IOSR-JHSS   Volume-31 ~ Issue-6 ~ June 2026

Abstract: Summary : This article presents a literature review of three research areas: territorial dynamics, gender equality, and women's mobility in the city. Each of these areas has been the subject of extensive research, often from different perspectives. Territorial dynamics have become a major field of development analysis, in a context of globalization, restructuring of public policies, and the growing importance given to territory as a site of development.......

Key Words: Territorial Dynamics, Gender Equality, Women Urban Mobility

[1]. Gérard-François Dumont. La dynamique des territoires Radiale ou réticulaire ? Les Analyses de Population & Avenir 2019/3 (N° 7)
[2]. Krugman Paul, « Geography and Trade », 1991
[3]. 1 Territoire et gouvernance : quel outil pertinent pour le développement ? Bernard Pecqueur. Actes du colloque international Umr Sagert, 25-27 février 2003, Montpellier, France
[4]. 1 Éloi Laurent. Soutenabilité des systèmes urbains et inégalités environnementales Le cas français. Revue de l’OFCE, École du Management et de l'innovation de Sciences Po, Stanford University.2020.
[5]. 1 Perspectives d'urbanisation du monde, Nations Unies.

Abstract: Background: Hydrologic uncertainty is unavoidable in watershed management, yet it is often poorly communicated to stakeholders and decision-makers. Overstating certainty causes poor decisions and credibility loss; understating evidence delays necessary action. The challenge is not to eliminate uncertainty but to communicate it in ways...

Keywords: Aleatory uncertainty; Decision support; Epistemic uncertainty; Ethical claim boundary; Evidence type; Hydrologic uncertainty; Process inference; Public decision-making; Risk communication; Science communication; Translational discourse; Uncertainty communication; Watershed management.

[1]. Beven, K. Facets of uncertainty: epistemic uncertainty, non-stationarity, likelihood, hypothesis testing, and communication. Hydrological Sciences Journal 2016, 61, 1652–1665, doi:10.1080/02626667.2015.1031761.
[2]. Faulkner, H.; Parker, D.; Green, C.; Beven, K. Developing a Translational Discourse to Communicate Uncertainty in Flood Risk between Science and the Practitioner. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 2007, 36, 692–704, 613.
[3]. Wang, F.; Tetzlaff, D.; Goldhammer, T.; Freymueller, J.; Soulsby, C. Hydrological connectivity drives intra- and inter-annual variation in water quality in an intermittent stream network in a mixed land use catchment under drought. Journal of Hydrology 2025, 648, 132420, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.132420.
[4]. Huang, J.; Borchardt, D.; Rode, M. Changes in water quality and ecosystem processes at extreme summer low flow of 2018 with high-frequency sensors. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2025, 29, 5835–5849, doi:10.5194/hess-29-5835-2025.
[5]. Stevenson, J.L.; Malcolm, I.; Tetzlaff, D.; Soulsby, C. Hydroclimatic non-stationarity drives stream hydrochemistry dynamics through controls on catchment connectivity and water ages. Journal of Hydrology 2024, 635, 131214, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131214

Abstract: Dreams constitute one of the most universal and, at the same time, most complex phenomena of human psychological experience. Over more than a century, the study of dreams has evolved from interpretations centered on universal symbols and unconscious contents toward cognitive, neuroscientific, and sociocultural approaches. The present article integrates recent findings on the nature of dreams with research on the developmental understanding of mind and dream processes in childhood. It is argued that dreams are dynamic constructions resulting from the interaction of neurobiological mechanisms, personal experiences, cognitive development, and cultural...

Key words- Dreams, cognitive development, dream content, cultural psychology

[1]. Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press.
[2]. Bruner, J. (1996). The culture of education. Harvard University Press.
[3]. Burke, K. (1969). A grammar of motives. University of California Press.
[4]. Burke, K. (1989). On symbols and society. University of Chicago Press.
[5]. Domhoff, G. Dream content is continuous with waking thought, based on preoccupations, concerns, and interests. Sleep. 5, 203–215 (2010).

Abstract: Commercial correspondence in English and Vietnamese communicates information, establishes commitments, allocates responsibilities, and directs action in transactions; inaccuracies may alter obligations and risks. This theoretical practical article draws on documentary analysis and illustrative examples, not corpus evidence. It integrates Halliday and Matthiessen’s systemic functional linguistics with Koller’s equivalence to propose a framework for......

Keywords: commercial correspondence; English–Vietnamese translation; Vietnamese–English translation; experiential meaning; translation equivalence.

[1] Bhatia, V. K. (1993). Analysing genre: Language use in professional settings. Longman.
[2] Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
[3] Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
[4] Hà Văn Riễn. (2001). Ngôn ngữ học với việc dịch thuật văn bản giao dịch thương mại: Trên tư liệu biên dịch Pháp–Việt [Luận án tiến sĩ chưa xuất bản].
[5] Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). Halliday’s introduction to functional grammar (4th ed.). Routledge.
[6] House, J. (2015). Translation quality assessment: Past and present. Routledge.

Abstract: The Boko Haram insurgency in the Lake Chad Basin has generated one of the most devastating humanitarian and women in North-East Nigeria have been disproportionately affected by conflict through displacement, abduction, sexual violence and widowhood. This article examines the role of women in peacebuilding and recovery efforts in Borno State and the wider North-East region of Nigeria, with particular emphasis on their contributions to community reconciliation, reintegration of returnees, livelihood restoration, trauma healing, and social cohesion. The study is anchored on Human Security Theory and the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) Agenda, which provide a framework......

Keywords: Women, Peacebuilding, Boko Haram, Lake Chad Basin, Recovery, Reintegration, Reconciliation, Women, Peace and Security Agenda

[1]. Awosusi, A. E. (2017). Aftermath of Boko Haram violence in the Lake Chad Basin. International Journal of Health Sciences, 11(1), 1–4.
[2]. Cockburn, C. (2010). Gender relations as causal in militarization and war. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 12(2), 139–157.
[3]. Cohn, C. (2008). Mainstreaming gender in UN security policy: A path to political transformation? Boston Consortium on Gender, Security and Human Rights.
[4]. Enloe, C. (2014). Bananas, beaches and bases: Making feminist sense of international politics (2nd ed.). University of California Press.
[5]. Eugenie, R. f., & Armand, M. K., (2020). Peacebuilding and Women Employment in Boko Haram Affected Countries. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 18(6).

Abstract: This study examines the final syllable in English words like "written " (/ˈritən) and "Sudden" (/ˈsʌndən/) (p. 1). Standard grammar and phonological frameworks often claim that the weak vowel Schwa \(([ə])\) is completely elided in these phonological contexts, creating only a "syllabic consonant" \([n̩ ]\) (p. 1).
First, the study.....

Keywords: Acoustic Phonetics, Schwa Deletion, Syllabic Nasal, CNVS, Praat Analysis, Airflow..

[1]. Alwasila, O. A. (2022). Consonantalized nasal and lateral vowel /ə/ versus nasal and lateral syllabic consonants. Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature, 3(3), 1–5. doi.org (p. 7)
[2]. McClelland, J. L., & Elman, J. L. (1986). The TRACE model of speech perception. Cognitive Psychology, 18(1), 1–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(86)90015-0
[3]. Norris, D. (1994). Shortlist: A connectionist model of continuous speech recognition. Cognition, 52(3), 189–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)90043-4
[4]. Warren, R. M. (1970). Perceptual restoration of missing speech sounds. Science, 167(3917), 392–393. https://doi.org.

Abstract: Linguistic studies of the minority languages in Africa have focused on their classification, vitality, lexical structure, morphology and phonology. Secondary studies such as linguistic sexism are rare in African languages and absent in the Ngoni language, focused by the current study. Be that as it may, aspects such of sexist language are known to be the ideological tools to keep the patriarchal status quo where women are secondary to men. Consequently, the present study set out to examine sexist language in the Ngoni language so as to reflect its outcome....

Keywords: Sexist language, Linguistic aspects, Sexist behaviour, Female gender, Ngoni language.

[1]. Ahmad, N. N. (2009). Sexism in language. BRAC University.
[2]. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative in Psychology, 3, 77-101.
[3]. Buberwa, A. (2018). Sexism in Haya language personal names selection. JULACE: Journal of University of Namibia Language Centre, 3(2).
[4]. Dariaga, J.A. (2023). Sexist language in published research articles: Basis for a gender-fair training program. An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 3(1).
[5]. Demberg, R. (2014). Linguistic sexism: A study of sexist language in a British online newspaper. Linne' Universitetet.