IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2015

Abstract: Globally, mainstreaming gender issues in politics has been recognized as an essential way of building a stable democratic society. However, women, constituting over 50% of the world's population, have been globally under-represented in politics and decision making and implementation. Women's continued under-representation in Nigeria's politics is of peculiar interest to the global communities, given the country's significant position in Africa. However, the Fourth Republic has experienced increased rebirth of gender equality in Nigeria's politics, as a result of political will and women's advocacy movements. A good number of women have, of recent, become politically relevant in Nigeria. In spite of these, several socio-cultural and economic factors continue to inhibit women's political potency and participation. Nigerian women, while celebrating their achievements in the March 8, 2013 International Women's Day (IWD) under the theme "Gender Agenda: Gaining Momentum", have reinvigorated their campaign for gender equality in politics as a viable measure for equitable and sustainable development in the country. This paper examines the extent to which gender agenda has gained momentum in Nigeria's politics, and also discusses the socio-cultural and economic hurdles which perpetuate women's under-representation and low political participation in the country.

[1]. Agbalajobi, D. T. (2010). Women‟s Participation and the Political Process in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 4(2): 75-82.
[2]. Agina-Ude, A. (2003). Strategies for Expanding Female Participation in the 2003 Elections and Beyond. The Nigerian Social Scientist, 6(1): 3-7.
[3]. Aina, O. I. (2012). Two Halves Make a Whole: Gender at the Crossroads of the Nigerian Development Agenda. Inaugural Lecture Series 250, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
[4]. Aina, O. I. and Olayode, K. (2012). Gender Equality, Governance and Women Empowerment Agenda in a Democratizing Society: Issues, Prospects and Challenges. Nigerian Sociological and Anthropological Journal.
[5]. Aina, O. I. and Ukeje, C. (1998). Engendering the Political Space: The Role of NGOs in ensuring the Participation of Women in Politics. Ife Social Review, July.

Abstract: Many people, especially in western, have different point of view through the moslem. Mostly, they do not understand well about the real moslem. Tragically, it also happens to the moslem themselves. They tried to create their own thingking withouth holding Al 'Quran as their guidance. They tries to minimize the meaning of ummatan washatan. We should bact to the Quran as our reflection of life that ummatan wasathan as a good attitude and characters, wasathan in matters of constitution (the establishment of shari'ah), ummatan wasathan is a rahmatan Lil'Alamin mission, ummatan sasathan as solution for present civilization, ummatan wasathan is the best da'wah, the tolerance of ummatan sasathan is not excessive, ummatan wasathan is a sustainable da'wah strategy, southeast asian requires pioneer of ummatan wasathan, moderate islam. Ideas to build ummatan washatan:1. Engaging youth from different countries, campuses, institutions, or organizations to be preachers of ummatan wasathan, 2. Insert a textbook with ummatan wasathan 3.

[1]. Samson Rahman, Moderasi Islam Rahmat bagi Semesta, (Artikel Ikadi edisi 16 September 2009. Lihat juga dalam Islam Moderat terbitan Ikadi 2007.
[2]. A. Ilyas Ismail, MA, Paradigma Dakwah Sayyid Qutb, (Jakarta :Penamadani, 2006).
[3]. Yusuf Al-Qardhawy, Madkal Lima‟rifatil Islam Muqawwimatuhu, khashaishuhu, ahdafuhu, mashadiruhu, (Terj) Setiawan Budi Utomo, Pengantar Kajian Islam, Studi AnalistikKomprehensif Tentang Pilar-Pilar Substansial, Karakteristik, Tujuan Dan Sumber Acuan Islam. (Jakarta : Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 1999), p. 339.
[4]. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia (selanjutnya ditulis Depdikbud RI). 1991. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. Edisi ke-2. Cet. Ke-1. p. 1065.

Abstract: The Malabar Coast was famous for its spices particularly pepper, hence got considerable importance throughout the ages. In the age of mercantilism, European Companies searched for the suitable trade centers in Malabar Coast. There were fighting's among the European Companies for their domination of pepper trade in Malabar. After a long search in late 17th century English Company selected Tellicherry as their trade center. It was well known for the production good quality enormous quantity of pepper that had been in great demand in world markets. In the 18th century, Tellicherry became one of the most considerable and foremost English Company's settlements of India. The first Chief in Tellicherry factory was Robert Adams. He constructed a powerful platform for English Company in Malabar. There were a number of treatises that deal in the East India Company's political and economic relations in Malabar, but those works neglected the role of Robert Adams in the establishment of East India Company's supremacy in Malabar. This study enquires the significance of Robert Adams in the development of English Company's settlement of Tellicherry. It also aims at how the establishment of Tellicherry factory led to the supremacy of English all over the Malabar region later.

Keywords: English Company, Factory, Fortification, Robert Adams, Tellicherry.

[1]. Alexander, P. C. (1946). The Dutch in Malabar. Annamalai.
[2]. Acheson, C. U. (1864). Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighboring Countries. Vol. V. Calcutta.

Abstract: The main aim of the present study is to know the effectiveness of the video assisted Instruction in learning chemistry among engineering college students. For this, the investigator applied experimental research method. This study describes and interprets the future of teaching method of chemistry subject at engineering college level. The investigator used the following tools for data collections. Achievement test in learning chemistry constructed and validated by the investigator (2014). VAI package on learning chemistry was prepared by the investigator (2014). In this present investigation descriptive and differential statistical techniques such as mean, standard deviation and 't' test are used. The experimental group I students are having average level of achievement in learning chemistry. The experimental group II students are having average level of achievement in pre test but high level of achievement in post test. The experimental group I students differ significantly in their pre test and post test score in learning chemistry. The experimental group II students differ significantly in their pre test and post test score in learning chemistry. The experimental group I and experimental group II students differ significantly in their post test achievement score in learning chemistry. It is concluded that the VAI method of teaching has effectiveness in learning chemistry subject among the engineering college students.

Keywords: Experimental group I, Experimental Group II, Pre test, Post test.

[1]. Arve Perlberg (1967). Predicting academic achievements of engineering and sciencecollege students'. Journal of Educational Measurement, Vol.4, pp.241-245.
[2]. Esen Uzuntiryaki (2007). Learning Styles and High School Students' Chemistry Achievement. Science Education International, Vol.18(1), pp.25-37.
[3]. Henry E. Garrett. (2006): Statistics in Psychology and Education, Surjeet Publication, New Delhi.
[4]. Kothari, C. R. (2004): Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques (2nd Revised Edition), New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.

Abstract: The thrust of this study examined and analysed impediments to the participation of women in their household decision-making and socio-economic empowerment of the woman in the 21stcentury, with emphasis on Nigeria, and how to emancipate rural women from political mediocrity and stagnancy through taking responsibility for their lives especially in the involvement in agricultural production which is the main activity and mainstay of the rural woman in Nigeria.. Over 75% of Nigerians are subsistent farmer, holding small level extensive agricultural practice that accounts for the county's food security and agricultural development. Of note is that fact more than their male counterpart rural women account for very close to 80% of the work force in the agricultural sector, surprisingly though a curious conspiracy ignores this humungous contribution by women to agricultural development by women in Nigeria, what is however most worrisome is the woman's lack of decision-making power both at and nationally in all matters regarding agriculture. The dominance of gender division of labour occasioned by gender dynamism constitute the most striking bottleneck to all the effort by women in this all important sector in the rural areas, the institutionalized gender discrimination against women will have to be removed if their effort must be recognized and if it must yield significant result for women to work or farm their way out of poverty.

[1]. Abdullahi, M.R., undated. Women in agriculture: The role of African women in agriculture. National AgriculturalExtension and Research Liaison Service, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
[2]. Afolabi, M.M., 2008. Women as pillars of national economy in Nigeria: A study of economic activities of rural womenin six local government areas of Ondo State. IAFFE Summer Conference, International Association for FeministEconomics, Torino, Italy, 19 June- 21 July 2008.
[3]. Al-Sultan, F.H., 2000. IFAD's experiences from two decades of poverty alleviation in rural Africa. In:The Institutional Context of Poverty Eradication in Rural Africa,Ed. K. J. Havnevik. Uppsala, Sweden: NordiskaAfrikainstitute,
[4]. Amali, E., 1989. The role of women in agricultural development process. Development, Nigeria:StudiesReview CentrePublication, University of Jos 1 and 2: 52-60.

Abstract: It is a well-known fact that without proper system of assessment and valid assessment tools, teaching cannot bear any fruit. Assessing what we want to assess needs such instrument that can help and let us know that we have achieved our goals or at what level we have reached. Current review paper has investigated the current scenario of English grammar proficiency at Pakistan, its assessment system and need of a benchmark assessment and assessment tool. The world is craving towards benchmarking in every field of life to see their strengths and weaknesses, this is the time for Pakistan to decide and take measures to benchmark not only its industries, commercialism but its educational system as well.

[1]. Butt, M. I. and S. Rasool (2012). "Error Analysis of the Writing of Pakistani College Students: From Causes to Types to Rectification." Kashmir Journal of Language Research15(1): 1.
[2]. Debata, P. K. (2013). "The Importance of Grammar in English Language Teaching-A Reassessment." Language in India13(5).
[3]. Kam, H. W. (2002). "English language teaching in East Asia today: An overview." Asia Pacific Journal of Education22(2): 1-22.
[4]. Khan, M. K. and S. Mahmood (2010). "Effect of Teachers' Academic Qualification on Students' L2 Performance at the Secondary Level." Language in India10(7).
[5]. Larsen-Freeman, D. (2011). "A complexity theory approach to second language development/acquisition." Alternative approaches to second language acquisition. Londres: Routledge: 48-72.
[6]. Mahboob, A. (2010). "World Englishes and higher education." Kritika Kultura15(1): 5-33.

Abstract: Banks are profit making institutions and their performance is critical to their survival. Competition within the banking sector has seen most of these institutions adopt performance management tools that will enable them manage their performance. Many borrowers make a lot of effort to repay their loans, but do not get rewarded for it because this good repayment history is not available to the bank that they approach for new loans. On the other hand, whenever borrowers fail to repay their loans banks are forced to pass on the cost of defaults to other customers through increased interest rates and other fees. Put simply, good borrowers are paying for the bad borrowers and this is making new borrowers more and more hesitant to borrow credit. The ministry of finance, the Central Bank of Kenya and the Kenya Bankers Association have been at the forefront in the introduction of Credit Information Sharing (CIS) to the credit market.

[1]. Ambrosini, V., (2008). Exploring Techniques of Analysis and Evaluation in Strategic Management. Prentice Hall - New York. 6(3): 134-139
[2]. Alexander, B., (2006). Computer Science and Information Systems Reports, Technical Report. London: Pitman Publishing, 4(2): 36-69
[3]. Bratteteig, T. and Gregory, J., (2008). Human action in context: A discussion of theories for understanding use of IT. Käkölä (ed.), Vol 3(2): 121-135
[4]. Davis, K., and Green, B., (2008). Management of organizations in Africa: a handbook and reference. Nairobi: Greenwood Publishing Group, 3(2):22-27
[5]. De Haas, H,. (2009). Multilevel design of performance measurement systems: enhancing strategic dialog throughout the organization. Journal of Management Accounting Research, Vol 3:17-26
[6]. Fashoyin, T., (2005). Management in Africa" a journal of management reviews; called from the Lagos organization Review. 5(2):33-46

Abstract: Although much research has already been done, written and published on assistive technology (AT) as well as the rapid proliferation of such devices, very little has been discussed about how practically usable AT is with individuals, who vary in disability type, degree of severity, and age as well as their capacity (innate) and ability (acquired) to perform that constitute their level of competence and their capability, which is their level of performance. The AT Universal Usability ("usable by all") – whose concept of universal usability is advocated by Ben Shneiderman – refers to the design of such devices that are usable for everyone regardless of his or her age, disability and severity. In fact, Universal Usability (UU) is closely associated with the concepts of Universal Design and Design for All.

[1]. K.P.X. Yee (2015, February 18). Limit kids' gadget use. The Straits Times [Youth Forum], A24.
[2]. L. McKnight, and C. Davis (2013). Current perspectives on assistive learning technologies: 2012 review of research and challenges within the field. Oxford, UK: Kellogg College Centre for Research into Assistive Learning Technologies.
[3]. N.K.H. Chia (2015). Learning disabilities: From operating definition to operational application. Workshop presentation at the National Early Childhood Intervention Council Symposium on Inclusive Education: Including Children with Disabilities in the Education System, Swiss Garden Hotel, Malacca, April 25.
[4]. L. Johnston, L.A. Beard, and L.B. Carpenter (2007). Assistive technology: Access for all students. Columbus, OH: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
[5]. M.H. Raskind (1994). Assistive technology for adults with learning disabilities: A rationale for use. In P.J. Gerber and H.B. Reiff (Eds.), Learning disabilities in adulthood: Persisting problems and evolving issues (pp.152-162). Stoneham, MA: Andover Medical.

Abstract: The Bugis people, specifically the Wajo is one of the tribes in the archipelago which plays an important role in world trade, shipping and handicraft industries. The role was motivated by their spirit as tough sailors and their adaptability to the new lands they settled in. The impact of global economics has influenced the value and product quality in competitive industry. Many craft business with imported raw materials fall into bankruptcy. However, some craft industries are still able to survive in the middle of an economic crisis. One of these is Tenun Pagatan.

[[1]. Abu Hamid. 2004. Pasompe: Pengembaraan Orang Bugis Makassar : Pustaka Refleksi, 2004).
[2]. Adelaar, K. 2004. "Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of Discussions About
[3]. Homeland, Migrations And Classifications", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde(Leiden: KITLV & Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies.
[4]. Anderson, Kathryn Gray. 2003. "The Open Door: Early Modern Wajorese Statecraft and Diaspora" (a Disertasi University of Hawaii.
[5]. Andaya, Leonard Y. "The Bugis Makassar Diasporas", Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 68, part I.

Abstract: In Nigeria, there is a higher level of malaria prevalence in terms of under-five mortality which depicts a declining health outcome. Though, of recent, there has been an increased health spending nationally, partly due to the need to meet a subset of the Nigeria Vision 20:2020 and millennium development goals (MDGs) goal six which is malaria reduction in order to attain better health outcome and economic growth. This study adopted a time series econometric approach with a scope covering 1970 to 2013 in the investigation malaria impacts on health outcome in Nigeria.

[1]. Alaba, O.A & Alaba O.B (2011). Malaria in Rural Nigeria: Implications for the Millennium Development Goals. Department of Economics University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa.
[2]. Bello,R.A (2004). Costing the Socio-economic effects of malaria in Nigeria; Indian development review, An International Journal of Development Economics, vol.2, NO.2, (2004):131-140.
[3]. Benjamin W, Mangheni M, Daniel T, & Claudia R (2012). IFPRI Discussion Paper 01232 December 2012. Environment and Production Technology Division.
[4]. Black, R.E., Cousens S., Johnson H.L., Lawn J.E., Rudan I., Bassani D.G., Jha P., Camp-bell H., Walker C.F., & Cibulskis R., (2010). Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis." The Lancet 375 (9730):1969{1987}.
[5]. Chima, R.I. & Goodman, C.A.(2003). "The economic impact of malaria in Africa: a critical review of the evidence." Health Policy 63(1): 17-36.

Key words: Bottom billion, democractic systems, genocide, ethnic politics, cauldron, wars, unguided missiles,

......................,

Key words: Coal- fossil fuel found in the earth's crust has been the most significant mineral for energy production and economic prosperity in the modern world. However, its mining methods, especially the opencast coalmining undermine the environmental sustainability and disrupt local people's sense of ecological harmony in the mineral rich regions. The coal polluted environment grossly violates mental, physical and social well-being of the people who cannot help living in the coalmining locality. Our study reveals that the questions of health rights, health equity and health justice have been largely neglected in the coalfields area. The Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL)- the Mini RATNA under Coal-India Limited (CIL) located in Odisha is no exception to these facts. It has been the most profit making coal subsidiary in India.

[1] S.Goswami, Coal Mining, Environment and Contemporary Indian Society,(Global Journal of Human Social Science, U.S.A (B) (Volume 13 Issue 6 Version 1.0), 2013a)
[2] R.Garada, Contextualizing the Emerging Issues and Dilemmas of Displaced Ecosystem People: A Case of Coal Mining Industry at Talcher (IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 12 (4), 2013) [3] R.Garada, Dynamics of Coal Mining Caused Environmental Crisis Versus Displaced People‟s Question of Survival: A Case of Talcher Coal Belt,Odisha (India),( Global Journal of Human Social Science, Geography, Geo-Sciences, Environmental Disaster Management, Volume 13 Issue 6 Version 1.0 Year 2013, USA)
[4] R. Garada, Industry versus Regional Development: A Case Study of Odisha, (Deliberative Research, V-15, Issue-15, July to Sept.2012a)
[5] R. Garada, Opencast Coal Mining Induced Land Acquisition: A Study on Land Oustees at Talcher Coalfield, Odisha (India), (Germany: LAMBERT Academic Publishing AG & Co KG, 2012b).

Key words: The leading power giant NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) has achieved the bench mark status for Indian power sector at present. In term of its power production and profit generation it has become one amongst the incomparable public sector units in India. Beside this acclaimed status it is quite famous for producing adversities- coal-fired environments, ash fly and coal dust pollution and consequent health risks in its locations. Of many environmental related studies, NTPC's environment impact assessment (EIA) study and its environment policy and management system (EPMS) are unique but lack their actual application in regenerating the ecological health in and around the thermal plants. It is also true that in order to reduce resettlement and rehabilitation cost NTPC project deliberately avoids acquiring households and displacing people faraway from its power plants' locations. Consequently, the affected villagers staying nearby by the projects cannot rescue themselves of pollutants caused health risks generated in the thermal plant environment.

[1] N. Das and N. Mishra Assessing the Impact of Coal Mining on Diversified Sources of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study in the Ib Valley Coalfield Area of Western Odisha, India, (Vol. 4(6), Int. Res. J. Social Sci. International Science Congress Association June ,2015)
[2] D. Gotha, A case study on the effects of coal mining in the environment particularly in relation to Soil, Water and Air causing a Socio-economic Hazard in Asansol-Raniganj Area, India,(International Research Journal of Social Science, 3(8), 2014)
[3] U.K. Chakroborty and B. Narayan, Socio-Economic Issues and Dilemmas of Mining Induced Displacement: A Case of Coal Mining Industry (Journal of Economic & Social Development, Vol. -X, No. 2, December 2014)
[4] S.Goswami, "Need for Clean Coal Mining in India", (Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, No. 4(66), 2013a)
[5] S.Goswami, "Coal Mining, Environment and Contemporary Indian Society", (Global Journal of Human Social Science, U.S.A (B) (Volume 13 Issue 6 Version 1.0), 2013b)