iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	ANFIS Modeling For a Water-Methanol System in a Spiral Plate Heat Exchanger
Country	:	India
Authors	:	A. Mohamed Shabiulla || S. Sivaprakasam
	:	10.9790/1684-11130112

Abstract: In this paper, an experimental investigation of Water- Methanol system in a Spiral plate Heat Exchanger (SHE) is presented. Experiments have been conducted by varying the mass flow rate of cold fluid (Methanol), the mass flow rate of hot fluid (Water) and inlet temperature of the hot fluid, by keeping inlet temperature of the cold fluid constant. The effects of relevant parameters on the performance of spiral plate heat exchanger are studied. Also, in this paper, an attempt is made to propose Adaptive Network based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for the analysis of SHE. The data required to train the models are obtained from the experimental data based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The ANN models are developed using Back Propagation Network (BPN) algorithm, incorporating Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) training method. The ANFIS models are developed based on advanced neuralfuzzy technology. The ANFIS model possesses the robustness of fuzzy system, the learning ability of neural networks and can adapt to various situations. The accuracy of the trained networks are verified according to their ability to predict unseen data by minimizing root mean square error (RMSE), average percentage error (APE) and correlation coefficient (%R2) value. The prediction of the parameters can be obtained without using charts and complicated equations.

Keywords: Spiral plate Heat Exchanger (SHE); Overall heat transfer coefficient (U); Pumping Power(Wp); Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Adaptive Network based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) models.

[1] Holger Martin, Heat exchangers (Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, London, 1992).
[2] Rangasamy Rajavel and Kaliannagounder Saravanan, Heat transfer studies on spiral plate heat exchanger, Journal of Thermal
Science, 12(3), 2008, 85-90.
[3] R.Rajavel and K. Saravanan, An experimental study on spiral plate heat exchanger for electrolytes, Journal of the University of
Chemical Technology and Metallurgy,43(2),2008, 255-260.
[4] K.S.Manoharan and K. Saravanan, Experimental studies in a spiral plate heat exchanger, European Journal of Scientific Research,
75(2), 2012, 157-162.
[5] S.A.Mandavgane and S.L.Pandharipande,Application of optimum ANN architecture for heat exchanger modeling, Indian Journal of
Chemical Technology,13,2006,634-639.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Mechanical Properties of Latex Modified High Performance Concrete
Country	:	India
Authors	:	M. S. Shobha
	:	10.9790/1684-11131319

Abstract: The inclusion of natural rubber latex into the Metakaoline blended concrete improves the performance properties of the concrete. Metakaoline in concrete reduces the porosity in the concrete on account of its pozzolanic reactions. Natural rubber latex modifies the concrete by improving the workability of concrete through ball bearing actions. The polymer latexes present in the natural rubber gets filled up in the pores in the paste structure thus forming a bond between the cement and aggregates in the concrete. This paper aims in presenting the optimum percentage weight natural rubber latex with Metakaoline to be made use in achieving the strengths at different water binder ratios to produce High Performance concrete.
Keywords: Natural rubber latex, High performance concrete, Metakaoline, water binder ratio, Aggregate binder ratio, compressive strength, flexure strengt.

[1]. Mohammad Ismail, Bala Muhammed,Abdirahma AliYussuf, Mechanical Capabilities and fire endurance of Natural Rubber latex ,Canadian journal of Civil Engineering, 4 July 2011, Volume 38,pp 661-668.
[2]. T.S.Nagaraj,K.T.Sudara Raja Iyengar and B.Kameshwara Rao, Super Plasticized natural rubber latex Modified concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, October 2010, Volume 18, issue 1, pp. 138-144.
[3]. Khatib, J.M. and Wild S.Pore size distribution of Metakaoline paste, Cement and Concrete research ,August 1996,vol 26(10), pp. 1545-1553.
[4]. Wild, S.KhatibJ.M.and Jones A., Relative Strength, Pozzolanic activity and Cement Hydration in Super plasticized Metakaoline Concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, August 1996,26(10,)pp 1537-1544.
[5]. Natural Rubber from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ohama, Yoshihiko, Hand book of polymer-modified concrete and mortars, published in United States of America, Noyes Publications, August 1994.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Eficient Budget Oriented Scheme in Construction Technology and Management
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rakesh Gupta || Ramesh kumar batra || Subhash kumar
	:	10.9790/1684-11132029

Abstract: The role the construction industry plays in socio-economic development is significant. It provides the basis upon which other sectors can grow by constructing the physical facilities required for the production and distribution of goods and services. The construction industry has a significant multiplier effect on the economy as a whole. Cost is one of the primary measures of a project's success. This is true, especially for public projects in developing countries like India, because public construction projects in these countries are executed with scarce financial resources. In this paper we proposed an efficient budget oriented optimized cost overgrow scheme in Construction Technology and Management (CTM) system. Our proposed scheme solved the cost overgrow problem and improved the overall effect of the construction industry projects. The experimental results of our proposed scheme showed the effectiveness compared with existing works.
Keywords: CTM, Cost Overgrow, Construction Industry.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Design of a Dairy Cooling Thermal Storage supported with Secondary Refrigeration Cooling Unit
Country	:	Jordan
Authors	:	Ali Alahmer || Sameh Alsaqoor
	:	10.9790/1684-11133036

Abstract: This manuscript presents the comparison of using the cold water and brine as a storage source of refrigeration for milk cooing process based on the accumulator volume and power consumed at variable of cooling load. Also presents the effective of using cold storage in term of accumulator to reduce the refrigeration capacity and energy saving.This manuscript begins with a derivation of mathematical model represents of cooling system followed with a computer program to integrate and simulate the appropriate equations to evaluate accumulator volume and power required for water and brine system. The results showed that the accumulator volume using cold water was 58 m3 and 59.21 m3 for cold brine at the same conditions with 206 kW of maximumcooling load, peak duration of 3.5 hours, water temperature difference 2 ̊ C, and operating period of refrigerating unit up to 17 hours a day. Also, it was found the power required to operate the compressor of water system around 45%less than the power needed to operate the compressor of cold brine system.
Keywords: accumulator, cooling load, milk, peak duration, thermal storage.

[1] The dairy council, The importance of milk and dairy products as part of a healthy balanced diet, Available, www.milk.co.uk/page.aspx?intPageID=131; 2013. Last cited: January, 11, 2014.
[2] Y.Cengel, Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach, third edition, McGraw-Hill, 2006.
[3] R. Trott, and T. Welch, Refrigeration and air conditioning, Third edition, Butterworth Heinemann, 2000.
[4] K. Wang, M.Eisele, Y. Hwang, and R. Radermacher, Review of secondary loop refrigeration systems, International Journal of Refrigeration,33 (2), (2010) 212-234.
[5] D.Kaijun, W.Zhiqiang, H.Baohu, H.Wenge,andChenzhaojie, The application of ice slurry for cooling milk, APEC Conference on Low-carbon Towns and Physical Energy Storage, Changsha, China, Paper ID: ACLE2013-E08-08, 2013.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The town that disappeared – Dhanushkodi - a Case Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ar. Rajshekhar Rao
	:	10.9790/1684-11133740

Abstract: Danushkodi was a small town at the southern tip of the Rameswaram island, at the eastern coast of theTamil Nadu state of India. Danushkodi island is about 29 km West of Talaimannar in Sri Lanka. It was in December 1964 a cyclone wiped out the town of Dhanushkodi , the sea also took away 2000 lives and crippling power supply and communications .Before the 1964 cyclone, Dhanushkodi was a flourishing tourist and pilgrimage town. Since Sri Lanka is just 31 km away, there were many ferry services between Dhanushkodi and Talaimannar of Srilanka , transporting travelers and goods across the sea. There were hotels, textile shops and dharmashalas catering to these pilgrims and travelers. From temples to churches, houses, dharmashalas, roads and railway station, all were destroyed leaving no signs of life. Once upon a time Dhanushkodi was full of flourishing tourist but now it has become Ghost town. However the remains of this town still exist recalling the old memories of the town attracting many tourists, but the remaining structures are currently threatened by erosion and negligence in restoration. The paper reviews the history of the town that disappeared and recalls the memory of the town and also discuss about potential of developing the remains of Dhanushkodi Island as tourist place.
Key Words: Erosion, Island, Pilgrimage town, Restoration, Tourist.

[1] Rossi, A. (1982), Garg, Ganga Ram (1992). "Eve's Bridge". Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World. A-Aj. New Delhi: South Asia Books. p. 142.
[2] The Architecture of the City, MIT: The Institute for architecture and Urban Studies.
[3] Shah, B. (2003), "Heritage Conservation and Planning, New Development in Bhaktap ur Nepal", 6th US/ICOMOS International Symposium.
[4] Clark,kate, Informed conservation: understanding historic buildings and their landscape for conservation London: English heritage,2001.
[5] Warke,P.A et al. "Condition assessment for building stone conservations a staging system approach" Building environment 38.9-10 (2003) :1113-1123.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Modelling of Hydrological Drought Events in the Upper Tana Basin of Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Jones F. Agwata || Wellington N. Wamicha || Christopher M. Ondieki
	:	10.9790/1684-11134148

Abstract: Drought is a recurring hazard which affects many parts of Kenya. In most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture which is predominantly rain-fed is the main stay of the economies is highly prone to the impacts of drought which, whenever it occurs, leads to serious socioeconomic challenges at various levels. The study of drought duration, magnitude and severity have relevance in many areas such as waste load allocations, issuance of pollution discharge permits, location of treatment plants and sanitary landfills, determination of allowable water transfers and withdrawals both within, between and outside the affected areas and determination of minimum downstream release requirements for hydropower water supply, cooling plants and other facilities. Knowledge of the frequency distribution of the drought events is useful as it contributes to the assessment of drought risks which have implications on the long term ecological, economic and social well being of the biological and human communities that make use of water from the various streams in a basin.
Key words: hydrological drought, drought events, frequency distribution, modeling.

[1] Al-Mashidani, G., Pande, B. B. L. and Qadri, I. 1980. Drought flow Analysis of the River Tigris at Baghdad. Hydrol. Sci. Bull., 25 (4): 453-459.
[2] Bonacci, O. 1993. Hydrological Identification of Drought. Hydrological Processes, 7: 249-262.
[3] Capra, A. 1994. Application of Fuzzy sets to Drought classification. Advances in Water Resources Technology and Management. Balkema, Rotterdam. PP 479-483.
[4] Chowdhury, J. U., Stedinger, J. R. and Lu, L. H. 1991. Goodness of fit tests for Regional Generalized Extreme Value Flood Distribution. Water Resources Research 27(7): 1765-1777.
[5] Clausen, B. and Pearson, P. 1995. Regional Frequency Analysis of Annual Maximum Streamflow Drought. Journal of Hydrology, 173: 111-130.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Prospect of Algal Biodiesel Production in Bangladesh: Overview from Developed Countries
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	I. B. Muhit || D. Baidya || Nurangir Nahid
	:	10.9790/1684-11134954

Abstract: In recent decade's world's energy demands are fulfilled by coal, natural gas as well as petroleum though the price of oil is skyrocketing. Moreover, geopolitical tensions around the world may push it higher and demand also increasing as well. The world is faced two new problems severely like energy crisis and environmental degradation. If this continues, global recession is unavoidable and depletion of world reserve accelerates undoubtedly. To produce more fuels and energy more environmental hamper is done by the world that's why many investigations have been done to find out an environment friendly, economically competitive and technically feasible alternative source of energy. Very recently, Biodiesel is found to be more sustainable, non toxic and energy efficient technology which is biodegradable. Around 350 oil bearing crops rapeseed, soybean, jatropha, sunflower, linseed and coconut are the main sources of Biodiesel. But these edible material sources were proved to be unfeasible where demand is much higher than the production.
Keywords: Alternative source of energy, Biodiesel, Edible, Non-Edible, Algal Biodiesel.

[1]. Encyclopedia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
[2]. Institute for energy Research. URL: http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/energy-overview/fossil-fuels/
[3]. International Energy Agency, Key World Energy Statistics (Paris, France, 2007), p. 6.
[4]. Biochemical Sources of Fuels by John D. Keenan, Assistant Professor of Civil and Urban Engineering, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa. From Considine, Douglas M. (Ed-in-Ch): Energy Technology Handbook (McGraw-Hill, 1977)
[5]. Smart Fuels LLC. "Biodiesel Advantages", 2009.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Dynamic Behavior of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beam Under loading
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Syed Sabihuddin
	:	10.9790/1684-11135558

Abstract: This manuscript describe the power of steel fiber sharing on the final strength of concrete beams. An investigational & analytical study of the performance of concrete beam resistant by means of Conservative strengthen bar and steel fibers beneath lateral load be available. It is now well recognized that one of the important properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete is its superior resistance to cracking and Crack spread. As a result of this ability to capture cracks, fiber composites possess increased extensibility and tensile strength, both at first crack and at ultimate load and the fibers are able to hold the matrix together even after extensive cracking. The net result of all these is to pass on to the fiber composite pronounced post – cracking ductility which is unheard of in ordinary concrete. The transformation from a brittle to a yielding type of material would increase substantially the energy absorption characteristics of the fiber composite and its ability to withstand repeatedly applied, upset or impact loading. Tests on conventionally reinforced concrete beam specimens, containing steel fibers in different size, have been conducted to establish load- deflection curves. It was observed that (SFRC) beams showed enhanced properties compared to that of RC beams with steel fibers. The experimental investigations are validated with the analytical studies carried out by finite element models using.
Keywords: Steel fiber, concrete, break, ductility, tools.

[1]. S. Pant Avinash1, R. Suresh Parekar"Steel fiber reinforced concrete beams under combined torsion -bending- shear" Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB) 38(1) 31-38
[2]. R.P. Dhakal and H.R. Song (2009) "Effect of bond on the behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams" ICI Journal, Vol.1, and No.4
[3]. MukeshShukla(2011)"Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Steel Fibers under Flexural Loading" International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October, pp 843-846
[4]. Florian Finck(2010) "Acoustic Emission analysis of SFRC Beams under cyclic bending loads" Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB) 38(1) 21-28
[5]. Vengatachalapathy.V 1 ,Ilangovan.R(2010 )"A Study on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams With and without Openings "International journal of civil and structural engineering, Volume 1, No. 3.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Rehabilitation the Irrigation Canals at End Reaches
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Soha M. Mostafa || Gamal M. El-Shorpagy || Magdy H. Mowafy || Walaa Y. El-Nashar
	:	10.9790/1684-11135968

Abstract: The present study covers the area in the north of El-Sharkia governorate. This area is known to be suffered from irrigation problems and the farmers always complain about irrigation issues. Irrigation networks often are seen to perform below the expectation level, requiring their rehabilitation. Unfortunately, rehabilitation works are taken up on a piece-meal basis. The main object for rehabilitation is to improve conveyance efficiency, reliability and durability of the system so as to provide irrigation water to the beneficiaries in a more sustainable and equitable manner. The objectives of this study are to study the causes for water shortage in canals tails, perform rehabilitation for sections to improve the hydraulic performance. Questionnaires for both engineers and beneficiaries approved many reasons including need for rehabilitation behind the inefficiency of irrigation canals performance. A computer program is used to choose the best solution to achieve water balance. The CCHE-GUI 3.29 program is used to run upon a case study (El-Bateekh canal) , which approved the inefficiency of the canal to deliver the required discharges, while rehabilitation of the canal and remodeling the canal both improved conveyance efficiency for the same discharge.
Key Words: Canal Ends; CCHE-GUI 3.29 program; Egypt; Irrigation; Rehabilitation.

[1] Clemmens "Delivery System Schedules and Required Capacities. In: Planning, Operation, Rehabilitation and Automation of Irrigation Water Delivery Systems" Portland, OR, USA, 1987; 18-34.
[2] Al-Jayyousi "Rehabilitation of Irrigation Distribution Systems: The Case of Jericho City" Water Resources Management, 1999; 13: 117–132.
[3] Faci, Bensaci, Slatni and Playa "A Case Study for Irrigation Modernization I. Characterization of the District and Analysis of Water Delivery Records" Agricultural Water Management 42, 2000; 313-334.
[4] Playa, Slatni, Castillo and Faci "A Case Study for Irrigation Modernization: II. Scenario Analysis" Agricultural Water Management, 2000; 335-354.
[5] Renault "Re-engineering Irrigation Management and System Operations" Agricultural Water Management 47, 2001; 211-226.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Bagasse Cogeneration in India: Status, Barriers
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mukesh Kumar Mishra || Dr. Nilay Khare || Dr. Alka Bani Agrawal
	:	10.9790/1684-11136978

Abstract: India is one of the largest consumers and producers of sugar in the world and is the world's second largest producer next to Brazil of the sugarcane. Country has made impressive growth in the bagasse cogeneration. However, sustaining the growth is the real challenge. This article provides an overview of the current status, historical growth, technological status, policy, regulatory and fiscal support extended by the Govt of India as well as state governments to bagasse cogeneration. This work has identified the barriers in speedy adoption of the technology by sugar mills. The article concludes that support extended to bagasse cogeneration by the MNRE, especially to cooperative sugar mills, must be continued. The preferential tariff determined by CERC and SERCs for the bagasse cogeneration must take into account the increased support price offered to sugarcane by state governments as well as price offered to bagasse by competing technologies like paper and pulp industries. Strong RPO compliance by power distribution companies and streamlining of REC mechanism is required to attract industries, project developers and investors to invest in renewable energy in the country.
Key Words: Bagasse Cogeneration, Barriers, Cogeneration Status, India, Sugar Mills.

[1] Integrated Energy Policy of GOI, 2006, retrieved from, planningcommission.gov.in/reports/genrep rep intengy.pdf on 25.11.2013.
[2] Strategic plan for new and renewable Energy sector for the period 2011-17 of MNRE, retrieved from mnre.gov.in/file-manager User iles strategic plan mnre 2011 17.pdf on 2.12.2013
[3] Eleventh plan (2007-12) power capacity addition through grid interactive renewable accessed from http://data.gov.in/dataset/eleventh-plan-power-capacity-addition-through-grid-interactive-renewable-power on 1.12.2013.
[4] Energy Statistics 2013, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Government of India, New Delhi.
[5] KPMG Report, the Indian Sugar Industry Sector Roadmap 2017, 2007.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Phase Change Pressure Drop in Capillary of a Domestic Refrigerator
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sahoo K. C. || Das S. N.
	:	10.9790/1684-11137985

Abstract: This paper analyses the pressure drop for a single phase compressible and incompressible fluid flow and also a flow with phase change through a pipe or tube considering the existing theories of diffèrent pressure head drops. But the analysis on momentum gain pressure drop applicable for adiabatic capillary design of domestic refrigerators introduced some contradictions with universally accepted property values of refrigerant tables. This paper is based on flow properties of refrigerant R-600a through the capillary tube causing the expansion from the condenser pressure to the evaporator pressure with partial phase change from liquid to vapor by flash vaporisation. Here a more realistic theoretical concept is developed considering a new internal boosting force generated from the release of internal energy in the momentum balance relation and eliminates the contradiction in momentum gain pressure drop .This paper emphatises on the momentum gain caused by the internal energy réalèse rather than pressure drop in case of adiabatic flow with phase change.
Keywords: Adiabatic capillary tube, frictional pressure drop, internal boosting force , momentum pressure drop, viscous resistance.

[1]. T. Ali hussain , "A numerical analysis of adiabatic capillary tube performance in vapor compression refrigeration system"The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Vol.8, No.3, 2008 Mech. Eng. Dept., College of Eng., Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad – Iraq
[2]. Mikol, E. P.," Adiabatic single and two-phase flow in small bore tubes", ASHRAE Journal, Vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 75-86, (1963).
[3] Ramgopal. M. NPTEL tutorial on refrigeration & air conditioning, lesson 24, IIT Kharagpur.
[4]. C.P. Arrora, Expansion Devices chapter 8 in book Refrigeration and air conditioning, (New Delhi, Mc Graw-Hill}
[5]. R.C. Arrora, Expansion valves, Chapter 9 in Book Refrigeration and air conditioning, (PHI, Delhi).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Mathematical Modeling, Investigation and comparison on the Effect of Various Alternative Fuels on the Performance of Gas Turbine Combustion Process
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Loganathan V. || Vijayan R. || Sekar T.
	:	10.9790/1684-11138693

Abstract: Mathematical Models are the actual physical processes represented by a set of appropriate equations. The combustion process involved in the Gas turbine can be predicted using the Mathematical Modeling. The conservation of mass, momentum and Energy plays a vital role in the combustion process. Standard K-ὲ models are used to predict the reaction rate and turbulent viscosity. The main goal of this job it is to show the combustion models applied for an annular combustion chamber for small gas turbines, considering aspects about the speed, pressure and temperature, which can be used to feature the flame behavior and its effects in efficiency and pollution emission. The Alternative fuels have been chosen in such a way that the emission is low as well as good performance characteristics like conventional fuel. The performance parameters like Combustion Efficiency, Combustion Intensity, and Adiabatic flame Temperature and Mixture fraction has been obtained by using the Mathematical Modeling. Without carry out the experimental Work one can predict the Performance by using Mathematical Modeling .The Modeling is performed in MATLAB Simulink package and how the Performance parameters varies in relation with the changes in the variables like mass flow rate, initial temperature and Combustion pressure has been discussed and plotted in a effective way. The Results of various Alternative fuels have been compared effectively.
Keywords: Alternative Fuels,Combustion, Mathematical Model, , MATLAB Simulink , Performance Parameters.

[1] Harley Souza, AlencarHelcio, Francisco Villanova, Marco Antonio Rosa, Modeling of an annular Combustion chambers using CFDProceedings of the 3rd IASME/WSEAS Int. Conf. on Hat Transfer, Thermal Engineering and Environment , Corfu, Greece, August 20-22, 2005 (pp317-325).
[2] . K. V. Chaudhari, D. B. Kulshreshtha, and S.A. Channiwala, Design and CFD Simulation of Annular combustion chamber with Kerosene as a fuel for 20KW Gas turbine Engine, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.1641-1645
[3] K. Sreenivasarao, S.K. Bhatti,CFD Modeling of an Aero Gas Turbine Combustor for a small scale Gas turbine Engine ,International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 1, January- 2013.
[4] Richard guiler ,Emissions and Operational Aspects of Methanol as an Alternative Fuel in a Stationary gas turbine Engine, PhD thesis submitted at West Virginia University in 2000.
[5] Sara Eriksson,Development of Catalysts for Natural gas Fired gas Turbine Combustors , PhD Thesis submitted at royal Institute of Technology, Sweden in 2006.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Laser Spark Ignition in lean burn CNG Engine
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Vikas Sharma
	:	10.9790/1684-111394100

Abstract: The CNG Engines play a dominant role in transportation and energy production. The CNG engine is an environment-friendly engine, which causes drastic reduction in emission to the environment by using CNG as a fuel in IC engine. Spark plugs work by sending small; high-voltage electrical sparks across a gap between two metal electrodes Spark plugs can ignite leaner fuel mixtures, but only by increasing spark energy. Unfortunately spark plug cannot ignite leaner air-fuel mixture for long time it produce exhaust emission as well as reduce the efficiency of engine. ON the other hand, Laser ignition system of engines represents a more and more realistic alternative to traditional spark plug or high-frequency ignition approaches. Its ability to ignite extremely lean mixtures of fuel and air allows one to efficiently reduce the NOX concentrations in the exhaust gases, which are associated with potential long-lived ignition components. In this project, an overview of the laser parameters necessary to ignite the most common lean burn air-fuel mixtures for CNG engines is presented. Furthermore, a novel approach for multipoint laser ignition is discussed as a viable path for speeding up the long combustion durations of lean mixtures. Finally, an innovative approach to compact, robust, and relatively cheap laser ignition is described, which involves miniature laser systems. The passively Q-switched laser head is ideally mounted on each cylinder, while the optical pump should be located far away. Ignition energies in the range of slightly more than 1mj per pulse are realized with the involvement of perfect optical focusing.
Keywords: Laser ignition, spray-guided combustion, homogeneous combustion, high pressure, hydrogen, biogas, natural gas.

[1]. Bihari, B., Gupta, S. B., Sekar, R. R., "High Peak Power and Fiber Optics as Alternative to Spark Ignition: Increasing Efficiencies, Reducing NOx, and Improving Maintenance schedule," in High Peak Power and Average Power Lasers, SPIE Great Lakes Photonics Symposium, June 12‐16, 2006, Dayton OH.
[2]. Bihari, B., Gupta, S. B., Sekar, R. R., Gingrich, J., and Smith, J., "Development of Advanced Laser Ignition System for Stationary Natural Gas reciprocating engines," Proceedings of ASME ICE 2005, Fall Technical Conference, September 11‐14 2005, Ottawa, Canada.
[3]. Bihari, B., Gupta, S. B., Sekar, R. R., "Advanced Laser Ignition System Development Consortium," 2nd Annual Advanced Stationary Reciprocating Engines Conference, March 15 – 16, 2005, Diamond Bar, CA.
[4]. Klett, G. M., Gupta, S. B., Bihari, B., and Sekar, R. R., "Ignition Characteristics of Methane‐air Mixtures at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures," Proceedings of ASME ICE 2005, Spring Technical Conference, April 5‐7 2005, Chicago IL.
[5]. Yalin, A. P., Defoort, M. W., Willson, B., Matsuura, Y., and Miyagi, M., "Use of hollow core fibres to deliver nanosecond Nd:YAG laser pulses for spark formation", Optics Letter, 30, 2083‐2085 (2005).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Static and Dynamic Response of an Impeller at Varying Effects
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Karthik Matta || Kode Srividya || Inturi Prakash
	:	10.9790/1684-1113101106

Abstract: An impeller is a rotating component of a centrifugal pump, usually made of iron, steel, bronze, brass, aluminum or plastic, which transfers energy from the motor that drives the pump to the fluid being pumped by accelerating the fluid outwards from the center of rotation. The velocity achieved by the impeller transfers into pressure when the outward movement of the fluid is confined by the pump casing. Impellers are usually short cylinders with an open inlet (called an eye) to accept incoming fluid, vanes to push the fluid radially, and a splined, keyed or threaded bore to accept a drive-shaft.The modeling of the impeller was done by using solid modeling software, CATIA V5 R18. It is proposed to design a blower with composite material, analyze its strength and deformation using FEM software. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of composites and metal blower and impeller using FEA packaged (ANSYS). Modal analysis is performed on both Aluminum and composite centrifugal blower impeller to find out first 5 natural frequencies.
Keywords: CATIAV5 R18, Study of noise, Vibrations, Impeller, Aluminumand Composite, Blower, Static and Dynamic Response Using FEA.

[1]. O.P.Singh, Rakesh.Khilwani, T.Sreenivasulu, M.Kannan "Parametric Study Of Centrifugal Fan Performance:Experimental And
Numerical Simulation" International Journal Of Advances In Engineering And Technology May 2011.
[2]. S.T.(Ted) Myrick Jr, W.Barry Crawford, Gerald L.Schumpert, "Changing And Controlling The First Critical Speed Of Overhung
Centrifugal Fans" The Thirty-Third Turbo Machinery Symposium-2004.
[3]. N.Yagesh Sharma and k.VasudevaKaranth "Numerical Analysis Of Centrifugal Fan For Improved Performance Using Splitter
Vanes" World Academy Of Science, Engineering And Technology Vol 36, 2009.
[4]. JavadAlinejad and FarhadHosseinnejad "Aerodynamic Optimization In The Rotor Of Centrifugal Fan Using Combined Laser
Doppler Anemometry And Modelling" World Applied Science Journal 17(10), 2012.
[5]. Dr.Bhope and P.M.Padole "Experimental Investigation Of Stresses, Noise And Flow In Centrifugal Fan Impeller".