLV, No. 2, pp. 70-77.
[2]. Ashraf, S. W. A., Ahmad, A. and Khurshid, G. (2008): "Status of Women Education in Aligarh city‟, The Geographer, Vol. XLV, No. 2, July, pp.102-111.
[3]. Banu, N. (2015), " Trens and Patterns of Literacy Distribution in West Bengal‟, Acme International Journal of Multidiciplinary Research‟, Vol. III, No. 2, pp. 63-74.
[4]. Bhuiyan, R. H. and Banerjee, S. (1991)1 "Regional Disparities of Lower Level Education Development of Bangladesh", Indian Journal of Regional Science, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, pp. 41-51.
[5]. Bhuiyan, R. H. and Banerjee, S. (1991)2 "Regional Disparities of Lower Level Education Development of Bangladesh", Indian Journal of Regional Science, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, p. 42
[6]. Khan et al. (2009)1 "Spatial Pattern of Agricultural Development in Murshidabad District (W.B.)", Indian Journal of Regional Science, Vol. XXXXI, No. 1, p. 73.

Abstract: This research is conducted in order to find out the kinds of suffix used in narrative writing at grade eight of SMP Methodist Pematangsiantar. In English language, Halliday stated that the level is derived from the smallest to the biggest one, from morpheme, word, phrase (group), clause, sentence and paragraph. The various levels are found by having the construction of language or known as English syntax. The construction of language is related to affixation. According to McCarthy (2006:84), Affixation is the process whereby an affix is attached to a base, which may be simple (as in full, the base to which –ness is attached to yield fullness), or complex (like meditate, the base to which pre- is attached to yield premeditate). Affix can be divided into 2 types, they are inflectional and derivational affixes. Problem discussed in this research is what kinds of suffixes are found in narrative writing at grade eight of SMP Methodist Pematangsiantar? The data of this research were taken from the students' narrative writing at grade eight of SMP Methodist Pematangsiantar. Finally, the findings show: that some kinds of suffixes used are: -ed/d, s/es, -ly, -al, -ion, -en, -ing, -ity, -ment.

Keywords: suffix, narrative

1]. Brinton, Laurel J. 2000. The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction, London: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
[2]. Chandler, Daniel. 2005. An Introduction to Genre Theory, www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/ Intgenre2.html
[3]. Crystal, David. 1971. Linguistics, Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd.
[4]. Encyclopedia Britanica, inc. 2008. http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=text&r=66
[5]. Herman. 2009. An Analysis of English Affixation in Narrative Writing at Grade Eleven of SMA Methodist Pematangsiantar. Pematangsiantar: Nommensen University.

Abstract: This study examines the nature of the challenges of policing the Gulf of Guinea which is crucial economic hubs of west and central Africa due to the rich oil endowments. Specially the study faults the albeit over reliance on security intelligence and the neglect of criminal intelligence. The major trust of this paper is therefore to reinvent the deployment of criminal intelligence in protecting critical assets in the Gulf Guinea. In achieving this proposition, the study relied on a survey research approach involving the use of structured questionnaire with reliability index of 0.87. Added to this was a review of rich literature to strengthen the research based. In all, the research found out the pertinent need to integrate and coordinate the various criminal intelligence agencies in the region into size manageable system and greater reliance in ICT and allied gadget to guarantee maritime security in the region.

Keywords: Gulf of Guinea, criminal intelligence, security intelligence, insecurity, safety, organized crime.

[1]. Abrahamson, R and Williams, M (2005), The globalization of security: Nigeria country report, Globalization of security Research Project, January
[2]. African Union (2010), Africa‟s Strategy for Maritime Security: A SA Navy Perspective, Presentation by the South African Navy, Addis Ababa, April 6.
[3]. African Union-AU Yaoundé Declaration (2013), Article 2.4a
[4]. Brenthrust Foundation (2010), Maritime development in Africa. An independent specialists‟ framework, Brenthrust Discussion Paper N0.3
[5]. Chalk, P. (2008), The maritime dimension of international security: Terrorism, piracy and challenges for the United States, Sancta Maria, CA: RAND Project Airforce (RAND Corporation).
[6]. Clark, D. (2008), Africa: The crude continent. The struggle for Africa‟s oil prize London: Profile Books.

Abstract: Sherman Alexie is one of the most prolific Native American writers of the modern age. His works deal with Native American life especially their life on the reservation. He depicts the lives of Native Americans and illuminates their situation of mass murder, loss of language and land rights through alcohol and other forms of self-abuse. He says "Indians are an endangered species." Through his works Alexie voices his concern for the survival of American Indians as they are more susceptible to alcoholism, accidents and deaths.

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Abstract: The study investigates the effectiveness of Computer based Concept Mapping strategy on self regulation of secondary school students. The method employed was Experimental method and the Design selected was Pretest Posttest non equivalent groups design. The study made use of Lesson transcripts, computer based concept map and scale on self regulation for Experimental and Control treatment. The sample included 68 students in the Experimental group and 68 students in Control group. The statistical method adopted was the test of significance of difference between means and ANCOVA. The findings revealed that Computer based Concept Mapping strategy used as Experimental treatment is more effective than Constructivist teaching strategy which is used as Control group treatment for enhancing self regulation of Students at Secondary school level.

Key words: computer based concept mapping strategy, self regulation, teaching biology

[1]. Ausubel, D.P. (1963).The Psychology of Meaningful Verbal Learning. New York: Grune and Strattom.
[2]. Corno, L., & Mandinach, E. B. (1983). The role of cognitive engagement in classroom learning and motivation. Educational Psychologist, 18, 88–108.
[3]. De Simone, C., R.F.Schmid., & Mc Ewen, L. (2001).Supporting The Learning Processes with Collaborative Concept Mapping using Computer Based Communication Tools and Processes. Educational Research and Evaluation, 7(2-3), 84-263.
[4]. Novak, J.D., & Gowin, D.B. (1984).Learning to learn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[5]. Schunk, D. H. (1986). Verbalization and childrens' self-regulated learning. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 11, 347–369.
[6]. Zimmerman, B.J. (1986). Development of self-regulated learning. Which are the key subprocesses? Contemporary Educational Psychology, 16, 307–313.

Abstract: When a natural hazard strikes, children are among the most vulnerable group, especially those attending school in times of disaster. In Kenya, to enable schools prepare against fire-related disasters, the minister for education directed that all provincial secondary boarding schools be given money to purchase and install fire-fighting equipment. The study, therefore, aimed at examining safety precautions and security standards put in place by school authorities to ensure safety of school communities, assess the measures put in place to mitigate disaster if and when it happens, and establish the mindset of school communities in terms of the possibility of a disaster happening in their schools. The study used a descriptive survey design with the target population consisting of the secondary school principals and deputy principals. There were 175 secondary schools in the County.

[1]. Allen, L. (2012). Supervisions: School Leadership Hand Book, Columbus Ohio Charles E Merril Publishing Company.
[2]. Allen, L.R. (2012). Education Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications, 4th Edition. New York: Macmillan Publishers.
[3]. Best, & Kahn, (2011). Supervision of Instruction" A Phase of Administration, New York, Harper and Row Publishers
[4]. Brock, Sandoval, & Lewis, (2006). Clinical Supervision. Methods for the Supervision of Teacher, New York Hork Holt Rinehar Winston INC
[5]. Brock, et al., (2011). Totally Integrated Quality Education and Training (TIQET).Report of Commission of Inquiry into the Education System of Kenya. Nairobi.
[6]. Brock, et al., (2012). Methodologies of Educational Research, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House PVT LTD

Abstract: This paper seeks to unveil the characteristics of China-Spain relations with regard to politics and trade during the Spanish rule in the Philippines.In his book "The Relations of the Chinese to the Philippine Islands", Berthold Laufer‟s main objective is not only to discuss the relations between MingChina and Spain during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, but also to compare Spanish accounts with Chinese testimony on the same subject. He aims to look at both sides of the story and uncover the points of view from both angles. It can be asserted that Spanish and Chinese sources all implied that no matter how serious the political issues were, the ill effects on trade relations were only temporary.

[1]. Blumentritt, F. "Die Chinesen auf den Philippines". Leitmeritz, 1879.
[2]. Borao, J . "The massacre of 1603: Chinese perception of the Spaniards in the Philippines". National Taiwan University: Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998.
[3]. Lavezares, G. "Relación del suceso de la venida del tirano chino sobreeste campo y de lasdemascosassucedidasacercadello". Manuscrito L-I-15 de la Biblioteca del Escorial, fols: 291r-298v. (edición de Juan Francisco Maura Anexos de la RevistaLemir (2004) ISSN 1579-735)
[4]. Laufer, B. "The relations of the Chinese to the Philippine Islands".Smithsonian Institution Libraries. 1908.

Abstract: In Indian society the female are society excluded and discriminated from a thousand of year, basically after entering 'Aryaja' at the land of India. The 'Aryaja' have framed the rule against Indian female and also for 'Sudhra' which means untouchable. The Indian women have denied more less all basic amenities in our society. They are subjugated under male. This gender discrimination prevails in the access to health care facilities in our country. In the present paper the under-five mortality rate (U5-MR) has taken as a proxy of 'healh status' for both female and male. We have examined the discrimination of under-five mortality for ten selected districts of West Bengal. And we have run multiple regression models (robust) of both under-five mortality for female (U5-MRF) and U5-MR for male (U5-MRM) on chosen explanatory variables in our models. Using DLHS data of IIPS and censes data of 2011 we found that in West Bengal the male children is discriminated in terms of the health indicator U5-MR which a divergence from our general hypothesis since it is expected that female child in our society faces discrimination in the access to health. These results are no doubt paradoxical and interesting as it diverges from our general assumption.

[1]. Sen, A.K., "Development as Freedom (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), pp. 104-107.
[2]. Khan, A.A., "Pararthaparatar Arthanit", University Press Limited, pp. 81-92.
[3]. Sample Registration System and Million Death Study / Form 2012 and UN Mortality Software: MORTPAK, Version 4.0.0.86.
[4]. Manisha A. Mehrotra and Chand, S. (2012), "An Evaluation of Major Determinants of Health Care Facilities for Women in India", IOSR Journal, Journal of Humanities and Social Science (JHSS), Volume 2, Issue 5, pp. 01-09.
[5]. Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India.
[6]. SRS Bullation, 45(1), Sample Registration System, Office of the Registrar General, India, 2011.