iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2014

Abstract: In this paper fracture toughness (kIC) of Al7075 T6 alloy has been determined by using circumferentially cracked round bar (CCRB) specimen having three notch angles (α) namely 450,600,750 respectively. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect notch angle on the fracture toughness of the Al7075 T6 alloy. The obtained fracture toughness results for different notch are compared with ASTM standards. The result shows that the notch angle has significant effect on the value of fracture toughness (KIC).

Keywords: Al7075 T6 alloy, CCRB specimen, Fracture toughness, notched specimen.

[1]. S.K. Nath and Uttam Kr Das: Effect of microstructure and notches on the fracture toughness of medium carbon steel, Journal of Novel Architecture and Marine Engineering June,2006.
[2]. Anon: ASTM Designation E399, Standard Test Method for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials in Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Part 3, American Society for Testing and Materials,Philadelphia, PA, 1988, pp. 680-715.
[3]. S. Kang and N.J. Grant: Notch Tensile Testing as a Measure of the Toughness of Aluminum Alloys, Mat. Sci. Eng., 1985, 72, pp. 155-62.
[4]. K. Kobayashi, H. Imada, and T. Majima: Nucleation and Growth ofCreep Voids in Circumferentially Notched Specimens," JSME Int.J.A.-Solid M., 1998, 41, pp. 218-24.

Abstract: Man's desire for pollution free atmosphere needs control of air pollution and noise pollution. The principal sources of noise in automotive engines are intake noise, radiator noise, combustion noise, exhaust noise, etc. Out of these, exhaust noise is predominant and it is to be controlled. Noise pollution affects human beings physiologically and psychologically. Prediction of un-muffled and muffled noise from internal combustion engines requires knowledge of the acoustic attenuation performance of the muffling system along with the engine noise source characteristics. So the muffler is a part of the exhaust system on an automobile that plays a vital role. The objective of this study is reviewing the literature and deciding the muffler design which one reduces a large amount of noise level and back pressure of the engine. In this paper, reactive, conventional, resistant muffler are discussed. By changing the design parameter of the muffler the noise level will be reduced.

Keywords: Noise control ,Muffler ,FEA ,CFD ,Acoustic ,Convective flow effects, Review.

[1]. A.K.M. Mohumuddin, Mohd Rashidin Ideres And Shukari Mohad Hashim, "‟ExperimentalStudyOfNoiseAnd Back Pressure For Silencer Design Characteristics‟, Journal Of Applied Science5 (7):1292-1298,2005 Issn 1812-5654.
[2]. Chandrashekhar Bhat, S S Sharma, Jagannath K, N S Mohan, Sathisha S G, "" Design And Analysis Of A Expansion Chamber Mufflers‟‟. World Journal Of Engineering, Volume 7, Supplement 3, 2010, Issn: 1708-5284.
[3]. Wang Jie And Dong-Peng Vue. The Modal Analysis Of Automotive Exhaust Muffler Based On Prole And Ansys. 20io 3rd International Conference On Advanced Computer Theory And Engineering (Icacte). 2010 Ieee.
[4]. Mehmet Avcu, Şadi Kopuz And Mehmet Teke." Diesel Engine Exhaust System Design Journal Of Naval Science And Engineering 2010, Vol. 6, No.1, Pp. 39-58.
[5]. Ying Li Shao. A Study On Exhaust Muffler Using A Mixture Of Counter Phase Counteract And Split-GasRushing. © 2011 Published By Elsevier Ltd. Selection And/Or Peer-Review Under Responsibility Of [Ceis 2011].
[6]. Shi Wu, Dongkai Jia, Yuntong Jia, Ke Wu. Structural Design And Testing Study Of Truck Muffler. 2011 International Conference On Electronic &Mechanical Engineering And Information Technology ©2011 Ie.

Abstract: Nonlinear static procedures are finding widespread use in performance based seismic design since it provides practitioners a relatively simple approach to estimate inelastic structural response measures. However, conventional Nonlinear static procedures using lateral load patterns recommended in FEMA-356 do not adequately represent the effects of varying dynamic characteristics during the inelastic response or the influence of higher modes. To overcome these drawbacks, some improved procedures have recently been proposed by several researchers. A method of modal combinations that implicitly accounts for higher mode effects is investigated in this paper. Modal pushover analysis method is based on invariant force distributions formed from the factored combination of independent modal contributions. The performance of Modal Pushover Analysis (MPA) in predicting the inelastic seismic response of multi-span concrete bridge is investigated. The bridge is subjected to lateral forces distributed proportionally over the span of the bridge in accordance to the product of mass and displaced shape. The bridge is pushed up to the target displacement determined from the peak displacement of the nth mode inelastic Single Degree of Freedom System.

Keywords: Modal pushover target displacement Nonlinear static single degree freedom system.

[1]. Chopra, A.K. And Goel, R.K. (2004) "A Modal Pushover Analysis Procedure To Estimate Seismic Demands For Unsymmetric-Plan Buildings". Earthquake Engineering And Structural Dynamics. 33, Pp. 903-927.
[2]. Kappos A. J., Paraskeva T. S. , Sextos A. G., " Modal Pushover Analysis As A Means For The Seismic Assessment Of Bridge Structure.", 4th European Workshop On The Seismic Behavior Of Irregular Complex Structure, Thessaloniki, Greece, Paper No. 49.
[3]. Muljati Ima, Warnitchai Pennung (2007)"A Modal Pushover Analysis On Multi-Span Concrete Bridges To Estimate Inelastic Seismic Responses", Civil Engineering Dimension, Vol. 9, No. 1, Pp. 33–41, March 2007.
[4]. Benjamin L., Ima M And Hartanto W. (2007), "Performance Of Modal Pushover Analysis On A First Mode Dominant Moment Resisting Frame", Group Of Structure And Construction.
[5]. Chopra, A.K., Goel, R.K. And Chintanapakdee C. (2004). "Evaluation Of A Modified Mpa Procedure Assuming Higher Modes As Elastic To Estimate Seismic Demands". Earthquake Spectra. 20(3),Pp. 757-778.

Abstract: Environmental preservation consciousness has become the theme of engineering industry. Therefore manufacturing of an engineering product must include the emissions, which emitted during the process right from 'cradle to grave'. These emissions, which are detrimental to the air, to the water and to the soil must be considered. Hence a concept of development of 'greener product' using 'greener processes' has become a popular among the manufacturer. Hence these emissions so emitted during the processes must be pre-calculated and if possible should be controlled during various stages of life cycle of the engineering product, such as raw material acquisition, manufacturing, assembly, transportation, usages to its final disposal.

[1]. Mark Goedkoop And Renilde Spriensma, Pre Product Consultant B.V., "The Eco-Indicator 99, Damage Oriented Method For Life Cycle Assessment‟, Methodological Report, Amersfroot, June, 2001.
[2]. Roger Bacon Drive Reston, Mary Ann Curran, "Life Cycle Assessment: Principles And Practice‟, Scientific Applications International Corporation (SAIC), National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office Of Research And Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, EPA/600/R-06/060 May 2006.
[3]. Dean M. Menke Gary A. Davis, Bruce W. Vigon, Battelle, Evaluation Of Life-Cycle Assessment Tools, Strategic Environmental Management, The University Of Tennessee, Center For Clean Products And Clean Technologies August 30, 1996.
[4]. Roger Bacon Drive Reston, Mary Ann Curran, "Framework For Responsible Environmental Decision-Making (FRED): Using Life Cycle Assessment To Evaluate Preferability Of Products‟, Scientific Applications International Corporation (SAIC), National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office Of Research And Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, EPA/600/R-00/095 October 2000.

Abstract: Idle emissions of unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), CO, CO2, NOx, particulate matter (PM) and noise measured from multi-cylinder direct injection diesel-fueled engine. The purpose was to evaluate the hazards collateral to operating the engine at idle speed for long periods. Experiments were conducted at various speeds (900, 1000, 1200 and 1500 rpm) and for 20 min period. The measurements obtained each 5 min. The results indicate that increasing idle time increased CO, HC, NOx, PM, and noise, at the same time reduced CO2 concentration. Increasing idle time deteriorated combustion causing lower CO2 while the other emissions increased profoundly. Increasing idle speed improved the combustion and reduced CO, HC, PM and noise while increased CO2 and NOx.

Keywords: Engine idling, idle time, NOx, PM, HC, CO, noise. .

[1]. Downing K & Matthews S, Improving Truck Efficiency and Reducing Idling Submitted to: House Interim Committee on Environment and Water, October 1, 2010.
[2]. Khan A S, Clark N N, Thompson G J, Wayne W S, Gautam M, Lyons D W and Hawelti D, Idle Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles: Review and recent Data, J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., vol. 56, pp: 1404–141, 2006.
[3]. National Academy of Sciences (NAS), Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Washington D.C., The National Academies Press, 2010.
[4]. Denning C and Kustin C, The Good Haul: Innovations that Improve Freight Transportation and Improve the Environment, Environmental Defense Fund, New York, NY 2010.
[5]. Cooper C, Kamakaté F, Reinhart T, Kromer M and Wilson R, Reducing Heavy-Duty Long Haul Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions, Northeast States Center for a Clean Air Future, October 2009.
[6]. Rocky Mountain Institute, Transformational Trucking Initiative Report, 2009.

Abstract: The Spiral casing usually consists of a trapezoidal cross section made of concrete. The effects of the pairs on the distribution of velocity and pressure in the spiral case, outlet angle and hydraulic loss of the spiral case are studied. The design of the spiral case has important position in the design of turbine .The design have direct effects on turbine performance. The purpose of this research subjects is numerical analysis of flow field within the spiral case is a main tool to optimize the spiral case .Based on the Reynolds-average N-S equations and the non-structural grid, CFD analysis of three –dimensional flow through a semi –spiral case is presented in this paper. A complete optimization of hydraulic design content mainly four parts, the process of initial hydraulic design, flow field analysis, performance prediction and optimization design. Basic equation Spiral flow can be described by Navier-stock equation; calculation of water head at 15.8m, 1050m3/s discharge import and export of the spiral case were given flow as a boundary condition. , for this research Ds is 11.5m. This paper aims to study how the flow behaves in spiral case of Kaplan turbine in order to achieve hydraulic loss. Keywords: Hydropower, Kaplan Turbine, Spiral case of Kaplan Turbine.

[1]. Vekue T, An experimental investigation of draft tube flow, doctoral diss, University of Science and technology, Trondheim Norway, Norway. 2004 July
[2]. Schleiss A.J, Hydroelectric power plants, General layout of Schemes. Postgraduate studies in Hydraulic Schemes , LCM,EPFL,2004,128-132

Abstract: In the Present paper effect of angle of incidence on Damping derivative of a delta wing with Curved leading edges(for a half sine wave) for attached shock case in Supersonic Flow has been studied. A Strip theory is used in which strips at different span wise location are independent of each other. This combines with similitude to give a piston theory which gives closed form solutions for damping derivatives at low to high supersonic Mach numbers. From the results it is seen that with the increase in the Mach number, there is a progressive decrease in the magnitude of damping derivatives for all the Mach numbers of the present studies; however, the decrease in the magnitude is variable at different inertia level. It is seen that with the increase in the angle of attack the damping derivative increases linearly, nevertheless, this linear behavior limit themselves for different Mach numbers. For Mach number M = 2, this limiting value of validity is fifteen degrees, for Mach 2.5 & 3, it is twenty five degrees, whereas, for Mach 3.5 & 4 it becomes thirty five degrees, when these stability derivatives were considered at various pivot positions; namely at h = 0.0, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0. After scanning the results it is observed that with the shift of the pivot position from the leading edge to the trailing edge, the magnitude of the damping derivatives continue to decrease throughout. Results have been obtained for supersonic flow of perfect gases over a wide range of angle of attack and Mach number. The effect of real gas, leading edge bluntness of the wing, shock motion, and secondary wave reflections are neglected.

Keywords: angle of attack, delta wing, Supersonic flow, pitching derivatives, Piston theory.

[1]. Pike. J, "The pressure on flat and anhydral delta wings with attached shock waves", The Aeronautical Quarterly, November 1972, XXIII, Part 4, pp. 253-262.
[2]. Hui, W.H., "Stability of Oscillating Wedges and Caret Wings in Hypersonic and Supersonic Flows", AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, Aug. 1969, pp.1524-1530.
[3]. Carrier, G.F. 1949, "The oscillating Wedge in Supersonic stream", Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 150-152, March.
[4]. Hui, W. H., "Supersonic/hypersonic flow past on oscillating flat plate at high angles of attack", ZAMP, Vol. 29, 1978, pp. 414-427.
[5]. Hui, W. H., "Supersonic and hypersonic flow with attached shock waves over delta wings", Proc of Royal Society, London, 1971, A. 325, pp. 251-268.
[6]. Orlik-Ruckemann, K. J., "Dynamic stability testing of aircraft needs versus capabilities", Progress in the Aerospace Sciences, Academic press, N.Y., 1975, 16, pp. 431-447.
[7]. Hui, W. H. and Hemdan, H. T., "Unsteady hypersonic flow over delta wings with detached shock waves", AIAA Journal, April 1976, 14, pp. 505-511.

Abstract: This paper experiments application of different lean strategies to a real production problem at a furniture manufacturing company. The objective of the study is to improve the productivity of the factory floor. Initially, existing production process was analyzed to get a clear picture of the existing condition of the process. It was observed that there were some redundant tasks performed by the workers which resulted in longer waiting periods. Various lean strategies such as Single-Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED), Gemba (The real place), and Short Interval Control etc were proposed and implemented on the floor which resulted in significant improvement in both monetary terms and also in reduction of processing time of different lots. Multifactor productivity increased from 1.85 to 2.26; average distance travelled by the workers, OEE, wastage of materials and rejected quantity reduced significantly and an additional production equivalent to more than 1, 48705 taka per day was made possible.

Keywords: Furniture factory, Lean strategies, Multifactor productivity

[1]. J Womack, D Jones , Lean thinking: banish waste and create wealth in your corporation (Free press,1996).
[2]. S Shingo, A revolution in Manufacturing: the SMED System. Productivity Press(Cambridge, MA; 1985)
[3]. Ana Sofia Alves and Alexandra Tenera, Improving SMED in the Automotive Industry: A case study, Production and Operations Management Society 20th Annual conference Orlando,Florida US; 2009
[4]. R Mcintosh, G Owen, S Culley and T Mileham, Changeover improvement: reinterpreting Shingo's "SMED" methodology, IEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 2007, 54, p.98-111
[5]. D Goubergen, H Landeghem, Rules for integrating fast changeover capabilities into new equipment design, Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2002,18, p.205-214
[6]. M Cakmacki, Process Improvement: Performance analysis of the setup time reduction-SMED in the automobile industry, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2009,41, p. 168-179

Abstract: A novel polynomial speed hump is presented in this work. The dynamics of a quarter-car model are investigated to reach the conditions of ride comfort when using the novel polynomial hump. The study assumed passive car suspension elements of linear characteristics. It covers car crossing speed between 5 and 30 km/h, polynomial hump of length between 3 and 9 m and height between 60 and 120 mm. The proposed polynomial hump provides smooth kinematics for the sprung-mass of the vehicle including its acceleration. A ride comfort diagram is presented using MATLAB simulation allowing the design of the polynomial hump for any desired hump-crossing speed in the range 6 to 26 km/h and hump length between 3 and 9 m.

Keywords: Car dynamics , quarter-car model , Passive suspension system , Novel polynomial hump , Ride comfort, Hump design diagram.

[1]. P. Weber, Twards Canadian standard for the geometric design of speed humps, M. Engineering Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, April 1998.
[2]. P. Weber and J. Braaksma, Towards a North American geometric standard for speed humps, ITE Journal, January, 30-34, 2000.
[3]. I. Parry, F. Marsh and N. Cripps, Investigating the use of simulation model nonlinear (SIMON) for the visual testing of road humps, WP 2003, 1-18, 2003.
[4]. S. Bjarnason, Round top and flat top humps, Thesis, Department of Technology and Society Traffic Engineering, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, 2004.
[5]. A. Tam, Traffic calming to hump, bump or dump ?, The Engineer, 29, 38-49, March-May 2006.
[6]. B. Aghazadeh, K. Saeedi and A. Yazdi, Simulation of ride quality of vehicles crossing road humps, Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling and Simulation, 28-30 August, Konya, Turkey, Paper No.A066, 2006.

Abstract: About 1.3 Million Individuals Pass On In Street Crashes Consistently, On A Normal 3,287 Passing's A Day. Besides, An Extra 20-50 Million Are Harmed Or Debilitated. In America, Over 37,000 Individuals Kick The Bucket In Street Crash Every Year. An Extra, 2.35 Million Are Harmed Or Incapacitated. Over A Large Portion Of All Reported Cerebrum Wounds Are The Consequence Of Car Accidents. Traumatic Mind Harm Can Happen As A Consequence Of Anything That Punctures Or Breaks The Human Skull And The Regions Which Are Defenceless Amid An Auto Crash. To Moderate This, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (Nhtsa) Has An Authoritative Order Under Title 49 Of The United State Code, Part 301, Engine Vehicle Security, To Issue Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (Fmvss) And Regulations To Which Makers Of Engine Vehicle And Gear Things Must Review And Affirm The Model Before Propelling.

[1]. Ben Dennis et al. (2001) "CAE methods for simulating FMVSS 201 interior head impact tests" SAE INTERNATIONAL, paper no.: 2001-06-0023.

[2]. Tobias Langner et al.(2009) "Evalation of the performance of competitive headforms as test tools for Interior headform testing". Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, June 15-18, 2009, Stuttgart, Germany.

[3]. Dilip Bhalsod et al. (2008) "LSTC Free Motion Headform- a user guide". Version: LSTC.FMH.011808 v1.0 Date: January 18, 2008. Livermore Software Technology Corporation. LS -DYNA. Keyword User's Manual Version 971. 2007.

[4]. Code of federal regulation TP201U-1b & TP201U-1C " Occupant Protection in Interior Impact Upper Interior Head Impact Protection" National Highway Traffic Safety Administration U.S. Department of Transportaion, April 3, 1998.

[5]. Wang Yang et al. (2013)"Research on the Relation between HIC(d) and Approach Angle in FMVSS 201U Headform Test". Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA), Fifth International Conference.

Abstract: This paper investigates the influence of construction parameters on the properties and performance of dense graded bituminous mix. Construction and process control parameters such as bitumen content, air voids content and compaction in bituminous concrete mix were varied and their influence on pavement performance were ascertained.In this study Bituminous concrete and Dense Bituminous Macadam were selected to effectively represent both the wearing course and binder course as these two mixes are popularly used in National Highway projects in India. The samples were prepared according to Marshall mix design method. Marshall Test was performed at optimum binder content and under varying number of compaction to identify the influence of density/varying air voids on Marshall stability.

[1]. Root, R.E. (1989). "The effects of testing and production procedures on mix design results." Proceedings, Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Volume 58.
[2]. Brosseaud, Y., Delorme, J.L., and Hiernaux, R. (1993). "Use of LPC wheel-tracking rutting tester to select asphalt pavements resistant to rutting." Transportation Research Record: 1384, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
[3]. Stuart, K.D., and Izzo, R.P. (1995). "Correlation of superpave G*/Sinδ with rutting susceptibility from laboratory mixture tests." Transportation Research Record: 1492, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
[4]. Netemeyar, R.L. (1998). "Rutting susceptibility of bituminous mixtures by the Georgia loaded wheel tester." SPR Study No. SPR 96-03, Missouri Department of Transportation, Jefterson city, Missouri.
[5]. Roberts, F.L., Kandhal, P.S., Brown, E.R., Lee, D.Y., and Kennedy, T.W. (1996). "Hot mix asphalt materials, mixture designs and construction." Lanham, M.D, Second edition, NAPA Education Foundation.

Abstract: The study was carried out during the period of August 2012 to December 2013. Three sites were selected for the study viz. Rupandehi, Kaski and Kathmandu districts. Construction industry is one of the booming industries in Nepal, contributing to infrastructure development and the main objective of this study was to understand the construction wastes generated by newly constructed buildings undertaken by renowned contractors. The study revealed that the construction industry followed orthodox construction methods and major construction wastes were concrete, reinforcement bars, wood and bricks. The use of new technology and prefabricated elements, though desired by Nepal Telecom were not being adopted due to construction constraints. The haste to complete design and construction works often created flaws which resulted in waste. The lack of proper managerial planning, the hesitation to invest in training and learning procedures, lack of monitoring and non-stringent rules from the government were seen as dominant causes of haphazard construction waste management. Presence of theoretical understanding of waste management in all studied facets and lack of pragmatic approach in its implementation could be seen. The principal wastes identified could either be reused or recycled. Partial reuse and recycling techniques using scrap dealers were being practiced in all the studied sites. Potential for waste reduction was less addressed. This study can be considered as a baseline for formulating government policies and may be used to attract attention of concerned construction industry.

[1]. United States Air Force. 2000. Construction and Demolition Waste Management. Pocket Guide. 3D International. USA.
[2]. EC. 2006. Directive 2006/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council.
[3]. EPD. Construction Waste. Available at: http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/waste/constructionwaste.htm
[4]. Dangi, M. B., Pretz, C.R., Urynowicz, M.A., Gerow, .G. and Reddy, J.M., 2011.Municipal solid waste generation in Kathmandu, Nepal. Journal of Environmental Management 92 , pp. 240-249
[5]. Ekanayake, L and Ofori, G. 2000. Construction Material Waste Source Evaluation. Strategies for a Sustainable Built Environment. Pretoria.
[6]. Macozoma, D.S. 2006. Developing a self-sustaining secondary construction materials market in South Africa. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

Abstract: This work developed mathematical relationships between the compressive strength and some other properties of sand quarry dust blocks notably water absorption, flexural strength and split tensile strength. Regression analyses were performed on data obtained from tests on appropriate specimens prepared using fifteen different mix ratios. The cement/combined aggregate ratio ranged from 1: 6 to 1: 10 with the percentage of quarry dust being 10 to 40 % of the combined aggregate content. Validity of the models was confirmed using the standard deviation and coefficient of determination. The models will be very useful especially to block producers in Nigeria in predicting the other properties of the blocks given that, in most instances, only the compressive test is carried out.

Keywords: Sand-quarry dust block, Compressive strength, Water absorption, Flexural strength, Split tensile Strength, Regression analyses,

[1]. Neville, A. M.,Properties of Concrete 5thed.(Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2011).
[2]. Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., Al-Kutti, W. A., Ahmad, S., Maslehuddin, M. Correlation between compressive strength and certain
durability indices of plain and blended cement concretes. Cement & Concrete Composites31, 2009, 672-676.
[3]. Nigerian Industrial Standards,NIS 87: Standards for Sandcrete blocks. Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON), Lagos, 2004.
[4]. Danso, A.K., Engineering properties of Ghananiansandcrete blocks, doctoral diss., Civil Engineering Department, Kwame
Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana, 2005.
[5]. Oyekan, G. L. and Kamiyo, O. M., Effects of Granite Fines on the Structural and Hygrothermal Properties of Sandcrete Blocks.
Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 3(9), 2008, 735 - 741.
[6]. Olaniyan, O. S, Afolabi, O. M., Okeyinka, O. M., Granite fines as a partial replacement for sand in sandcrete block production.
International journal of Engineering and Technology, 2 (8), 2012, 1392-1394.

Abstract: In this paper, four different solid shear wall-frame arrangements of equivalent stiffnesses were symmetrically placed and considered on a 15- storey (45m) rigid reinforced concrete framed office building; to withstand a wind induced net surface pressure of 0.25 KN/m2. The three dimensional modelling and analysis of the different shear wall - frame arrangements were carried out on Staad Pro V8i software, and the deformation of the structure in the x, y, z global coordinates (y – upwards) were compared when the wind is coming in the z direction of the structure. All the shear walls were modelled to resist lateral load with respect to the z coordinate axis only. This is peculiar to cases where the shear walls are not applied in the core areas of structures like elevators and stairwells. The results show that the best arrangement in terms of minimal storey displacement was the one where the shear walls were positioned away from the centroidal axis of the frame, parallel to the direction of the wind.

Keywords: Displacement, finite element modelling, shear wall, Staad Pro, Tall building.

1]. Ali M.M, Sun Moon K. (2007): "Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current trends and future prospects". Architectural Science Review Vol 50.3 pp 205-223
[2]. Anshuman S., Dipendu B., Bhamin R., (2011): "Solution of shear wall location in Multi-Storey Building". International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering. Volume 2, No 2 ISSN 0976-4399 pp 493-506
[3]. BS 6399 – 2:1997: Loading for buildings – Part2: code of practice for wind loads. British Standard Institution
[4]. McGinley J.T., Choo B.S. (1990) B.S.: "Reinforced Concrete Design Theory and Examples". E & FN Spon of the Taylor and Francis Group e-Library (2nd Edition)
[5]. Rahangdale H., Satone S.R. (2013): "Design and analysis of multi-storeyed building with effect of shear wall". International Journal of Engineering Research and Application Vol 3 Issue 3 pp223 - 232

Abstract: The analysis of rectangular two-way slabs subjected to concentrated load uniformly distributed over defined area after dispersion down in the two directions to the reinforcement is a practically important case. As presented by Egyptian code for design and construction of concrete structures ECCS 203-2007, the analysis of this problem can be performed by using the elastic analysis or by using an approximate method which depends on the distribution of the concentrated load in the two directions by the ratio of the long length and short length of the rectangular slab. Significant differences between the results of these methods must take our attention. An alternative approximate method for determining the bending moments of the slab under study in the two directions is investigated in this paper based on the elastic analysis. Two closed-form expressions were obtained which describe the relation between the bending moments and all factors that affect it (the span ratio, the dimensions ratio of the loaded area and the ratio between the short span to the parallel length of the loaded area). Comparisons between the straining actions in the two directions resulting from the present analysis and these from the existing approximate method of the ECCS 203-2007 with those obtained by Pigweed's theory and those obtained by finite element method are given also in this paper.

Keywords: Slab, two ways, concentrated load, bending moment, elastic analysis

[1]. Timoshenko, And Woinowsky, S. (1987), "Theory Of Plates And Shells", Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, London
[2]. Szilard, R. (2004), "Theories And Applications Of Plate Analysis: Classical, Numerical And Engineering Methods", John Wiley &
Sons, Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey.
[3]. Richard, J.Y. And Shanmugan, N.E. (2005), "Handbook Of Structural Engineering", CRC Press.
[4]. Reynolds, C.E., Steedman, J.C. And Threlfall, A. J. (2008), "Reynolds's Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook", Taylor &
Francis Group, London And New York, Eleventh Edition.
[5]. ACI Committee 318, (1995), "Building Code Requirements For Structural Concrete (ACI 318-95) And Commentary (ACI 318 R-
95)" American Code Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
[6]. BS8110, (1985), "Structural Use Of Concrete", British Standard Institution.
[7]. Housing And Building Research Centre, (2007), "Egyptian Code For Design And Construction Of Concrete Structures", Code No.
(203), Ministerial Decree No. 44-2007, Ministry Of Housing, Utilities And Urban Communities.

Abstract: Stress concentration adversely affects the structural properties and hence the knowledge of stress distribution becomes essential. The reduction in stress concentration improves the fatigue life of a component. This paper deals with the investigation of stress distribution in the curved structure without and with stress reliever of type circular and elliptical hole subjected to uniaxial tension by using photoelastic technique. Photo stress method is whole field technique and evaluates precise and accurate values of stress regardless of geometric complexity and material composition. The ability of the Finite element Method to determine the stress field around stress concentration area is enhanced by proper selection of elements. It is found that the introduction of single elliptical stress reliever, at low stressed region rather than circular hole, can reduce stress concentration. It is found that intensity of stress decreases considerably at the inner boundary of the structure, when major axis of the ellipse normal to the load. The results were validated by Finite element method.
Keywords: Curved section, stress Intensity, Tilt angle, Photoelasticity, ANSYS, FEM

[1]. S.N.Akour,j.F.Nayfeh and D.W Nicholson "J Strain Analysis"Vol.38 PP507-517
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