IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2015

Abstract: The debate of whether or not Nigerian states should have their own police forces has become more contentious. This is not unconnected with the high and sophisticated crime rate and insecurity pervading the country. The sustenance of order, security of life, legality, development and democracy may be difficult without policing. With the prevailing security challenge in Nigeria, it will be right to say that the federal policing have certainly performed below expectation. Nevertheless, antagonists of state policing have argued against it on the ground that the country is not ripe for because state chief executives might turn them into personal armies to fight political oppositions. Policing in Nigeria could be traced to the colonial era which subjugated the existing traditional informal law enforcement order and forcefully imposed western idea of policing, which has been maintained and sustained by successive governments. This is a big question that begs for attention is; would state police solve the security challenges in Nigeria? This paper will attempt to examine the missing gap in Nigeria's security threat and concludes that there is need for constitutional and radical reforms for effective policing.

Keywords: Constitution, Nigeria, Police, Policing and State..

[1]. Adedeji, O. A. (2012). State Police in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges. Available at: http://ssrn.com Retrieved on October 2, 2014.
[2]. Adetumbi, O. (2012). If We have Courts at State Levels. Why Not State Police? The Nigerian Compass. August 19. Available at http://www.compassnespaper.org. Retrieved on October 18, 2014.
[3]. Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences. Volume 4, No. 4.2. Quarter II 2013 ISSN: 2229 – 5313
[4]. Ahire, P. T. (1991). Imperial Policing: The Emergence and Role of the Police in Colonial Nigeria. Philadephia: Open University Press.
[5]. Aleyomi, M. B. (2012). Ethno-Religious Crisis as a Threat to The Stability of Nigeria‟s Federalism. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. Vol. 14 (3), pp. 127-140.

Abstract: Successful organizations are those whose managers go out of their way to ensure that employees are committed to their organizations. Committed employees usually exhibit the most positive work attitudes and performance. Having committed employees has therefore become very important to organizations both small and large. Empirical studies have established that leadership styles affect employees and employees who favour their manager's style are most likely to favour the organization more. In essence, employee commitment reflects the quality of an organization's leadership.

[1]. Albrecht, S.L.&Andreetta,M.(2010) The influence of empowering leadership, empowerment and engagement on affective commitment and turnover intentions in community health service workers: Test of a model. Leadership in Health Services, 24(3), 228-237.
[2]. Allen, N.J. & Meyer, J.P. (1990).The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization.Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
[3]. Ambali, A.R., Suleiman,G.E., Bakar,A.N., Hashim,R. & Tariq, Z.(2011). Servant leadership's values and staff's commitment: Policy implementation focus. American Journal of Scientific Research, Issue 13, 18- 40.
[4]. Barbuto, J. E. & Wheeler, D.W. (2002).Becoming a servant leader: Do you have what it takes? Nebguide G02- 1481-A. Lincoln.University of Nebraska.Nebraska Cooperative Extension.
[5]. Barbuto, J. E., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale development and construct clarification of servant leadership. Group & Organization Management, 31(3), 300-326.

Abstract: Road damages and deterioration, its related consequences on the economy of this nation call for a novel technology with full potential and capacity that can effectively handle spatially referenced data. This study explored the potentials of Geographic Information System (GIS) in data capture, processing and analysis to produce a GIS-based Road Maintenance Model using Ikeja Road Network in Lagos, Nigeria as a case study. The methods adopted in this study include data acquisition, data conversion, attribute database creation, spatial database query and ground truthing.

[[1]. Abdulkareem Y.A. (2003) Road Maintenance Strategy, so far, how far. Nigerian Society of Engineers Workshop on sustainable maintenance, strategy of Engineering Infrastructures, Ilorin, Nigeria.
[2]. Adeoti K.A. (2000) Strategies for improving Intra Urban Mass Transit Operation in Nigeria: A case study of Kwara State. NSE Technical Transactions, A Publication of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) Vol.35 No.3, July-Sept. Edition, Lagos, Nigeria.
[3]. Adelana. O.O. (2003) Budgeting for Roads Infrastructure Maintenance. Conference Proceedings of the Nigerian Institution of Civil Engineer (A division of the NSE) Lagos, Nigeria.
[4]. Ajani Tomori (2001) Past, Present and Future Highway Management in Nigeria. A Journal of Civil Engineering on Road Maintenance and Management. A publication of the Nigeria Institution of Civil Engineers (A division of NSE) Edition No.1, Lagos, Nigeria.

Abstract: The wave of banking consolidation has risen high in recent years under the premise that increase in banks' capital base will increase their capacity to fund entrepreneurial investment opportunity, particularly in developing countries,. Hence, banking consolidation has become synonymous with economic growth. However, some studies have revealed that the general financial reform and sequential capitalization of the Nigeria's banking sector in particular, has only marginal or no impact on the economic growth, which is contrary to its objective. This paper investigates the effect of the Nigerian banking consolidation on the country's Economic Growth.

[1]. S. L. Sanusi, Banking Reform and Its Impact on the Nigerian Economy. Paper presented at the University of Warwick's Economic Summit, 2012, Warwick.
[2]. J. A. Schumpeter, The theory of economic development. Transaction Publishers, 1961.http://books.google.com.my/books?id=7p9fwYiDR20C&dq=Schumpeter,+1912+The+Theory+of+Economic+Development&lr
[3]. H. T. Patrick, Financial Development and Economic Growth in Underdeveloped Countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, Chicago Journals 14 (2), 1966, 174–189. [4]. R. I. McKinnon, Money and capital in economic development. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1973. http://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=erOVlDIY1jEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=McKinnon,+1973&ots

Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare and examine the haemoglobin percentage among highly physically active, moderate physically active and low physically active groups in 16 weeks of observation. Methods: Thirteen (13) SAI football students as highly physically active group (SAI), twelve (12) professional physical education students as moderate physically active group (B.P.Ed) and ten (10) general college going students as very low physically active group (GEN) who has normal blood cell count at the beginning of the session with an average age of 21.16±1.85 have participated in this study voluntarily. SAI and B.P.Ed groups were involved in their respective training schedule under the supervision of experts. Researcher observed the all the groups for16 weeks and collected the data three times for every sample. After being informed, blood samples of subjects have been taken on an empty stomach at their respective ground between 7:00-8:00 in the morning. Haemoglobin percentage (HBG) has been determined by using Syxmex auto-hemato analyzer.

[1]. Ahmadizad S, El-Sayed MS.(2003) The effects of graded resistance exercise on platelet aggregation and activation.Med Sci Sports Exerc; 35(6): 1026-32.
[2]. Akar S, Beydagı H, Temoçin S, Süer C, Erenmemişoglu A (1992). Effect of exercise on some hematologic parameters. Turkish J. Sport Med., 27(3): 93-98.
[3]. Arslan C, Gonul B, Kaplan B, Dinçer S (1992). Comparison of some respiration and blood parameters between elite women athletes and sedentary individuals, Turk. J. Sport Med., 27(4): 113-118
[4]. Arslan C, Bingolbalı A, Kutlu M ve Baltacı AK (1997). The Effects Of Voleyball, Track And Fıeld Sports' On Gırls' Haematologıcal And Bıochmıcal Parameters. Fırat University J. Phys. Edu. Sport Sci., 2: 28-34.

Abstract: Poverty in Nigeria, like in most developing nations of Africa, is widespread and seems to be on the increase by the day. When poverty is coupled with high levels of economic and social aspirations, the stage is set for criminal activities -particularly official corruption, robbery and dealing in illegal goods and services. People, who are thwarted in attaining desired social and economic goals legally, may seek to obtain them illegally. This paper using anomie theory, analysis how poverty, resulting from unemployment and inflation, increases criminal activities in Nigeria. The discussion stresses that poverty is a social problem that deserves serious attention. It noted that the social problems which afflict Nigerians as a people are the result of the faulty strategy of development which has prevailed in the country, the particular set of economic and social policies to which that strategy has given rise and the particular structural arrangements which have produced and sustained both the strategy and the policies. It recommends a drastic modification of the development strategy, both at the macro and micro levels.

[1]. Akeredolu-Ale, E 0 (1982) "Income Redistribution as Investment," in E 0Akeredolu- Ale (ed) Social Development in Nigeria: A Survey of Policy and Research, NISER, Ibadan.
[2]. Bonger, W A (1916) Criminality and Economic Conditions, Little Brown, Boston. Central Bank of Nigeria (1996) Annual Report and Statement or Accounts, CBN, Lagos.
[3]. Cloward, Richard, A & Ohlin, Lloyd, E (1960) Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory or Delinquent Gangs, Free Press, Glencoe.
[4]. Cohen, Albert, K (1955) Delinquent Boys: The Culture or the Gang, Free Press, Glencoe.

Abstract: With nearly 1.1 billion inhabitants, India is the second largest country on earth in population, and seventh largest in geographical area, over 1.1 million square miles. This is almost 1,000 people for every square mile of area nationwide—much denser than even China. Since achieving independence from British rule in 1947, it has seen its share of conflict, struggle and setbacks. Although India still faces many challenges, it is now poised to reach a higher position on the world scene than at any previous time. The Indian economy has grown an average of around 6% annually over the past decade and 8% per year over the past three years—among the fastest rates in the world.

[1]. Ahluwalia, M. S. (2011) "Prospects and Policy Challenges in the Twelfth Plan", Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XLVI, No. 21.
[2]. Bakdar (2014) Five Reasons India‟s GDP Growth India Online Pages (2014) India Population 2014. Retrieved from http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/india-current-population.html
[3]. Chaudhari, Subhanil (2011) "Employment in India: What doesthe Latest Data Show?", Economic and Political Weekly, August 6.
[4]. Desai et al., (2010). India Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
[5]. Government of India (Various Years), Economic Survey, New Delhi, Ministry of Finance.

Abstract: Electronic information resources are becoming more popular than traditional print resources due to the portability, flexibility, and instant availability of up-to-date information. Today, more than ever, libraries are also spending a substantial amount of their budgets on online resources. this study examined the use of electronic information resources by the Academics of Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina. order to achieve this objective, four (4) research questions were formulated. A survey method was employed in the conduct of this study and Questionnaire-based survey method for the study was designed to collect data from The Academics of Faculty of Natural & Applied Sciences, of Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina; The study discoverved that African Journals Online (AJOL) and Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ) and Bio Med Central were the types of electronic database used by the Academics in UMYUK due to Lack of information literacy skill and Slow Internet connectivity in the institution.

1]. Adamu, S. O. and Johnson, T.L. (1997). Statistics for beginners Book 1. Revised and enlarged version. SAAL Publications; Ibadan. Pg. 2-3.
[2]. Ali, N. (2005) the use of electronic resources at iii Delhi library: A study of search behavior. The electronic library 23(6): 691-703
[3]. Bernard, J. (2012). Perfecting Your Research Work. London: Unique Press
[4]. Bar-llan j, and Finka N, (2002), Preference for electronic format of scientific journals- acase study of the science library users at the Herrew University, Library & information science Research, 27(3) 203-223

Abstract: The develoment of an electronic-based integrated module of entrepreneurship can help implement individualized learning model. experts of entrepreneurial learning, i.e. professors of economics, have validated the development of the electronic-based integrated module of entrepreneurship. the validation test results indicate that the module is fit for use in universities. The purpose of this study was (1) to get feedback from university students on the application of the electronic-based integrated module of entrepreneurship developed and validated for use as a learning medium of entrepreneurship, and (2) to use the feedback as consideration in the improvement of the module.

[1]. Arasti, Z., Falafarjani, M.K., Imanipour, N., 2012, A Study of Teaching Method in Entrepreneurship Education for Graduate Students, Higher Educasstion Studies, Vol 2, No 1, March 2012, Pp. 1-10.
[2]. Buchholz, R.A., Rosenthal, S.B., 2005, The Spirit of Entrepreneurship and the Qualities of Moral Decision Making: Toward a Unifying Framework, Journal Of Business Ethics, 60: 307-315. Doi.10.1007/S10551-005-0137-0.
[3]. Creswell, J.W., 2009, Research Design, Qualitative, Quantitative and a Mixed Methods Approaches, Third Edition, Sage Publication, Thousand Oaks California.
[4]. Crea, E.A., 2010, Integrating Service Learning into an Intoduction To Entrepreneurship Course, Journal Management Education, Vol. 34, No 1, February 2010, Pp. 39-61.
[5]. Lamsa, A.M., Vehkapera, M., Puttonen, T., Pesonen, H.L., 2008, Effect of Business Eduction on Women and Men Students' Attitude on Corporate Responsibility in Society, Journal of Business Ethics, 82: 45-58. Doi.10.1007/S10551-007-9561-7.

Abstract: This paper presents a review of theoretical and research literature on Internal Corporate Communication (hereafter ICC). The paper first introduces Corporate Communication as an important branch of Communication, then situates it within the field of Communication Studies (CS). The paper then narrows into the concept of ICC, reviews the strategies of ICC and recent research on ICC. The paper concludes by highlighting certain gaps in the literature on ICC that could be explored by researchers in the discipline. The main relevance of this paper is the recognition of the peripheral role Corporate Communication is assigned in many corporations and also the lack of prominence in academic publications, especially in the developing countries.

[[1]. Argenti P. A. & Barnes C.M (2009), Digital Strategies for Powerful Corporate Communications: McGraw Hill /Irwin, New York.
[2]. Argenti P. A. (2008, 2012), Corporate Communications,( 6th ed): McGraw Hill/Irwin, New York.
[3]. Argenti P.A &Forman J (2002), The Power of Corporate Communications: Crafting the Voice and Image of your Business. McGraw Hill/Irwin, New York.
[4]. Buzzanel, P.M., (2000). Rethinking organizational and manageriial communication from feminist perspectives: Sage Publications, Inc.
[5]. Buzzanell, P.M. & Carbaugh, D.(2009). Distinctive Qualities in Communication Research. London: Routledge.

Abstract: The Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) introduced the Media Studies programme in 1999. The programme has grown over the years and many prominent journalists have passed through the Department. Initially the programme targeted practising journalists with certificates, diplomas as well as those who went through the cadetship system, but later the program opened up to everyone even the unemployed. Since 2000 more institutions also started offering training in Media Studies and Journalism thereby increasing the number of media job seekers.

[1]. Abu Bakar Md. Y., Jani R and Zubairi Y. Z. (2009), "An overview of Graduate
[2]. Employability of recent Graduates: Some Facts and Figures", Seminar on Employability, the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia.
[3]. Belawati T and Wardan I.G.A.K. (2010) Quality Assurance in Distance Teacher Education: The Experience of Universitas Terbuka
[4]. Cortado, C (2010) A Tracer Study of Mass Communication Graduates of Centro Escolar University from School Years 1998-2008
[5]. Mwilima FJ (2010) Employment patterns of UNAM graduates: an assessment of the employability of the media studies graduates of the University of Namibia. Global media Journal African Edition. 2010 Vol.4 (2)
[6]. Shongwe, M and Ocholla, D (2011) A tracer study of LIS graduates at the University of Zululand, 2000-2009

Abstract: Scholars who have studied Dholuo phonology seem not to agree on the number of vowels the language has. This disagreement arises from the contested status of the vowel [a] with respect to its [ATR] value. Some of the scholars argue that this vowel has a [+ATR] (Advanced Tongue Root) and a [–ATR] (Retracted Tongue Root) realizations while others argue that it is a neutral vowel. As such the former maintain that the language is a ten vowel-language with the latter asserting that it is a nine-vowel language. It is against this backdrop that this paper seeks to make some contribution to the debate with a view to reducing or eliminating altogether, the doubt on the position of this vowel.

Keywords: ATR value, Dholuo vowel, KSN and BU dialects, Neutral Vowel, Vowel Harmony, Vowel Raising.

[1]. Dupre, C.E. (1968). The Luo Of Kenya: An Annotated Bibliography. Washington: Institute for Cross- Cultural Research.
[2]. Greenberg, J. (1963). The Language of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
[3]. Oduol, J.H.A (1990). Dholuo Dialects: Synchronic State And Some Historical Inferences. Nairobi University (PhD Dissertation) Unpublished.
[4]. Katamba, F. (1989). An Introduction to Phonology. London: Longman.
[5]. Goldsmith, J. A. (1990). Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.

Abstract: The study was set to look into conflict Management styles of Academic Staff in selected Primary Schools of Samburu Division, Kwale County, Kenya. The study was set to identify the type of conflict management styles utilized by the respondents. The study adopted on descriptive design. The research population involved 340 academic staff and a sample size of 184 teachers was obtained using the Solvins formula. Simple random sampling technique was used in selecting schools and again systematic sampling technique was applied to get the target population. The null hypothesis was tested using two comparative statistical tools; one being the student's samples t-test and the fisher's one-way analysis of variances (ANOVA).

[[1]. Abu, P.B. (1998). Multilateral bargaining approach towards effective dispute resolution In the Public sector: the experience of federal Universities in Nigeria (1990 – 1996. PhD.Thesis.Dept of Adult Education, University of Ibadan.
[2]. Adeyemo, D.A. & oqunyemi, B. (2007). Emotional intelligence and self -efficacy as predictors of Occupational stress among academic staff in a Nigerian University: Retrieved Sept. 25, 2006 from http: //www/weleadinlearning.org/da05.htm.
[3]. Akanji, T.A. (2005) Perceptive on work place conflict management and now approaches for the twenty first century. In 1.0. Albert (ed). Perspectives on peace and conflict in Africa. Ibadan: John Archers Publishers Ltd.
[4]. Albert, 1.0, (2000). New directions in the management of community conflicts in Nigeria: in Sight from the activities of AAPW. In Otite, O and Albert, 1.0 (eds).
[5]. Allison, C. T (197 1). Essence of decision. Boston: Little, Brown. Robbins (1974).

Abstract: "Fair is foul and foul is fair" recollecting the lines enshrined in Shakespeare's play Macbeth, one could indisputably perceive what is contemplated acceptable today may conceivably be malevolent and vice versa perchance deplorable now and adequate in future. To understand the antagonism of free trial and free media one has to reflect on the evolutions of court and media and its present scenario. The judiciary and the media share a common bond and play a complimentary role to each other: man is the centre of their universe. Both the judiciary and the media are engaged in the same task: to discover the truth, to uphold the democratic values and to deal with social, political and economic problems. Media, as referred to by many as the "eyes and ears of the general public".

[[1]. Selected essay lord Acton by John Dalberg-Acton.

[2]. Liversidge v Anderson [1942] AC 206.

[3]. 25F Cas 55 (D Va 1807)

[4]. UN Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, G.A. Res.146, U.N. GAOR, 40th Sess.(1985)art.6.

[5]. Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly Resolution 2200 A (XXI) of 16 December 1966. Entered into force on 23 March 1976 in accordance with article 49.4