IOSR-JHSS   Volume-21 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-2016

Abstract: Health Insurance is emerging fast as an important mechanism to finance the healthcare needs of people. History of Health Insurance, its need, challenges are discussed. Later, role of Third Party Administrators (TPA), their service demerits and challenges faced by them are elaborated. Key Words : Health Insurance,TPA

[1]. "WHO South-East Asia Region: India statistics summary (2002 - present)". World Health Organization. Retrieved 13 January 2014. [2]. http://www.cppr.in/article/health-insurance-and-telecom-markets-a-comparative-study/ [3]. "4 factors that impacted health insurance industry in 2013". Financial Express. 30 December 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2014. [4]. "Government-Sponsored Health Insurance in India: Are You Covered?". World Bank. Retrieved 13 January 2014. [5]. "4 factors that impacted health insurance industry in 2013". Financial Express. 30 December 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2014. [6]. http://www.cppr.in/article/health-insurance-and-telecom-markets-a-comparative-study/

Abstract: The unseen complexity behind the emerging trend of co-endemicity and poly parasitism along with the incapacitating forces of poverty is ably set to hinder the people of Benue state from attaining their full potential.This article though not an exhaustive list seeks to explore some of the challenges needing urgent and aggressive attention. The limitations of the available data(fabricated and captured), the dearth of information and the challenging effort made at gathering evidence of better quality is clearly expressed. There is no significant difference in the living conditions of the urban poor and rural poor who are the majority.

[1]. United Nations. Economic and Social Council: Definition of basic concepts and terminologies in governance and public administration.2007. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan022332.pdf[accessed 8th November 2014]
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[3]. United States Agency for International Development: Importance of Democracy, Human Rights, & Governance to Development. www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/democracyhuman-rights-and-governance/importance-democracy-human-rights-governance 2012[accessed o8 November 2014].
[4]. E A.Nwobi, Draft Report of the 2011 Joint Annual Review - Benue State Strategic Health Development Plan V2-2012
[5]. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Official Gazette-Census. (Frong 2006)2(96).Abuja 2nd February 2009.

Abstract: Economic globalization is heading for legal globalization, which influence states in the world to consider common analytical frameworkand effect on global convergence in legal harmonization. Main principle that practiced by legal system heading for certainty of law. Globalization brings two legal system, common law and civil law, into harmonization in economic transnationalrelations. Process of harmonization should consider national character, national independent, and bring the better future for the nation. Harmonization, basically is not contradicted to the basic legal principle in Indonesia.

Keywords: Harmonization Binding Character, Contract, Causa,Consideration,civil Law, Common Law, Legal Sistem, Trade..

[1]. Beach, Derek, "Between Law & Politics: The Relationship Between The European Court Of Justice & Eu Member States", 17 (2001)
[2]. Bucxland & Mc Nam, "Roman Law and Common Law", 221 (2d ed. 1952)
[3]. Burrows, A and E Peel, "Contract Terms", 2007 (Oxford, Oxford University Press) Corbin, Contracts § 210 (1950)

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine the transmission of HIV through breastfeeding. The study was conducted at Lugoda hospital in Iringa region, Two hundred women were selected through structural questionnaires, and data analyses were used to understand the mother to child transmission in Iringa districts. The data were analysis through EPI INFO software. A total of 107 of women had at least one child, 48% of which reported to have breastfed for the duration of between 6 months and 24 months. 86% were aware of MTCT, where transmission through BF.

[1]. Hoosen M Coovadia, Nigel C Rollins, Ruth M Bland, Kirsty Little, Anna Coutsoudis, Michael L Bennish, Marie-Louise Newell et al: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection during exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life: an intervention cohort study. Lancet 2007; 369: 1107–16.
[2]. Fátima Rejane Lemos Patricio , George Williams Rutherford, José Henrique Silva Barreto, Cynthia Rodamilans, Roberto Badaró et al: Effectiveness of the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Bahia, Brazil. braz j infect dis .2015;19(5):538–542.
[3]. Redmond AM, McNamara JF. The road to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission. J Pediatr (Rio J).2015; 91:509--11.
[4]. Dennis J. Matanda, Maurice B. Mittelmark, Dorcus Mbithe D. Kigaru et al: Breast-, complementary and bottle-feeding practices in Kenya: stagnant trends were experienced from 1998 to 2009. NUTRITION RESEARCH 3 4 (2 0 1 4) 5 0 7 – 5 1 7.
[5]. Taha E. Taha, Sufia S. Dadabhai, M. Hafizur Rahman, Jin Sun, Johnstone Kumwenda, and Newton I. Kumwenda et al: Trends in Birth Weight and Gestational Age for Infants Born to HIV-infected, Antiretroviral Treatment-Naïve Women in Malawi. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 May; 31(5): 481–486.

Abstract: This article discusses and analyzes the Judicial Activism and its application in protecting environment, and steps taken by judiciary to accelerate this objective. The main objective behind this research is to identify the contemporary picture and study the nature and extent of till date developments in various environmental statuses through judicial procedure. It also analyzes the role of judiciary, recent development and improvement of environment protection. It further views upon the constitutional aspects and the new trends in judicial approach in environmental protection. Key Words: Judicial Activism, environment, role of judiciary, recent development, sustainable development, precautionary principles, and polluter pays.

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Abstract: Assamese ornaments are one of the most important parts of Assamese culture. It is generally made by pure gold. Assamese ornaments were originally used by Ahom kings and queens of Assam and from that period these ornaments has occupied an honorable position in Assamese society. Gold washing and manufacturing of jewellery were two important ancient industries of Assam. "Ranthali" village of Nagaon district is recognized as one of the most important pocket for manufacturing Assamese jewellery. Therefore in the present work an attempt has been made to represent the importance of Assamese ornaments as a cultural resource of Assamese people and tries to depict how Ranthali village develop their economic condition through jewellery business and in what way it is develop as a cultural tourist spot in the state by developing this industry. This study is based on both primary and secondary data.

Keywords- Assamese jewellery, different types, economic opportunities, making method, prospect of tourism

[1]. Agelarakis P.Anagnostis and Sgourou Marina, Jewellery From Thesian Graves, The Annual Of The British School At Athens,vol 96, 2001.
[2]. Ahmed N Dr.N and Raghavan Senthili.A, Passion For Ornamental Gold Jewellery In India, International Journal of Enterprise Innovation Management StudiesVol2. No2. July-Dec 2011
[3]. Higgins R.A, Early Greek Jewellery, The Annual Of The British School At Athens, Vol 64, 1969 Jewellery And Ornaments of Assam, Craft Council Of Assam
[4]. Mehrotra Nilikha, Gold and Gender in India: Some observations from South Orissa, Indian Anthropologist (2004) 34
[5]. Rani Ponam and Singh Vivek, Traditional to contemporary Indian Jewellery: A Review, International Global Research Analysis, Vol 2, issue 1, Jan 2013
[6]. Schnapper Muchawsky Ester, An exceptional type of Yemeni necklace from the beginning of the twentieth century as an example of introducing artistic novelty into a traditional craft, Proceeding for the seminar of Arabian Studies, vol34, 2003-2004
[7]. Sharna.C.Dr. Nabin, Loka Sanskriti (Chandra Prakash, 2012)

Abstract: The surge in ethnic unrest and conflicts in India in recent years has become a matter of serious concern. Linguistic assertions, communalism, regionalism, caste conflictsand tribal identity movements– all are on the rise. They are not only choking the developmental efforts but also threatening the unity and integrity of the nation. Acute poverty and inequality, political maneuvering and deleterious effects of hasty globalization are some of the critical factors responsible for the intensification of ethnic assertions in India. This paper is an attempt to look into the causes and manifestations of heightened ethnicity in India and also the response of the Indian state to such ethnic turmoil and conflicts.

Keywords: casteism, communalism, ethnicity, ethno-nationalism, regionalism.

[1]. Barth, F. (1969). Ethnic Group and Boundaries. Boston: Little Brown.
[2]. Barnett, Stephen. (1975). Approaches to Changes in Caste Ideology in South India. In Burton Stein (Ed.). Essays on South Asia. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.
[3]. Bayly, Susan. (1999). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. UK: Cambridge University Press.
[4]. Berreman, G. (1963). Hindus of the Himalayas. Berkeley: University of California Press.
[5]. Beteille, Andre. (1992). Society and Politics in India: Essays in a Comparative Perspective. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
[6]. Beteille, Andre . (2001, March 10). Race and Caste. The Hindu.

Abstract:This study examines contextual- and individual-level predictors of adult sentencing outcomes for felony offenders in the state of Arkansas from 2005 to 2009. Minority threat perspective allows this researcher to narrow the focus from an overarching conflict theory foundation. This paper examines the effects of minority threat perspective and social disorganization theory on sentencing outcomes for violent felony convictions in Arkansas from 2005 to 2009. The findings of this research are surprising in that there is mixed support for minority threat perspective, and social disorganization theory is not supported strongly. Further research is needed to tease out more detailed information.
Keywords: minority threat, racial disparities, sentencing disparities, mass incarceration, social disorganization

[1]. Baily, W. C. (1984). Poverty, Inequality, and City Homicide Rates: Some Not So Unexpected Findings. Criminology, 22, 531-550.
[2]. Bales, W. D., & Piquero, A. R. (2012). Racial/Ethnic Differentials in Sentencing to Incarceration. Justice Quarterly, 29, 1-32.
[3]. Ball, J. C. (1957). Delinquent and Non-Delinquent Attitudes Toward the Prevalence of Stealing. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 48, 259-274.
[4]. Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsides: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
[5]. Beckett, K., & Western, B. (2001). Governing Social Marginality: Welfare, Incarceration and the Transformation of State Policy. Punishment and Society, 3, 43-59.
[6]. Bishop, D. M., & Frazier, C. E. (1996). Race Effects in Juvenile Justice Decision-Making: Findings of a Statewide Analysis. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 86, 392-414.
[7]. Blalock, H. M. (1967). Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations. New York, NY: Wiley.
[8]. Bortner, M., & Reed, W. L. (1985). The Preerminence of Process: An Example of Refocused Justice Research. Social Science Quarterly, 66, 413-425.

Abstract: There are two largest madhhab in the world: Sunni and Shi'a. Each of these schools has different opinion about the hadith which can be used as a proposition of law. This dissent sometimes creates dispute and anarchic actions that leads to disharmony relationship in Muslim themself. This study tries to find out the factors that lead this different opinion between Sunni and Shi'a in understanding the hadith. Sunni argues that the hadith sourced from all over the companions of the Prophet Muhammad can be used as a proposition of law if it is valid or ṣaḥīḥ. All the companions of the Prophet, according to the Sunnis, are fair.

[1]. Al-Āmidy, Saif ad-Dīn Aby al-Hasan bin `Aly bin Muhammad, al-Ahkām fī Usūlm al-Ahkām, Beirut: Dār al Kutub al-`Ilmiyah, t.t
[2]. Azizy, Qadri, Reformasi Bermazhab, Teraju: Mizan, 2004
[3]. Abu Muhammad, 'Abd Allah az-Zaila'ῑ Jamāl ad-Dῑn, Naṣb ar-Rāyah Li Aḥādīś al-Hidāyah , T.t.p: Maktabah ar-Riyāḍ a-Hadīśah, t.t
[4]. Al-ʻAmily, Zain ad-Dīn bin ʻAly bin Muhammad al-Jabagy, ar-Riʻāyah fy ʻIlm ad-Dirāyah,Iran : Maktabah Ayat Allah, 2012/1433
[5]. Al-Āmily, Zain ad-Dῑn 'Aly bin Aḥmad, al- Bidāyah fy 'Ilm ad-Dirāyah, Ed: 'Abd al- Husain Muhammad aby Bagl,Taheran: Masji al-Jāmi', 1982/1402
[6]. Basrowi, Dr dan Suwandi Dr, Memahami Penelitian Kualitatif, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2008

Abstract: Mortgage and collateral of the property in the Jurisprudence and legal system of Iran is one of the most known subject, In conjunction with the property due to their nature,it is bondable or no, there are dissidence between legal scholars and jurists, civil law stipulated mortgages, that the material assets have the ability to mortgage, but immaterial property cannot be mortgage. Along with the progress of human society and evolution of human intelligence, the property also has changed. So the non-material property is formed as the stocks of companies both commercial and civil. Stock has financial value because it is useful and it can meet the need and convertible into money.

[1]. Almasi.N, (2010) Conflict of Laws, Tehran University Publication Center,[195].
[2]. Bariklou.A,(2006) Nature of the sharesand redeemed byExporter Company,Journal of Law and Political Science.
[3]. Dashti. R, (2010), Collateral shares, Tehran, AndishehAsr Publishing, First Edition, [15].
[4]. Eskini .R,(2009) Business Law: bills of exchange, promissory note, bill of storage, documents bearer, Samt Publications.
[5]. Falahatpisheh. B, (2013), " Review of the Article 777 of the Civil Code and its implementation with the Paragraf 7-7 of Budget Law 1391 and Article 34 of the Registration law" , Kanoon Monthly Journal, Number 134 &135, [28]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine the transmission of HIV through breastfeeding. The study was conducted at Lugoda hospital in Iringa region, Two hundred women were selected through structural questionnaires, and data analyses were used to understand the mother to child transmission in Iringa districts. The data were analysis through EPI INFO software. A total of 107 of women had at least one child, 48% of which reported to have breastfed for the duration of between 6 months and 24 months. 86% were aware of MTCT, where transmission through BF.

[1]. Aminta,Arrington. "Cautious Reconciliation: The Change in Societal-Military Relations in Germany and Japan since the End of the Cold War." Armed Forces & Society 28.4 (2002): 531
[2]. Crawford, James. The International Law Commission's Articles On State Responsibility. Cambridge: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Abstract: Today's is a age of globalization. More importance has been given to time. Social life is full of complexity and problems. Excess and extreme use of materialistic things is cause to many social, cultural and psychological problems. In this paper basically emphasis has been given on today's social cultural economical life pattern and its relevance with present day curriculum activities. There is circumference which try to maintain with past, present and future objective through Indian philosophical approaches. To maintain the construction and structure of social system through utilizing various techniques and practices have been suggested at the end of the paper. As a part of conclusion, directly the Indian society and its problems compare with the other countries in the world i.e.

1]. Oommen T.K., 1990, Protest and Change: Studies in Social movements, Delhi, Sage.
[2]. Robinson, Rowena, 2004, Sociology of Religion in India, Sage, India.
[3]. Turner Bryan. S., 1991 (2nd edition) Religion and Social Theory, London, Sage Publications
[4]. Vidhabhusan and Sachdeva 1997, an introduction to Sociology, Kitab Mahal Allahabad 1997
[5]. Vergees ,2008, General Sociology, Himalaya Publishing Darya Ganj New Delhi 2008
[6]. Vidhabhusan and Sachdeva, 1997 an introduction to Sociology. Kitab Mahal Allahabad 1997
[7]. Robinson, Rowena, 2004, Sociology of Religion in India, Sage, India.

Abstract: Philosophically and the purpose of bankruptcy law is to make the entire assets of the debtor can be used as collateral for the payment of his debt to the creditor. A company is insolvent when it is unable to pay his debts. The concept is simple enough but as we shall see there is more than one test of inability to pay debts and in marginal cases it may be far from easy to determine whether the test is satisfied as at the relevant time. It is a disaster for the solvent debtor to cut with a declaration of bankruptcy due to ease requirements for bankruptcy as stipulated in laws, other than in UUKPKPU.

[1]. Ahmadi, Hendryi and Plenary P. Sugarda, Implementation Insolvency Law Test In Indonesia, Decision Study Bankrupt In
[2]. Indonesia, Thesis, University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 2013.
[3]. Bogdan, Michael, Introduction to Comparative Legal Systems, Nusa Media, Bandung, 2010.

Abstract: An early until now, the Iran's legal system, has identified thatreach a certain age to be as criterion for determining the qualifications of the person for marriage, at various stages of the legislative, So that sometimes this age is determined beyond of the normally puberty age andsometimes, the puberty of marriage is regarded as a natural maturation.in this paper we will examine the legal developments of age in the legal system in the pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary period.

Key words: Marriage Age, Marriage, Wife, Husband.

[1]. Sana Surrey, Elise, (2005), women's rights movement in Iran, rebellion, decline and repression from 1280 to revolution in 1357, translating by N. Ahmadi Khorasani, Tehran, Akhtaran publishing.
[2]. Safai. Sayyid. H, Imami.. A., (2005), Brief of Family Law, Tehran, Mizan publishing.
[3]. Katozian. N, (2003), civil rights of family, First Edition, Tehran, Inc. Publishing collaboration with B. Borna.

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