iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-Aug 2014

Abstract: The building construction is one of the most unfamiliar R&D activities in the robotics and automation community. Nevertheless, the building construction is one of the oldest and largest economic sectors. Intense competition, shortages of skilled labor, increase in labour cost and technological advances are forcing rapid change in the building construction. Building construction is divided into two large groups: commercial infrastructure and residential building. Both areas are needed plastering work for increasing the quality of construction. Machines has been developed to automate the plastering work is very much demand for construction field. It includes microcontroller, relay, AC/DC motor, fabricated structure, display, belt drives etc. The present work highlights the design and developments of prototype in this area and also a new model is proposed to automate the plastering work. Initially the model was developed and fabricated for considering the normal constructed brick wall. The completed model was validated by testing the machine using the brick wall and the statistical details of the manual work are also observed at the different conditions.
Keywords: AC/DC motor, Display, Fabricated structure, Masonry Leveling Compound (MLC), Microcontroller, Relay

[1]. S.M.S. Elattar, "Automation and robotics in construction: opportunities and challenges", Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 13 (2), 21-26, 2008.
[2]. Quang Ha et al…, "Robotic Excavation in Construction Automation", IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, 20-28, 2002.
[3]. Ernesto Gambao "Robotics and Automation in Construction", IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, 4-6, (2002).
[4]. Shinko Research CO., Ltd Automation of building construction and building products industry, Dec 18, 2007.
[5]. RuchiHajela "Shortage of Skilled Workers: A Paradox of the Indian Economy", SKOPE Research Paper No. 111, November 2012.
[6]. C. Balaguer et al., "Future Home: An Integrated Construction Automation Approach" IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, 55-66, 2002.

Abstract: Need of mobility all across the world is increasing exponentially. This is also an important prerequisite for the progress of modern society. In the past, automobile has played a crucial role and shall continue to play a dominant role in the progress of society. The demand of automobiles is increasing rapidly especially in the countries like China, India, Brazil and Korea. The rising economies of these countries will further increase the demand of automobiles. In order to achieve safety, comfort and environment friendliness, automobile companies are investing heavily in research and development. In this context, nanotechnologies are likely to play an important role. Nanotechnology is opening new doors for innovative products and imaginative applications in automobile sector. This paper focuses and critically analyses the improvement in the tire quality and to increase the life of the tire by using nano materials in every layer of tyres
Keywords: Nano silica, Montmorillonite clay, Carbon nanotubes

[1]. http://nanoparticles.org/pdf/PerezBaxEscolano.pdf
[2]. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/magnetic-nanoparticles-could-aid-heat- dissipation-1119.html
[3]. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/47536256_Ultra_high_strength_steel_design_by_using_nanoparticles
[4]. http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=4106.php
[5]. http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/en/nanotechnologies/l-2/5-nanoparticles-consumer-products.html

Abstract: This paper presents an open systemic analysis of bioextracted iron during leaching of iron oxide ore using acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The analysis showed prediction of the concentration of bioextracted iron at varying initial bioleaching solution pH and as-beneficiated Fe content of the ore. An empirical model was derived, validated and used as a tool for the analysis. The validity of the polynomial model expressed as;
ζ = 0.0077ϑ3 - 0.1618 ϑ 2 + 0.9345ϑ + 0.0002₰ + 0.0931
was found to be rooted on the core expression ζ - 0.0002₰ - 0.0931 = 0.0077ϑ3 - 0.1618 ϑ 2 + 0.9345ϑ where both sides of the expression are correspondingly approximately equal. Statistical analysis of the extracted iron concentration as obtained from experiment and derived model for each value of the initial bioleaching solution pH used shows standard errors of 0.3917 and 0.3780 respectively. Extracted iron concentrations per unit initial bioleaching solution pH as obtained from experiment and derived model are 0.0917 and 0.0784 %. Deviational analysis indicates that the maximum deviation of the model-predicted iron extraction (from experimental results) was less than 11%, implying a confidence level above 89%.
Keywords: Open system Analysis, Iron Bioextraction, Iron Ore Leaching, Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans

[1] Taxiarchour, M., Panias, D., Doumi, I., Paspaliaris, I., Kontopoulos, A., (1997a) Removal of Iron from Silica Sand by Leaching with Oxalic Acid, Hydrometallurgy, 46, 215-227.
[2] Lee, S.O, Tran, T., Park Y.Y., Kim S.J., and Kim, M. J. (2006) Study on the Kinetics of Iron Leaching by Oxalic Acid.Int. J .Miner Process, 80, 144-152.
[3] Taxiarchou, M., Parnias, D., Doumi, I., Paspaliaris, I., and Kontopoulous, A. (1997a) Dissolution of Haematite in Acidic Oxalate Solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 44, 287-299.
[4] Panias, D., Taxiarchou, M., Paspaliaris, I., Kontopoulos, A. (1996) Mechanism of Dissolution of Iron Oxides in Aqueous Oxalic Acid. Hydrometallurgy, 42, 257-265.
[5] Lee, S. O., Oh, J. K., Shin, B. S. (1999) Dissolution of Iron Rust Materials using Oxalic Acid. J. Min. Metall. Inst. Jpn. 115, 815-819. Alafara, A. Baba, D., Adekola, F. A., Folashade, A. O. (2005). Quantitative Leaching of a Nigerian Iron Ore in Hydrochloric Acid, J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt. 9(3):15 - 20

Abstract: Predictability of removed phosphorus concentration was carried out based on multi-factorial influence of pH, resident time and as-beneficiated phosphorus content of the iron ore during microbial leaching with Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans. The model was expressed as;
PR = 0.0042ϑ3 - 0.0718 ϑ 2 + 0.3297 ϑ - 0.001₰ + 0.01γ - 0.0903
The validity of the multi-factorial model was found to be rooted on the expression PR + 0.001₰ - 0.01γ + 0.0903 = 0.0042ϑ3 - 0.0718ϑ2 + 0.3297 ϑ where both sides of the expression are correspondingly approximately equal. Statistical analysis of removed phosphorus concentration for each value of the bioleaching solution pH as obtained from experiment and derived model-predicted results show standard errors of 0.1031 and 0.1010% respectively. Furthermore, removed phosphorus concentration per unit solution pH as obtained from experiment and derived model-predicted results were 0.005 and 0.006 % respectively. The maximum deviation of model-predicted removed phosphorus concentration (from experimental result) was less 8%. This translates into a derived model confidence level of above 92%.
Keywords: Analysis, Phosphorus Removal, Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans, Agbaja Iron Ore.

[1] Turkdogan, E.T., Pearson, J. (1953) J. Iron and Steel Inst., 221, pp. 393-401.
[2] Decker, A., Sevrin, R., Scimar, R. (1962) Open Hearth Proceedings, 45, pp. 421- 456.
[3] Duke, D. A., Ramstad, H. F., Meyer, H. W. (1962) Open Hearth Proceedings, vol 45, pp.81-98.
[4] Kootz,T., Neuhaus, H. (1961) Stahl u. Eisen, 81, pp. 1810-1815.
[5] Kootz, K., Behrens,K., Maas, H., Baumgarten,. P. (1965) Stahl u. Eisen, 85, pp 857-865.
[6] Edneral, F. P. (1979) Electrometallurgy of Steel and Ferro-alloys, MIR Publisher,5th edition Moscow. pp 30-239.
[7] Zea,Y. K. (1945) J. Iron and Steel Inst., 151, pp. 459-504.

Abstract: Many urban multistorey buildings in India today have open first storey as an unavoidable feature. This is primarily being adopted to accommodate parking or reception lobbies in the first storey. This paper highlights the importance of explicitly recognizing the presence of the open first storey in the analysis of the building and also for immediate measures to prevent the indiscriminate use of soft first storeys in buildings. Alternate measures, involving stiffness balance of the open first storey and the storey above, are proposed to reduce the irregularity introduced by the open first storey. The structural engineering profession has been using the nonlinear static procedure (NSP) or pushover analysis. Modeling for such analysis requires the determination of the nonlinear properties of each component in the structure, quantified by strength and deformation capacities, which depend on the modeling assumptions. Pushover analysis is carried out for either user-defined nonlinear hinge properties or default-hinge properties, available in some programs based on the FEMA-356 and ATC-40 guidelines. This paper aims to evaluate the zone –II selected reinforced concrete building to conduct the non-linear static analysis (Pushover Analysis). The pushover analysis shows the pushover curves, capacity spectrum, plastic hinges and performance level of the building. This non-linear static analysis gives better understanding and more accurate seismic performance of buildings of the damage or failure element.
Keywords: multistorey buildings, open first storey, performance of buildings, Pushover analysis

[1] A. Vijayakumar, D. L. Venkatesh Babu, " Pushover Analysis of Existing Reinforced Concrete Framed Structures", European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.71, pp. 195-202,1988.
[2] Ashraf Habibullah, S.E., and Stephen Pyle, S.E," Practical Three Dimensional Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis" , Structure Magazine 1988.
[3] Young J. Park, Anderi M. Reinhorn and Kunnati , "Seismic Damage of Reinforced Concrete Buildings", Proceeding of Ninth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering ,Vol.VII, pp. 211-216, 1988.
[4] N. Lakshmanan, " Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting of Buildings and Structures", ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology,Vol. 43, pp. 31-48, 2006.
[5] Mehmet Inel, Hayri Baytan Ozmen, M. Inel, H.B. Ozmen / Engineering Structures,"Effects of Plastic Hinge Properties in Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings", pp. 1494–1502, 2006.

Abstract: In this paper work study the safety of nuclear reactor pressure vessel as a safety used lead shield to provide adequate safety, avoid radiation. When we supply as lead shield material compare to the other shielding material like concrete block, steel plate, bismuth, glass etc. Lead avoid minimum lowest radiation from nuclear fuel fission process also as point of economical which is best suitable as compare with the gold, Silver etc. Overall i work on lead material details property, as shield its importance to avoid accident in nuclear power plant. Because nuclear radioactive element like uranium is create nature as well as human problem so safety important that point of view we study and experimentally check lead shield property.
Keywords: Lead plate, nuclear reactor, radiation, safety material, shielding material

[1]. Danielr.Mcalister, Ph.D. Pg Research Foundation, " Gamma Ray Attenuation Properties of Common Shielding Materials‟.

[2]. Pichet Limsuwan And Weerapong Chewpraditkul, " Development of Bao:B2O3:Flyash glass system for gamma-rays shielding materials ‟.

[3]. Akio Yamaji And Kiyoshi Sako Tokai Research Establishment, "Shielding design to obtain compact marine reactor‟ (Mar 2012)

[4]. Krivit, Steven, ed Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Nuclear Energy: Science, Technology, and Applications.Tsetkov, Pavel; Usman, Shoaib (2011).

[5]. Samir Yousha El-Kameesy1, Sahar Abd El- Yaser Abd Allah , "Shielding Properties of Lead Zinc Borate Glasses‟.

[6]. Schlattl H, Zankl M, Eder H, Hoeschen C. "Shielding properties of lead-free protective clothing and their impact on radiation doses.‟

Abstract: The objective of this work is to study the buckling behavior of beam and column and effect of buckling behavior of beam and column. These structural members are subjected to heavy loads and can experience failure due to buckling. The method includes the effects of flange and web interaction, residual stresses, and elastic and inelastic behavior.
Keywords: Beam, Column, Buckling.

[1]. Local Buckling Behavior Of Beam-Columns, By John L. Dawe,1 M. ASCE, and Geoffrey L. Ku, JOURNAL OF STRUCTURE ENG. 1986.112:2447- 2461.lak,2 F. ASCE
[2]. Local Buckling Of W Shape Columns And Beam, (By John L. Dawe1 And Geoffrey L. Kulak/ Members, ASCE) J. STRUCT. ENG. 1984.110:1292-1304.
[3]. Plate Instability Of W Shapes (By John L. Dawe, 1 And Geoffrey L. Kulak, 2 Members, ASCE) J. Struct. Eng. 1984.110:1278-1291.
[4]. Post-buckling Instability of Steel Beam-columns, (By Masayoshi Nakashima, A. M. ASCE, Takeshi Nakamura/ And Minoru Wakabayashi, M. ASCE) J. Struct. Eng. 1983.109:1414-1430.
[5]. Evaluation on the Post-buckling Residual Strength of H-shaped Steel Column (Hwon-mo Parka, Jae-hyouk Choi ) 1877-7058 © 2011 Published by Elsevier

Abstract: This test case was calculated using a commercial finite volume CFD computer code ANSYS 12.0 Fluent. The geometry of Model is a three-dimensional turbulent flow over a 90° bend. Experimental setup comprising an open-circuit suction wind tunnel system for the 90° bend which is used in ducting of centralized A. C. plant in various buildings or Malls. This test case focuses on the use of approximate models such as the turbulence models to predict the physical characteristics of the turbulent flow around a 90° bend. The results from the more sophisticated Reynolds stress model are shown to better capture the anisotropy behavior of the flow in contrast to the standard k-ε model that assumes isotropy in its original model formulation and also k-w SST model use to comparison. Finite Volume Discretization (FVM) is employed to approximate the governing equation. Velocity and pressure distribution at bend show by simulation of fluent CFD Code. By increasing the bend length in duct, losses can be reduce.
Key words: Duct, bend, CFD, Turbulent flow, Poisson Equation, Finite Volume Discretization (FVM), interpolation scheme, standard k-ε model.

[1]. YANG, W. and KUAN, B., (2006), "Experimental investigation of dilute turbulent particulate flow inside a curved 90o bend", Chemical Engineering Science, 61, 3593–3601.
[2]. KUAN, B., YANG, W. and SCHWARZ, M.P., (2007), "Dilute gas-solid two-phase flows in a curved 90o duct bend: CFD simulation with experimental validation", Chemical Engineering Science, 62, 2068–2088.
[3]. SHIH, T.–H., LIOU, W.W. SHABBIR, A., YANG, Z. and ZHU, J., (1995), "A new k-ε eddy-viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows – Model development and validation", Computers Fluids, 24(3), 227–238.
[4]. YAKHOT, V. and ORSZAG, S.A., (1986), "Renormalization group analysis of turbulence: I. Basic theory", J. Scientific Computing, 1(1), 1–51.
[5]. Icoz, T., and jaluria, Y., 2005. Numerical Simulation of boundary conditions and the Onset of Instability due to the protruding thermal Sources in an Open Rectangular channel, Numerical Heat Transfer, part A, 48, 831-847.

Abstract: The greenhouse based modern agriculture industries are the recent requirement in every part of agriculture in India. In this technology, the humidity and temperature of plants are precisely controlled. Due to the variable atmospheric circumstances these conditions sometimes may vary from place to place in large farmhouse, which makes very difficult to maintain the uniformity at all the places in the farmhouse manually. It is observed that for the first time an android phone-control the Irrigation system, which could give the facilities of maintaining uniform environmental conditions are proposed. The Android Software Development Kit provides the tools and Application Programmable Interface necessary to begin developing applications on the Android platform using the Java programming language. Mobile phones have almost become an integral part of human life serving multiple needs of humans. This application makes use of the GPRS [General Packet Radio Service] feature of mobile phone as a solution for irrigation control system. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is used to inform the user about the exact field condition. The information is passed onto the user request in the form of SMS.

Keywords: GSM module (mobile), Android, SMS, automatic irrigation, microcontroller, Temperature sensor, soil moisture sensor, regulated power supply.

[1]. Kay, M., "Smallholder irrigation technology: Prospects for sub-Saharan Africa" International Program for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage, FAO, Rome, 2001, pp. 1–25.
[2]. N. Shah and I. Das, "Precision Irrigation Sensor Network Based Irrigation", a book on Problems, Perspectives and Challenges of Agricultural Water Management, IIT Bombay, India, pp. 217–232, April 2008
[3]. Fangmeier, D. D., Garrot, D. J.,Mancino, C.F and Husman, S. H., "Automated irrigation systems using plant and soil sensors", American Society of Agricultural Engineers, ASAE Publication, 1990, pp. 533-537.
[4]. Benzekri, A., Meghriche, K., and Refoufi, L., PC-based automation of a multi-mode control for an irrigation system Proceedings of International symposium on industrial embedded systems, Lisbon, July 2007, pp. 310-315.
[5]. Shinghal, K., Noor, A., Srivastava, N., and Singh, R., Wireless sensor networks in agriculture for potato farming International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 8, 2010, pp. 3955-3963.

Abstract: When CNG, LPG, and other gas fuels were used for combustion in vehicles' engines, a large degree of valve seat wear was observed and it was difficult to provide the same wear resistance as that of petrol (gasoline) & Diesel fuel engines. Therefore, valve seat wears in gas fuel engines need to examine. These parts related to the engine valve timing. Now the most of the company in engine manufacturing, found field related problem of valve and valve seat in gas engine. So most observed problem is valve and valve seat wear. In R&D department, durability is one of the ways to find the problem of valve and valve seat before the field related problem will face. In durability, the engine is test at approximately condition that of the vehicle, in engine test bed. So this paper gives material as per various parameters like Temperature. Mach inability, weld ability, Cost, availability is studied for valve & valve seat in gas fuel engine
Keywords: Air fuel mixture, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), valve, valve seat,

[1]. Gerd Krüger "Valve Seat Inserts" Technical Paper Series, 2001. Page number (1-8).
[2]. R. Lewis and R.S. Dwyer-Joyce ; Combating Automotive Engine Valve Recession: A Case Study, 2003, page no.1-4
[3]. Valve Seat Insert Information Report, SAE J1692, 1993, Page no. 1-4
[4]. Katsuaki Sato and Teruaki Midorikawa Honda Research and Development Co., Ltd. ; Development of Valve Seat Material for Gas-Fuel Engines, 2000 page no. 1-8
[5]. Nitin P. Gokhale, Shabbir Sheikh and Yogesh Aghav Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. "Solving Valve Train Wear Problems in Medium Speed High BMEP Diesel Engines" SAE paper, 2011, page number (1-6, 10).
[6]. Martin Wells "AN ANSWER TO VALVE WEARS" Technical paper, 2002, page number (1-6).

Abstract: Tall RC chimneys form an important component of major industries and power plants. Since pollution control standards are getting stringent every passing day, the mandatory height requirements of chimneys are increasing. Such increased heights pose structural challenges for designing against dynamic loads such as wind gust and seismic forces. Arriving at an economic and efficient structural profile is one of the important aspects of the analysis and design of tall chimneys. Most of the chimneys constructed in industry are of circular cross section. With increase in heights, chimneys become more vulnerable to dynamic loads. In order to combat these loads and design an economical and efficient structural solution needs to be evolved. Elliptical cross-section provides one such possible alternate solution. Therefore evaluating the behavior of chimneys of varying heights with elliptical cross-section and comparing the same with that of circular cross-section assume significance. Chimneys with circular and elliptical cross sections of five different heights viz. 275m, 300m, 325m, 350m and 400m with two different profiles in elevation – one tapering from bottom to top and the other tapering from bottom to 2/3 H and straight afterwards - have been analyzed for seismic and vortex shedding effects caused by wind forces; further, analyses have been carried out for three R/t ratios – 15, 20 and 25. In total 120 models have been analyzed 60 for seismic forces and 60 for vortex shedding effects. Analytical results in terms of stresses induced on the structure, earthquake base shear, joint acceleration, joint displacements and vortex shedding base shear are evaluated. Maximum values of seismic forces induced base shear is only 1% of the self weight of the structure for all heights. It is interesting to note that chimneys with elliptical cross section experience less accelerations compared to that with circular cross section. Circular chimneys undergo higher displacement than the elliptical chimneys which is attributed to the higher accelerations they are subjected to by seismic forces. As the height of the chimneys is increased vortex shedding phenomenon induces increased forces compared to that due to earthquakes.
Index Terms: Circular and Elliptical chimney, Base shear, Modal frequency, Joint acceleration, Joint displacement, Dynamic loads, Vortex shedding and Seismic forces

[1]. S. Chen, B. Mulgrew, and P. M. Grant, "A clustering technique for digital communications channel equalization using radial basis function networks," IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks, vol. 4, pp. 570-578, July 1993.

[2]. Alok David John, Ajay Gairola, Eshan Ganju and Anant Gupta , "Design Wind Loads On Reinforced Concrete Chimney- An Experimental Case Study," The Twelfth East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction Procedia Engineering, 2011

[3]. IS 1893(Part1) - 2002, "Indian Standard Code of Practice for Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures", BIS (New Delhi). [4]. IS 2210 – 1988, "Indian Standard Code of Practice for Criteria for Design of Reinforced Concrete Shell structures and folded plates", BIS (New Delhi).

[5]. John L Wilson, "Performance of Tall Reinforced Concrete Chimney Structures in the 2010 Chilean Earthquake", Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2010 Conference, Perth, Western Australia, 2011

Abstract: Welding slag is a form of slag or vitreous material produced as a byproduct of some arc welding processes, most specifically Shielded metal arc welding , Submerged arc welding, and Flux-cored arc welding.Slag is the leftover remains of the weld process that is a result of the flux having done its job. Slag is formed from the flux, decomposing into either a shielding gas, or deoxidizers, which form molten compounds that cover the weld while it cools to prevent oxidation of the freshly formed weld. (Welding flux is a combination of carbonate and silicate materials used in welding processes to shield the weld from atmospheric gases. When the heat of the weld zone reaches the flux, the flux melts and out gasses. The gases produced push the atmospheric gas back, preventing oxidation. ) Slag is great for protecting the weld while it cools, but once it has done its job, it has to be removed before the next pass. So, there are many ways to remove welding slag, but the most common method in years past was with a Chipping Hammer. But chipping hammer can damage the weld face leaving tiny marks where the weld can fail. The chipping hammer is great for general purpose welding, when combined with a wire brush, results are generally good. ….hence there is need of a special purpose machine to remove slag from welded components. Keywords: Weld slag,wire brush, Welding Slag Clear Machine with Kinematic Linkage Indexer

[1]. "P S G DESIGN DATA‟ Compiled by Faculty of Mechanical Engineering PSG College of Technology
[2]. "DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS‟ by V B Bhandari Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010

[3]. "Slag-Metal Reactions in Arc Welding," By Belton, C. R., Moore, J., and Tankins, Welding journal, 42 (7), July 1963, Research Suppl., pp. 289-s to 297-s.
[4]. "Gas/Metal/Slag Reactions in Submerged Arc Welding Using CaO-AI203 Based Fluxes" By T. Lau, G. C. Weatherly And A. MC Lean , Supplement to Welding Journal, Feb 1986 Sponsored by the American Welding Society and the Welding Research Council
[5]. "Novel Method of Productivity Improvement and Waste Reduction Through Recycling of Submerged Arc Welding Slag" By Dalgobind Mahto, Anjani Kumar Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Sept 2010
[6]. "Ferrite Vein Cracking in Electro slag Welds" By J. A. Davenport , B.-N. Qian, A. W. Pense And R. D. Stout , Supplement to Welding Journal, Dec 1981 Sponsored by the American Welding Society and the Welding Research Council