iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-Aug 2014

Abstract: Infrastructure projects such as highways, railways, water reservoirs, reclamation etc. requires earth material in very large quantity. In urban areas, borrow earth is not easily available which has to be hauled from a long distance. Quite often, large areas are covered with highly plastic and expansive soil, which is not suitable for such purpose. Extensive laboratory / field trials have been carried out by various researchers and have shown promising results for application of such expansive soil after stabilization with additives such as sand, silt, lime, fly ash, etc. As fly ash is freely available, for projects in the vicinity of a Thermal Power Plants, it can be used for stabilization of expansive soils for various uses. The present paper describes a study carried out to check the improvements in the properties of expansive soil with fly ash in varying percentages. Laboratory tests like 1) grain size analysis 2) atterberg limits 3) standard compaction 4) permeability test have been carried out on soil and CBR (California bearing ratio) test is conducted on soil sample mixed with fly ash in various proportions and results are reported in this paper. One of the major difficulties in field application is thorough mixing of the two materials (expansive soil and fly ash) in required proportion to form a homogeneous mass. The fly ash is mixed with soil in required proportion until the CBR value for the embankment is achieved.

Keywords: compaction, CBR test, flies ash, laboratory tests, plastic clay, stabilization, expansive soils, and embankment.

[1]. Soil Stabilization for Pavements: EM 1110-3-137. Washington DC: US Army Corps of Engineers, 1984.
[2]. Huffman, John E.Base/Subgrade Stabilization.Salina, KS: The Asphalt Institute, Kansas State University at Salina, 1995
[3]. Chen, F. H. (1988), ―Foundations on expansive soils‖, Chen & Associates, Elsevier Publications, U.S.A.
[4]. ErdalCokca (2001) ―Use Of Class C Fly Ashes for the Stabilization – of an Expansive Soil‖ Journal of Geotechnical and Geo environmental Engineering Vol. 127, July, pp. 568-573.
[5]. Pandian,N.S.,Krishna,K.C.&Leelavathamma B., (2002), Effect of Fly Ash on the CBR Behaviour of Soils , Indian Geotechnical Conference , Allahabad , Vol.1,pp.183-186.
[6]. Phanikumar B.R., &RadheyS.Sharma(2004) ―Effect of fly ash on Engg properties of Expansive Soil‖ Journal of Geotechnical and Geo environmental Engineering Vol. 130, no 7,July, pp. 764-767.

Abstract: Today's world is very fast moving and in this world we all are well understand that the how important brake is? Effectiveness of braking system are essentials part to avoid accidents and save life. Also majority of accidents in vehicles are happen due to chassis failure and braking failure. Here I take the subject to understand the causes of failure of hydraulic brake systems in SUV. The brakes are the most important active safety of a car and one of its key pieces. However, many drivers do not seem to understand it well. According to a statistics, about 40% of the defects detected by the ITV correspond to the brakes. It is not enough to bring the car to the shop when something goes wrong. Leakage is major problem in TMC. In any case if tmc leak it may leads to accident. So leakage and performance of tmc is most important. Various parts of tmc such as piston, spring does not leak. The body of tmc may leak as well seals used in assembly of piston. In this project the different reasons of leakages are finding and simulation with CFD are carried out.

Keywords: Leakage analysis of brake , Body leak analysis , CFD.

[1]. CFD Analysis of Air Flow Interactions in Vehicle Platoons By Gokul Krishnan Rajamani School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering RMIT University August 2006.
[2]. An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics Chapter 20 in Fluid Flow Handbook By Nasser Ashgriz & Javad Mostaghimi Department of Mechanical & Industrial Eng. University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario.
[3]. A Mathematical Model For Air Brake Systems In The Presence Of Leaks A Thesis By Srivatsan Ramarathnam Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2008.
[4]. Brake System Modeling for Simulation and Control By J. Christian Gerdes^ J. Karl Hedrick Department of Mectianical Engineering, University of California, Berkeiey, CA 94720.
[5]. Hydraulic Brake Systems And Components For Off-Highway Vehicles And Equipment By David E. Keyser Applications Coordinator Keith Hogan OEM Sales MICO, Inc.

Abstract: Petrol driven engines are the major contributor of environmental pollution. Environmental problems are well talked and written about but public and private sectors sensitivity remains very high. However, amidst the understanding that petrol driven engines contributes to about 15% green house gases, petrol shows no sign of quitting the energy scene. Therefore, one wonders if petrol engines offer better performance than CNG engines?. This paper is intended to answer this question by not just revealing the limitations delaying the full utilization of CNG but by carefully evaluating recent studies carried out on comparative studies of CNG engines and petrol engines. The evaluation is done based on; Performance, Storage and Safety, Maintenance, Emissions, Economy and Cost, Technology, Refueling, Refueling Station Cost, Engine Conditions, Legislation and Incentives, Adequacy of fuel supply, process efficiency, ease of transport and safety of storage, modifications needed in the distribution/refueling network in the vehicle, fuel compatibility with vehicle engine (power, emissions, ease of use, and durability of engine)and the Market place which is drawn from experimental results and conclusions made from recent studies.

Keywords: CNG, Engine, Vehicle, Pollution, Performance, Petrol (gasoline).

[1]. E. Ramjee and K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy (2011) performance analysis of a 4-stroke SI engine using CNG as an alternative fuel. Indian Journal of Science and Technology (2011-04-07).
[2]. Al-Baghdadi Mars and Al-Janabi HAKS (2000) Improvement of performance and reduction of pollutant emission of a four stroke Spark Ignition engine fuelled with hydrogen gasline fuel mixture. Energy Conversion & Management, 41,77-91.
[3]. Aslam Mu, Maojuki HH, Kalam MA, Abdesselam H, Mahila TMI and Amalima MA (2006) An experimental investigation of CNG as an alternative fuel for a retrofitted gaxline vehicle. Fuel Process Technol. 85, 717-724.
[4]. Chiodi M, Berner H and Barragende M (2004) Investigation on mixture formation and combustion process in a CNG engine by using a fast response 3D-CFD-Smulation. SAE Technical paper 2004-10-3004.
[5]. Das LM and Reddy YV (2000) Exhaust emission Characteristics of a CNG-Fuelled engine, Pro 16th Nat cont IC engines combustion Jadavpur Univ.

Abstract: Front axle is one of the most critical aggregate of the Tractor. It is critical from the Design standpoint since it endures the most severe load condition in the Tractor. The objective of the study is to analyze the design of the axle housing bolted joint of the front axle for service load conditions. During the redesign the axle housing the bolted joint has been changed therefore we need to analyze the bolted of the axle housing. Improvement of the joint of the axle is a major area to address the large failure rate of the sealing in the paddy land application. The bolted joint connections require proper attention and detailed analysis at the design stage for a fail safe operation in service. The various Empirical formulas are used for design and analysis of bolted joint.

Keywords: Axle housing,Bolted joint, Tensileload, Slip factor or Coefficient of friction.

[1] Optimizing Bolted Joint Geometry for Fatigue Resistance by Integrated Systems Research

[2] Finite Element Based Member Stiffness Evaluation of Axisymmetric Bolted Joints by Raju Sethuraman and T. Sasi Kumar

[3] Development of a Numerical Technique for the Static Analysis of Bolted Joints by the FEM by D. Valladares, M.Carrera, L. Castejon, C. Martin

[4] Design of Machine Elements by V.B Bhandari.

[5] Mechanical Engineering Design, 4th Edition, Shigley and Mitchell, McGraw Hill

Abstract: Front fender design of three wheeler vehicle is very important with the focus on an improvement aspect in the automotive industry. The goals are to increase the performance and to find the solution to reduce the cost of the fender hence able to reduce the production cost. The costs of the fender is high because of the amount of material used. In this paper Finite element models of the front fender of three wheeler vehicle were analyzed, using linear and nonlinear finite element analyses in CAE software. Experimental and analysis stress were compared to evaluate the validity of the FEA approaches. Stress results were found to have a 7% error which is well within a 10% reasonable value. The hand calculations showed a 36% error which was attributed to the simplifications and assumptions made to make the calculations possible as well as the geometry complexity. In this study, multi-stage topology and free-size optimization of front fender structure have been performed using Optistruct by Altair engineering, used to design a lightweight front fender when subjected to service loads. An existing commercially available front fender mudguard serves as the reference design space. The objective function for topology optimization is used during the development stage to determine placement of supporting ribs in fender component and confirm material reduction of an existing feasible design space. Element level free-size optimization is used to determine optimal material distribution by variable shell thickness optimization. Functional requirements validation is performed using nonlinear finite element stress and stiffness design checks. An overall reduction in weight of 1.04% is achieved over a reference commercially available front fender component.

Keywords: Fender, Strain Gauges, Strain Indicator, CAD Modeling, CAE-Computer Aided Engineering, Hyper Mesh, Topology & Free-Size Optimization, Optistruct.

[1]. Rafat Ali, "Finite Element Study of a Composite Material Sump Pan of an I.C. Engine", SAE Paper No.950942, 1995.
[2]. Basil Housari, Lian X. Yang, "Experimental Techniques for Strain Measurement and
[3]. Validation of CAE Model", SAE Paper No.2005-01-0587, 2005.
[4]. Muniyasamy K., Govindrajan R., Jayram N., Ravi kharul, "Vibration Fatigue Analysis of Motorcycle Front Fender" , SAE Paper No.2005-
[5]. 32-0030, 2005.
[6]. K. Bel Knani, P. Bologna, E. Duni, G.Villari, G.Armando, M Tortone, M Leghissa, S Borone," CAE Methodologies for Virtual Prototyping

Abstract: Accurate knowledge of droplet size characteristics of a given sprinkler will aid selection for design of sprinkler irrigation systems. In this paper, the droplet size distribution characteristics of the new type complete fluidic sprinkler have been experimentally determined using a Thiess Clima Laser precipitation monitor under in door conditions. The experimental data were accessed using the RS 48/422 interface of the Laser precipitation monitor. Droplet diameter measurements were performed for three manufacturers recommended operating pressure conditions. Comparisons of the percentage of droplets at the three different operating conditions are presented. The cumulative numeric frequency and cumulative volumetric frequency curves indicate that about 50% of the droplets had diameter less 0.5mm and 50% of the water volume consisted of droplets with diameter less than 2mm at most distances. The results are similar to those obtained by earlier researchers who used different sprinkler-types and droplet size measurement methods and hence proves the validity of the measurements.

Keywords: Droplet size, Characterization, Wall attachment Fluidic Sprinkler, Laser precipitation monitoring

[1] Bernuth, R.D. von; Gilley, J.R. (1984). Sprinkler droplet size distribution estimation from single leg test data. Transactions of the ASAE, 27, 1435-1441.
[2] Bradley A. K., Troy W. W., David L. B. (2013). Comparison of Sprinkler Droplet Size and Velocity Measurements using a Laser Precipitation Meter and Photographic Method. The American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Paper number 131594348.
[3] Chi D. (2010). Irrigation and Drainage. Chapter 3 Irrigation Techniques. 41-65. ISBN 978-7-5084-7279-9.
[4] Dadio C., Wallender W. (1985). Droplet size distribution and water application with low-pressure sprinkler. Transactions of the ASAE, 28, 511-516.
[5] Derrel L. M., Dennis C. K., et al. (2007). Chapter 16: Design and Operation of sprinkler systems in Design and Operation of Farm Irrigation Systems, 2nd Edition

Abstract: ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) comprises of a commercial software package that promises the seamless integration of all the information flowing through the company–financial, accounting, human resources, supply chain and customer information. Research on the implementation of ERP in particular region like India shows that, the job of implementing an ERP is a riskier business for SMEs than for LEs, still SMEs have been receiving lesser focus on ERP from researchers than LEs. Most of the researches to be done on critical success factors CSFs. Many companies in India have implemented ERP to capture its benefits and still there is a lack of examining Critical Factors that contribute in the failure of ERP implementation at Indian SMEs. In this dissertation Qualitative survey based method was used to explore "what are the possible critical failure factors" that contribute in the failure of ERP implementation at India SMEs. A questionnaire is used to collect the data from personal observations and interviews with people those who are having experience of ERP implementation in Indian SMEs. In this study, it was found that an ERP implementation at Indian SMEs is not exactly same from the ERP implementations found in the existing literature for the worldwide LEs. When discussing the critical failure factors for an ERP implementation at Indian SMEs, it was found that although the factors are more or less same but the importance of factors in term of their priorities (importance) are defiantly different from the ERP implementation of LEs.

Keywords: ERP, Critical Failure Factors, Manufacturing industries, SMEs.

[1]. Abdelghaffar Han et al. (2010), "Significant Factors Influencing ERP Implementation in Large Organizations: Evidence from Egypt". European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems.
[2]. Bhatti T R (2005), "Critical Failure Factors for the Implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): Empirical Validation", The Second International Conference on Innovation in Information Technology (IIT‟05).
[3]. Chou Shih-Wei et. al.," The implementation factors that influence the ERP (enterprise resource planning) benefits", Decision Support Systems 46 (2000) 149–157.
[4]. Davenport, T.H. and Brooks, J.D. (2004), "Enterprise systems and the supply chain", Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 8-19.
[5]. Eric T.G. Wang, Sheng-Pao Shih, James J. Jiang, Gary Klein, "The consistency among facilitating factors and ERP implementation success: A holistic view of fit." The Journal of Systems and Software 81 (2008) 1609–1621.

Abstract: In the present work, the ballistic performance of monolithic, in-contact and spaced type layered configurations of aluminium 1100 plates impacted by hemispherical-nosed projectiles was investigated. Numerical simulations were carried out to study the failure modes and ballistic performance of Al 1100 targets subjected to normal and oblique impact (00,150 and 300) of hemispherical-nosed projectiles. The explicit Autodyn FEM code was employed to carry out the numerical simulations. A study has been undertaken to assess the effect of element size and its aspect ratio in numerical simulations. The ballistic performance of monolithic target was found to be better at higher velocities than in-contact type target plates. The ballistic resistance of spaced type targets was observed to be less due to small contact force between layers. The reduction of spacing from 5mm to 1mm between the layers improved the ballistic resistance substantially due to large interaction force. It was concluded that obliquity effect in this study had significant influence on the response of target. At each angle of impact the ballistic resistance of monolithic target was found slightly better than that of other configurations.The variation in the deformation of target plates with radial distance from the center of the plate is also presented. At each radial distance of from the center of the plate for in-contact target plates, the deformation of target was found to be higher as compared to spaced target plates.

Keywords: Al 1100; Layered Plates; Numerical Simulation; Perforation.

[ 1] Borvik T, Clausen A H, Eriksson M, Berstad T, Hopperstad O S, Langseth M.Experimental and numerical study on the perforation of AA6005-T6 panels. Int J of Impact Eng 2005; 32:35-64.
[ 2] Gupta NK, Iqbal MA, Sekhon GS. Effect of projectile nose shape, impact velocity and target thickness on the deformation behaviour of layered plates. Int J Impact Eng 2008; 35:37–60.
[ 3] Bovik T, Hopperstad OS, Berstad T, Langseth M. Perforation of 12mm thick steel plates by 20mm diameter projectiles with flat, hemispherical and conical noses. Part II: numerical simulations. International Journal of Impact Engineering 2002;27(1):37-64.
[ 4] Dey S, Bovik T,Teng X, Wierzbicki T, Hopperstad OS. On the ballistic resistance of double-layered steel plates: an experimental and numerical investigation. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2007; 44:6701-23.
[ 5] Borvik T, Langseth M, Hopperstad O S, Malo K A. Perforation of 12mm thick steel plates by 20mm diameter projectiles with flat, hemispherical and conical noses Part I: Experimental study. Int J Impact Eng. 2002; 27: 19-35.