iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-Aug 2014

Abstract: For development of irrigated agriculture in the Tapi basin, Ukai-Kakrapar Scheme, one of the biggest irrigation scheme in Gujarat, was taken up by the Government of Gujarat. Tapi is one of the largest rivers in central India which flows west-ward and discharges into the Arabian Sea. The present project work has been taken to study problems in existing unlined Kakrapar right bank canal of Kakrapar project. Kakrapar weir is located on river Tapi in village Kakrapar of Mandvi taluka of Surat district. As increased in demand-of food and fodder, demand of water for irrigation is also increasing In unlined canal high velocity cause erosion and heavy seepage loss leads to water logging problems in surrounding area. These problems can be solved by canal lining. Both these reasons have reduced the availability of water to the farmers. With modernization of canal one has to take into consideration the existing cross drainage or regulating structures on existing canal has also to be redesigned. Detail economic analysis is also done giving effective measures to reduce the cost. Thus to improve the efficiency of the canal network, modernizing existing canals has become need of the hour.

Keywords: canal lining ,modernization, Tapi basin, weir.

[1]. David C. ROGERS; Teaching canal hydraulics and control using a computer game or a scale model canal; hal-00468553-31. (2010)
[2]. [2] Garg S.K, Irrigation And hydraulic structure by Khanna Publishers. (2006)
[3]. Indian standard Code IS 10430-2000 : Criteria foe Design of lined canals and Guidance for selection of type of lining.
[4]. Indian standard Code IS 3873-2002: Laying cement concrete lining on canals
[5]. Indian standard Code IS 9698-1995: Lining of canals with polyethylene film.

Abstract: In this research, sisal fiber as the major reinforcement and rice husk as an additional fiber to improve the mechanical property of polymer composite with resin ECMALON 4413 as the base material prepared by hand layup process according to ASTM standards. Test specimens are prepared with different % weight of sisal fiber and a small percentage of rice husks are added and tests were conducted. Thus, improvement in mechanical properties of the hybrid composite material is observed. With the SEM analysis the conclusion of the project is made for compatibility of sisal and rice husk with Resin ECMALON 4413 and the interfacial bonding between matrix and reinforcement is observed.

Keywords: Resin ECMALON 4413, Rice Husk, Sisal, Tensile strength, Flexural strength and Hardness.

[1]. K. Hardinnawirda and I. SitiRabiatull Aisha, effect of rice husks as filler in polymer matrix composites, Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, e-ISSN: 2231-8380; Volume 2, pp. 181-186, June 2012, ©FKM, University Malaysia Pahang.
[2]. D. Verma1, P.C. Gope, A. Shandilya1, A. Gupta1, and M.K. Maheshwari, Coir Fibre Reinforcement and Application in Polymer Composites: A Review, J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 4 (2) (2013) 263-276, ISSN: 2028-2508 CODEN: JMESCN.
[3]. Vasanta V Cholachagudda 1, Udayakumar P A 2, Ramalingaiah 3, mechanical characterisation of coir and rice husk reinforced hybrid polymer composite, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2013 Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 3779.
[4]. K. hardinnawirda and I. sitirabiatull aisha, effect of rice husks as filler in polymer matrix composites, journal of mechanical engineering and sciences (jmes) e-issn: 2231-8380; volume 2, pp. 181-186, June 2012 ©fkm, universiti malaysia Pahang.
[5]. Dr. Navdeep Malhotra1, Khalid Sheikh2 and Dr. Sona Rani3, a review on mechanical characterization of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, Review Article, Journal of Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN0976-7916, JERS/Vol.III/ Issue I/January-March, 2012/75-80.

Abstract: Subsonic aircraft is used as business jets and commercial airplanes. The wings are usually straight or with low sweep angle. The main group of materials used in aircraft construction has been wood, steel, aluminum alloys and more recently, titanium alloys and fiber reinforced composites. Several factors influence the selection of material of which strength allied to lightness is the most important. Composite materials are well known for their excellent combination of high structural stiffness and low weight.CFC is seen to have a modulus twice &strength three times that of aluminum alloy, the conventional material used in aircraft construction. In the present work the aircraft wing components skin is analyzed considering both isotropic and composite materials. The parametric study conducted using MSc Nastran finite element package. From the studies conducted regarding the weight reduction, it is estimated that replacement of Al. alloy by CFC results in 52.96% saving in the total structural weight of the aircraft wing.

Keywords: CFC, Finite Element Model, ply orientation, Skin, Static Analysis, Subsonic wing.

[1] Numerical Analysis Of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Aircraft wing by "SanyaMariaGomez"

[2] Air frame structural design by " MICHAELCHUN-YUNG NIU"

[3] Topology Optimization of Aircraft Fuselage Structure by " MuniyasamyK alanchiam and BaskarMannai"

[4] Finite Element Analysis of aircraft wing using composite structure by "Dr.R.Rajappan,V.Pugazhenthi"

[5] Finite Element ModellingAnd Analysis Of Skin Panel Based On The Fiber Orientation And Stacking Sequence by " Dr.R.Rajappan,Dr.S.Sundararaj and V.Pugazhenthi"

[6] Hybrid Wing-Body Pressurized Fuselage and Bulkhead,Design and Optimization by " VivekMukhopadhyay"

Abstract: Manufacturing industries are trying to minimize the Total cost of machining in order to get profit. There are many techniques used to minimize the Total cost of machining using different optimization techniques. The present work has been carried out to optimize the Total cost of Machining numerically and to the find the optimum cutting parameters responsible for minimum Total cost of manufacturing. A generalized program has been developed to find the Total cost among the given process variables using different set of combination of process variable. The total cost is estimated using Numerical Approach and optimum parameters are obtained and the step turning operation carried out on mild steel is checked for surface finish by using surface roughness tester and validated based upon the surface roughness values. Taguchi technique has been employed to determine signal to noise ratio which forms an integral part of validation process of this project.

Keywords: Numerical approach, Total cost, Taguchi,

[1]. P Subhash, Chandra Bose & C S P Rao , Evaluation of optimum cutting parameters in Turning of NIMONIC 75 using RSM,NIT Warangal, India,2013.
[2]. Mahendra Korat & Neeraj Agarwal, optimization of different Machining Parameters of EN 8 steel In CNC Turning by Use of Taguchi Method, L.N.C.T Bhopal, India, 2012.
[3]. D.S. Ermer, optimization of constrained machining economics problem by geometric programming, 2010.
[4]. Y.C.Shin, Y.S.Joo, optimization of machining conditions with practical constraints, 2007.
[5]. Doriana M.DAddona et al, Genetic algorithm-b based optimization of cutting parameters in turning processes

Abstract: In the present scenario the S.I. engines being used in automotives by various manufactures are not properly suitable to out climatic condition. As our country is among tropical countries where the variation in the temperature is having very vast range i. e. from 0ºC to 48ºC in various regions of the country. Looking in to this vast varying temperature range it is very difficult to say that which temperature is most suited to operating condition of engines and gives us best performance level as for as SFC and brake power is concerned. In my work I have tried to investigate the best option to run the S.I. engine and simultaneously to maintain the emission norms. Petrol reserves are getting exhausted and it is recommended to find the alternate solution to it. In the present work the potential of methanol is being explored to serve as alternate fuel. This work is carried out with the use of petrol and methanol on a three cylinder, four stroke, petrol Maruti 800 engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer for loading was adopted to study engine power, fuel economy, engine exhaust emissions of hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen in the exhaust. The performance results that are reported include brake power and specific fuel consumption (SFC) as a function of engine coolant temperature; i.e. 50ºC, 60ºC, 70ºC and 80ºC with varying engine speed of 1500, 2000, 2500, rpm. Today research and development in the field of gasoline engines have to face a double challenge: on the one hand, fuel consumption has to be reduced, while on the other hand, ever more stringent emission standards have to be fulfilled. The development of engines with its complexity of in-cylinder processes requires modern development tools to exploit the full potential in order to reduce fuel consumption. There are many strategies for improving fuel economy and reducing exhaust emission. Hydrocarbon emission (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). And finally it is concluded that no remarkable difference is recorded. With use of methanol instead of petrol the variation is marginal and can be attributed to the cycle temp and combustion efficiency. Thus methano l is recommended for use as an alternative fuel for petrol engine in coming future.

Key words: Petrol engine, methanol, C.I. engine, SFC And engine speed.

[1]. Dr.S.L.Barsley," Analysis of internal combustion engine heat transfer rate," IJMET, Vol 3 issue 2(2006), pp. 447-452.
[2]. J.Homstelar,"Heat Transfer in internal combustion Engine," springs, (2008), pp. 963-975.
[3]. Aina T ,Folayan,"influence of engine parameter on performance characterstics of spark ignition engine", Pelagia research (2008) pp 1915-1922.
[4]. P.Ravikumar, A.Swarna Kumari," Experimental investigation of IC engine with alternative fuels", IJAET, 2(1), (2009), pp. 54-58.
[5]. M. M. Kumar Kandasamy, ,"Investigation of the effect of temperature variation on the performance of IC engine ," J.of Sustainable development, (2009) 2(3),pp 176-182

Abstract: To investigate the response of E-glass/epoxy laminated plates subjected to low velocity impact loading. using nonlinear explicit finite element software LS-DYNA. The samples used for this study was 8 plies laminated symmetric composites. These composites were characterized by three different stacking sequences [0/90]2s, [-30/30]2s, [ 45/45]2s. Different parameter are considered here such as by varying the velocity, orientation, boundary conditions etc. And the obtained results are compared against the experimental results. Comparisons is made of finite element results to the experimental data obtained from the literature where the contact force versus time graphs are obtained. Results indicate that the general shapes of the force versus time curve histories are co-relate well with the experimental test data results. Thus this analysis work demonstrates the accuracy and effectiveness of finite element simulation of low velocity impact test on laminated composite plate with LS-DYNA and predicting good simulation results with published journals for various parameters.

Keywords: Finite element analysis, Composite plates, Impact, Contact force, Ls Dyna

[1]. Ceyla AKIN , Mehmet ŞENEL An Experimental Study Of Low Velocity Impact Response For Composite Laminated Plates Issn - 1302 30556.
[2]. Mi-Sun Rim, Eun-Ho Kim, In Lee ,2011 Low-Velocity Impact Characteristics Of Composite Plates With Shape Memory Alloy Wires, Journal Of Theoretical And Applied Mechanics 49, 3, Pp. 841-857, Warsaw 2011
[3]. R. Tiberkak a, M. Bachene b, S. Rechak c,*, B. Necib, 2007 Damage prediction in composite plates subjected
[4]. to low velocity impact, elsevier Composite Structures 83 (2008) 73–82
[5]. Hosur.M.V, "Studies on the low-velocity impact resip/;ponse of woven hybrid composites" Composite Structures 67 (2005) 253–262
[6]. Ik Hyeon Choi, "Low-velocity impact analysis of composite laminates using linearized contact law" Composite Structures 66 (2004) 125–132

Abstract: The disc brake is a device for slowing or stopping the rotation of a wheel. Friction causes the disc and attached wheel to slow or stop. Brakes convert friction to heat, but if the brakes get too hot, they will cease to work because they cannot dissipate enough heat. Disc brakes are exposed to large thermal stresses during routine braking. The main cause of this paper is to minimize the thermal stresses with best suited material, best suited design & give optimized result. This paper studies about the model of a disc brake used in TATA SUMO N/M, 207 DI, 207EX –Wheeler; data has been given by R.M.ENGG, RAJKOT;GUJRAT. Analysis is also done by changing the design of disc brake. Actual disc brake has no holes; design is changed by giving holes in the disc brake for more heat dissipation. In this paper, the author has investigated on ventilated and solid disc brake rotor of normal passenger vehicle. The work considers heat and temperature distribution on disc brake rotor. Modeling is done in Pro/E (3D-Modelling-software) and Analysis is done in ANSYS (finite element analysis-software). Thermal and Structural analysis is done on the disc brake. The materials used are Stainless Steel & Gray cast Iron. Both results have been compared for better justification. Thus, both results provide better understanding on the thermal characteristic of disc brake rotor and assist the automotive industry in developing optimum and effective disc brake rotor.

Keywords: ANSYS, Disc Brake, Structural analysis, Thermal analysis, Thermal stresses.

[1]. LIN , J. -Y. AND CHEN, H. -T. Radial, Axis- symmetric Transient Heat,Conduction in Composite-Hollow Cylinders with the Variable Thermal-Conductivity, vol. 10, page 2- 33, (1992).
[2]. CHO, M. H.; KIM, S. J.; BASCHK R. H.; FASHK J. W.;JANG, H. Tribological study of gray cast iron with automotive brake linings: the effect of rotor microstructure.Tribology International, v. 36, p. 537-545, (2003).
[3]. FLOQUET, A. AND DUBOURG, M.-C. Non axis symmetric effects for three dimensional Analyses of a Brake, ASME J. Tribology, vol. 116, page 401-407, (1994).
[4]. ANDERSON, A. E. AND KNAPP, R. A. Hot-Spot in Automotive Friction System Wear, vol. 135, page 319-337, (1990).
[5]. BARBER, J. R. Stability in Thermo-elastic Contact, Proc. International Conference in Tribology, Institute in Mechanical Engineer, page. 981-986, (1987).

Abstract: Natural fibers have been investigated for use in polymers including flax, hemp, jute, sisal and banana. Recently there has been a greater leaning towards natural fiber reinforced polymers composites because these are environmental friendly and cost effective to synthetic fiber reinforced composites. In this work hand lay-up process is used to fabricate Jute- glass fiber reinforced polyester composites. Specimen preparation and testing was carried out as per ASTM standards. Composites were prepared using Jute - glass fibers of 50/50, 40/60 and 30/70 Weight fraction ratios and mechanical properties like tensile, impact and flexural strength of Jute - glass fiber reinforced polyester were evaluated. The results shows that tensile strength and impact Strength of 50% Jute-50% glass fiber composition is found to be better than the other two compositions and the flexural strength of 40% Jute-60% glass fiber composition is found to be better than the remaining two compositions.

Keywords: Jute, glass fiber, Polyester, Hand Lay-up, Mechanical properties

[1] M.Ramesh, Palanikumar K, Hemachandra Reddy K, Mechanical Property evaluation of sisal-jute-glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites, Composites Part B,vol48 pp.1-9, 2012.

[2] SairaTaj, Munawar Ali Munawar, Shafiullah Khan, Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites, Received April 2006, accepted March 2007.

[3] Velmurugan R, Manikandan V, Mechanical properties of palmyra/glass fiber hybrid composites, Composites Part a 2007; 38(10):2216–26.

[4] M. Boopalan, M. Niranjana, M.J. Umapathy, Study on the mechanical properties and thermal properties of jute and banana fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites, Composites: Part B 51 (2013) 54–57.

[5] Harish, S, D. Peter Michael, A. Bensely, D. Mohan Lal, A. Rajadurai, Mechanical property evaluation of natural fiber coir composite, Materials characterization, vol60, pp.44-49, 2009.

Abstract: This paper presents an assessment of the challenges faced and lessons learned during the transfer from the laboratory development to mass production for field implementation of High-strength Self-consolidated Lightweight Concrete (HSSCLWC).The evaluation included mechanical properties, workability, Rapid Chloride Penetration testing, and Scanning Electron Microscope images. Due to the difference in material performance depicted by the difference in microstructural features and durability aspects, structural performance of elements casted will not necessarily follow predicted behavior although they have the same compressive strength. Moreover, although the λ factor is introduced to realize the reduction of tensile properties of lightweight concrete compared to normal weight concrete, it was found that due to the difference in handling and mix preparation, the λ factorbecomes more inexact at capturing actual performance.

Keywords: Self-consolidating concrete, SCC, Lightweight aggregate, Field Implementation

[1]. F. S. Barbosa, M. C. R. Farage, A.-L. Beaucour, and S. Ortola, Evaluation of aggregate gradation in lightweight concrete via image processing, Construction and Building Materials,29(4), 2012, 7–11.
[2]. N. U. Kockal and T. Ozturan, Effects of lightweight fly ash aggregate properties on the behavior of lightweight concretes, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 179(1-3), 2010, 954–965.
[3]. R. Polat, R. Demirboğa, M. B. Karakoç, and İ. Türkmen, The influence of lightweight aggregate on the physico-mechanical properties of concrete exposed to freeze–thaw cycles, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 60(1),2010,51-56.
[4]. H. Y. Wang, Study on durability of densified high-performance lightweight aggregate concrete, Computers and Concrete, 4(6), 2007, 499-510.
[5]. H. Y. Wang, Durability of self-consolidating lightweight aggregate concrete using dredged silt, Construction and Building Materials, 23(6),2009, 2332–2337

Abstract: Critical stresses responsible for static failure of tire sidewalls were predicted using MATLAB PDE Toolbox.A model ofthe tire sidewall was developed using the PDE toolbox GUI draw tool and the parameters characterizing the linear isotropic elastic behaviour of rubber vulcanizates were established. The study was developed on maximum inflation pressure of 0.2206MPa and results obtained from the study indicates that the tire material developed from Natural Rubber/Rubber Seed oil modified kaolin composite are acceptable under static analysis with critical stress values of 5-25MPa obtained around the tire sidewall which are higher than the applied maximum inflation pressure. The maximum shear stress obtained is 15MPa at the periphery of the sidewall while the values obtain within the sidewalls ranges from -10 to 10MPa. The 2D FE model computations for static loading of the tire gave reasonably good prediction of the critical stresses responsible for failure and proved that the new tire material developed to be functional for tire sidewall applications.

Keywords: Finite Element Analysis, Kaolin, MATLAB, Natural Rubber, Stress, Tire

[1]. N. Korunović , M. Trajanović, M., Stojković. "FEA of tyres subjected to static loading", Journal of the Serbian Society for Computational Mechanics, Vol. 1 , No. 1, 2007.
[2]. G.R. Potts, 'The Tire as a Vehicle Component', A Course Presented by the Department of Textiles at UMIST and University of Acron, 1979.
[3]. R.A. Ridha, M. Theves, "Advances in Tire Mechanics", Rapra Rewiew Report, Vol. 7, No. 5, RAPRA Technology ltd., 1994.
[4]. C. Lee, J. Kim, J. Hallquist, Y. Zhang, et al. "Validation of a FEA Tire Model for Vehicle Dynamic Analysis and Full Vehicle Real Time Proving Ground Simulations," SAE Technical Paper 971100, 1997.
[5]. G. Tiberiu, C. Florina,P. Cristina, "Static and Transient Analysis of Radial Tires Using ANSYS", Recent Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Technologies, no date.