iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2014

Abstract: An air brake system is used in heavy commercial vehicles for the purpose to stop or slow down the vehicle. The effective braking depends mainly on the response time of the entire system. The brake system layout configuration has to be designed in such a way that the response time should meet the vehicle safety standard regulations. This paper describes the detailed modeling of the individual brake system products, right from the actuating valves, control valves, actuators and foundation brakes. Response time prediction for a typical 4X2 Heavy commercial vehicle has been done. Also a study on comparing the transient torque generated by the existing drum brake and an equivalent disc brake model was carried out. The layout was modeled in one of the commercially available multi-domain physical modeling software employing bond graph technique and lumped system.

Keywords : Response time, AMESim, Multi domain, Foundation brakes, Braking torque

[1] IS 11852_4 "Automotive Vehicles - Brakes and Braking system", Indian Standard, 2001
[2] Sridhar,S.,Narayanan,S.,Kumaravel,B.,"Dynamic Simulation of Brake valve in Air Brake System" SAE paper No.2009-28-0030.
[3] Jinglai, Wu., Hongchang, Zhang., Yunqing, Zhang. and Liping, Chen., "Robust Design of a Pneumatic Brake System in Commercial Vehicles" SAE paper No.2009-01-0408
[4] Li He, Xiaolong Wang, Yunqing Zhang, Jinglai Wu, Liping Chen" Modeling and Simulation Vehicle Air Brake System" Proceedings 8th Modelica Conference, Dresden, Germany, March 20-22, 2011
[5] Zbigniew, Kulesza., Franciszek, Siemieniako.," Modeling the air brake system equipped with the brake and relay valves" Scientific Journals, Maritime University of Szczecin Vol.24,pp 5-11,2010.
[6] Acarman, T., Ozguner, U., Hatipoglu, C., and Igusky, A., "Pneumatic Brake System Modeling for Systems Analysis," SAE Paper No.2000-01-3414.

Abstract: Propagation Transient waves results due to time dependent flow with rapid change of controlling parameters. Penstock of hydel turbines or closed conduits/ pipes carrying water may observe transient wave propagation, introducing the Joukowsky pressure rise, following instantaneous flow stoppage. The dependence of transient propagation velocity on the pipe and fluid properties as well as free gas content is dealt in this paper. A mathematical model based on equations of continuity and momentum applied to general element of fluid is developed in terms of differential equations pertaining to surge analysis, surface wave propagation and low amplitude air pressure transient analysis. Effect of column separation and trapped air in the surge analysis is discussed as an outcome of simulation model. Keywords;Surge, column separation, and transient pressure

[1] Parmakian J. Water Hammer Analysis, (Dover Publications. Inc., New York, 1963).
[2] Fox J. A. Hydraulic Analysis of Unsteady Flow in Pipe Networks, (Macmillan Pub., London (1977)
[3] Wylie E. B. and Streeter V. L. Fluid Transients, (FEB Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan 1983).
[4] Douglas J.F., Gasiorek J. M. and Swaffield J. A. Fluid Mechanics, (Pearson Education, Inc., 2003).
[5] Schieldt H. C++: The Complete Reference, (Tata-McGraw Hill Publications. Third Edition, New Delhi 2007).
[6] Valunjkar S.S. and Shrivastava , Surge analysis: column separation and effect of trapped air using transient pressure theory4th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, December 26-28, 2001, Dhaka, Bangladesh/pp. IV 45-51

Abstract: The current work investigates one of the most basic parameters affecting the stability of structural walls, which is (apart from the wall thickness) the degree of tensile strain of the longitudinal reinforcement of the boundary edges of load-bearing walls. The present work is experimental and in its framework, 5 test specimens of scale 1:3 simulating the boundary edges of structural walls were used. These specimens were reinforced with the same amount of reinforcement equal to a high longitudinal reinforcement ratio (3.68%). The degree of tensile strain applied was different for each specimen and it took values equal to 0‰, 10‰, 20‰, 30‰ and 50‰. The present research work tries to investigate the influence of the degree of tensile strain to the ultimate bearing capacity of walls using test specimens detailed with a high longitudinal reinforcement ratio.
Keywords: Lateral instability, High reinforcement ratio, Structural walls, Tensile strain.

[1] J.W. Wallace, J.P. Moehle, Ductility and detailing requirements of bearing wall buildings, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering,
116(6), 1992, 1625-1644.
[2] EN 1998-1:2004, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for
buildings (Brussels, Belgium, European Committee for Standardization, 2004).
[3] NZS 3101:2006, Concrete structures standard: Part 1 – The design of concrete structures (Wellington, New Zealand, Standards New
Zealand, 2006).
[4] Greek Concrete Code 2000 (Athens, Greece, Ο.Α.Σ.Π. / Σ.Π.Μ.Ε., 2006).
[5] Y.H. Chai, D.T. Elayer, Lateral stability of reinforced concrete columns under axial reversed cyclic tension and compression, ACI
Structural Journal, 96(5), 1999, 780-789.

Abstract: Today is the era of economy with the safety of the occupants/user. The past experiences of the earthquakes and the devastations restrict the designer towards the safety, rather than to achieve the economy in the construction. This has led the designers to move towards the performance based design of the structure and the pushover analysis is the part of that. Nonlinear static analysis, or pushover analysis, has been developed over the past twenty years and has become the preferred analysis procedure for design and seismic performance evaluation purposes, as the procedure is relatively simple and considers post elastic behavior. Beside all this, it has been observed that the bracings, if provided, in the structure, increase the capacity of the structure. There are various types of bracing being used wide over. Hence, in this paper, the effect of various types of concentric braces on the behavior of the structure is tried to be evaluated by using pushover analysis which can be used with due achievement of the economy taking care of safety.

[1]. ATC, "Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings", Volume- 1.Applied Technology Council (Report No.40), Redwood City, California (1996)
[2]. Bruneau M.,Uang C.M.Whittaker A., "Ductile Design of Steel Structures", McGraw –Hill Publications
[3]. FEMA, "NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings", Developed by the Building Seismic safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Report no. FEMA-273), Washington D.C., (1997)
[4]. Habibullah A, and Pyle S., "Practical Three Dimensional Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis", Structures Magazine, Winter (1998)
[5]. IS: 800-1984(Reaffirmed 1998),IS 800(Draft),Indian Standard, " Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel",(Second Revision). Seventeenth Reprint MAY 2000.

Abstract: With the increase in population and the reduction of available land, more and more construction of buildings and other civil engineering structures have to be carried out on weak or soft soils. Owing to such soils of poor shear strength and high compressibility, a great diversity of ground improvement techniques such as soil stabilization and reinforcement are employed to improve mechanical behavior of soils, thereby enhancing the reliability of construction. As a good stabilizing agents, lime and cement are extensively applied in soil stabilization of foundation soils or road subgrades. However, lime+cement treated soil can be used for subgrade as an alternative to the traditional "remove and replace" strategies commonly utilized and is found to be satisfactory in the laboratory evaluation. Hence the author has added an optimum content of lime and cement to marine clay and further used the treated marine clay as subgrade over laid by different alternative subbases to study the performance of treated marine clay under cyclic load conditions.
Key words: Marine Clay, Lime+Cement, Stabilized fly ash subbase, Flexible Pavement.

[1]. Sherwood, P.T. (1993). "Soil stabilization with cement and lime." State of the art literature review, HMSO, London.
[2]. Herrin, M., and Mitchell, H. (1961) "Lime-soil mixtures." Bulletin No. 304, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, 99-138.
[3]. Wilkinson, A., Haque, A., Kodikara, J., Adamson, J., and Christie, D (2010). "Improvement of problematic soils by lime slurry pressure injection : case study." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 136(10), 1459-1468.
[4]. Wang, J.W.H., Mateos, M., and Davidson, D.T. (1963). "Comparative effects of hydraulic, calcitic and dolomitic limes and cement in soil stabilization." Highway Research Record Bulletin No.59, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 42-54.
[5]. Bell, F.G. (1988) "Stabilization and treatment of clay soils with lime, part I – Basic principles." Ground Eng., 21 (1), 10-15.

Abstract: Analysis and design of buildings for static forces is a routine affair these days because of availability of affordable computers and specialized programs which can be used for the analysis. On the other hand, dynamic analysis is a time consuming process and requires additional input related to mass of the structure, and an understanding of structural dynamics for interpretation of analytical results. Reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings are most common type of constructions in urban India, which are subjected to several types of forces during their lifetime, such as static forces due to dead and live loads and dynamic forces due to the wind and earthquake.
Here the present works (problem taken) are on a G+30 storied regular building. These buildings have the plan area of 25m x 45m with a storey height 3.6m each and depth of foundation is 2.4 m. & total height of chosen building including depth of foundation is 114 m. The static and dynamic analysis has done on computer with the help of STAAD-Pro software using the parameters for the design as per the IS-1893- 2002-Part-1 for the zones- 2 and 3 and the post processing result obtained has summarized.
Keywords: RCC Building, Equivalent Static Analysis, Response Spectrum Analysis, Displacement.

[1] Murty.CVR. and Jain.SK"A Review of IS-1893-1984 Provisions on seismic Design of Buildings". The Indian concrete journal, Nov.1994.
[2] Sarkar, P.Agrawal, R and Menon, D."Design of beam, columns joints under Seismic loadings" A review, Journal of structural engineering SERC, Vol.33. No.6. Feb.2007.
[3] Reddell, R.and Llera, J.C.D.L."Seismic analysis and design" Current practice and Future ternds.Eleventh World Conference on earthquake Engineering Mexico.
[4] BIS-1893, Criteria for Earthquake resistant design of structures-Part-1, General Provisions and Buildings, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi -2002.
[5] I.S-13920."Ductile detailing of reinforced structures subjected to seismic force" code of practice Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi -1993.

Abstract: Prediction of evapotranspiration is important for study, design and management of irrigation systems. In this study, the potential of fuzzy Linear Regression model using least squares is investigated in modelling of mean monthly potential evapotranspiration (PET) obtained using the standard FAO-56 Penman–Monteith equation. Various combinations of daily climatic data, namely solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, are used as inputs to the Fuzzy regression model, so as to evaluate the degree of effect of each of these variables on Penman–Monteith estimated PET. Residual error, Co-efficient of Determination and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency test are used as comparison criteria for evaluation of the model performance. The Fuzzy regression technique gave Residual errors of (-0.07) Co-efficient of determination of (0.994) and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency of (0.998) for Bangalore meteorological station. Based on the results, it was found that the fuzzy regression model could be successfully employed in estimating the daily Potential Evapotranspiration in the study area.

Keywords: Fuzzy Regression, Method of Least squares, Potential Evapotranspiration.

[1] Allen, R.G, Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M., 1998: Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements - FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56, FAO, Rome.
[2] Wang, Yu-Min, Willy, N., Lenn,.X., Alexander, G.,, Seydou, T., and Lian-Tsai, D.(2011):Comparative study on estimating reference evapotranspiration under limited climate data condition in Malawi. International Journal of the Physical Sciences Vol. 6(9), pp. 2239-2248.
[3] Panigrahi D.P. and Majumdar P.P, 2000. Reservoir operation modelling with fuzzy logic, WaterResour. Manag.14, 89–109.
[4] Nayak, P., Sudheer, K., and Ramasastri, K., 2005. Fuzzy Computing based Rainfall-runoff model for real time flood forecasting. Hydrol. Processes, 19: 955-968.
[5] Yu, P.S., and Chen, S.T., 2005. Updating real-time flood forecasting using a fuzzy rule-based model. Hydrol. Sci. J., 50: 265-278.

Abstract: Nonoptimal environments often result in worker discomfort and loss of productivity in the workplace. The temperature in a workplace can strongly influence efficiency of task. Hot, humid conditions added to the demands of moderately heavy to heavy physical work may cause excessive stress and potential health risks by reducing a person's work capacity. Discomfort produced by exposure to conditions outside the comfort zone can distract a person from the task at hand and may increase the potential for unsafe act. Various factors affecting the feeling of comfort are temperature, humidity, air velocity, work load, clothing and radiant heat loss. By altering environmental protocols one can improve comfort within the discomfort zone. An attempt is made to investigate factors like temperature, humidity and determining continuous heat exposure for workers working in a hot environment. By altering environmental protocols one can prevent heat injuries like heat stroke, fatigue, irritation, discomfort, giddiness; disorientation at work. This paper discusses the effect of temperature and humidity for an industrial worker working in a hot environment.
Key words: environmental protocols, high temperature, humidity, industrial worker.

[1] The human factors section,health,safety and human factors laboratory "Ergonomic Design for people at work" Eastern Kodak Company, New York(1983)
[2] Heather Carnahan, Adam Dubrowski ,LawrenceE.M.Grierson, "Temperature influences both haptic perception and force production", International Journal of Industrial Engineering, 40(2010), 55-58
[3] E.K.O'Neal, P.Bishop "Effects of work in a hot environment on repeated performances of multiple types of simple mental task", International Journal of Industrial Engineering, 40(2010), 77-81
[4] www.osha.gov

Abstract: Steel-concrete composite construction means steel section encased in concrete for columns & the concrete slab or profiled deck slab is connected to the steel beam with the help of mechanical shear connectors so that they act as a single unit..Steel-concrete composite with R.C.C. options are considered for comparative study of G+5 storey office building with 3.658 m height, which is situated in earthquake zone III(indore)& wind speed 50 m/s. The overall plan dimension of the building is 56.3 m x 31.94 m.Equivalent Static Method of Analysis is used. For modeling of Composite & R.C.C. structures, staad-pro software is used and the results are compared; and it is found that composite structure more economical.
Keywords: Composite column, steel beam, shears connectors & staad-pro.

[1] Dari J.Oehlers and Mark A.Bradford, (1999), 'Elementary Behaviour of Composite Steel and Concrete Structural Members',
Butterworth and Heinmann.
[2] Handbook on Composite Construction-Multi-Storey Buildings-Part-3,(2002),Institute for Steel Development and Growth (INSDAG).
[3] Handbook on Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake )for Buildings and Structures ( IS : 875(Part 1) – 1987), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1989.
[4] Handbook on Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake )for Buildings and Structures ( IS : 875(Part 2) – 1987), Bureau of Indian Standards , New Delhi ,1989.
[5] Handbook on Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake )for Buildings and Structures ( IS : 875(Part 3) – 1987), Bureau of Indian Standards , New Delhi, 1989.

Abstract: Structures in mega cities, are under serious threat because of faulty and unskilled design and construction of structures. Sometimes structure designers are more concerned in constructing different load resistant members without knowing its necessity and its performance in the structure. Different configuration of construction may also lead to significant variation in capacity of the same structure. Nonlinear static pushover analysis provides a better view on the performance of the structures during seismic events. This comprehensive research evaluates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level, different configuration of soft storey and Shear wall consisting building structures with each other and later depending upon the findings, suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure and will eventually help engineers to decide where generally the soft storey could be constructed in the structures. Above all a better of effects of pushover analysis could be summarized from the findings. Masonry walls are represented by equivalent strut according to pushover concerned codes. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of performance point, base shear, top displacement, storey drift and stages of number of hinges form.
Keywords: Performance, pushover analysis, infill percentage, shear wall, soft storey, equivalent strut, storey drift.

[1] Dinar, Y., Alam, M. N, and Paul, S. C "Performance Based Analysis of RC Building Consisting Shear Wall and Varying Infill Percentage", European Academic Research, Vol 1, Issue 9, December 2013, pp 2927-2947
[2] Dinar, Y., Karim, S. ,Barua, A and Uddin, A., " P-Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures of Rigid joint", International Organization of Scientific Research: Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Vol 10, Issue 4,November-December2013, pp 42-49.
[2] Golghate, K, Baradiya, V and Sharma, A., "Pushover Analysis of 4 Storey's reinforced Concrete Building", International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology , Vol 2, Issue 3, May 2013, pp 80-84.
[4] Ashraf Habibullah, S.E., and Stephen Pyle, S.E," Practical Three Dimensional Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis" , Structure Magazine 1988.
[5] BNBC (2006) Bangladesh National Building Code, Housing and Building Research Institute, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.