iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2014

Abstract: External prestressing is commenly used with notable effectiveness to increase and upgrade the flexural capacity of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams and slabs. However, the major practical difficulty associated with external prestressing is that, it must be applied to relatively high strength concrete elements which may not be met in many cases where geometry and properties of concrete and steel reinforcement of existing member can't be modified. Hence the designer has no control on the existing structural elements that need repair. This research is aims to develop and evaluate an innovative strengthening technique for low strength concrete slabs.

[1]. El-Habbal, I., Abdalla, H., and El-Zanaty, A. (2003). "Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using External Prestressing", Tenth International Colloquium on Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
[2]. Gallab, A., (2005). "Factors Affecting the External Prestressing Stress in Externally Strengthened Prestressed Concrete Beams", Journal of Ain Shams, Vol. 27, Issue 9, pp. 945–957.
[3]. Virlogeux, M. (1982). "External Prestressing", Proceeding of IABSE, Zurich, Switzerland, pp 101-108.
[4]. Tan, K., Ng, C. (1997). "Effects of Deviators and Tendons Configuration on Behaviour of Externally Prestressed Beams", ACI Struct J, Vol. 94, No. 1, pp. 13–22.
[5]. Ibrahim, M. (2010). "Parametric Study of Continuous Concrete Beam Prestressed with External Tendon", Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 4, No. 3.

Abstract: Wind induced load is an important issue for tall buildings, cable suspension bridges, electricity transmission towers, telecommunication towers and chimneys during natural disasters like strong winds of cyclone and earth quakes. One way to minimize wind-induced vibrations of tall buildings is to focus more on their shapes in the design stage. Important design aspect is that rather complicated sectional shapes are basically good with regard to aerodynamic properties for crosswind responses, which is a key issue in tall building wind-resistant design. Four models of non-circular high rise buildings were made and tested in a low speed wind tunnel. Triangular, taper square, square steps with sharp corners and square steps with filleted corners models are prepared. The study investigates the drags force and pressure distribution at the center of different models at different velocities with different orientations.

[1] Y.Tamura et al (2010), Aerodynamic characteristics of tall building models with various unconventional configurations, Proceedings of the 2010 Structures Congress.
[2]. J-A., Amin, A-.K.,Ahuja, 2008, Experimental study of wind pressures on irregular plan shape buildings, BBAA VI, 20-24.
[3]. Y.C., Kim, J., Kanda, 2010, Characteristics of aerodynamic force and pressures on square plan buildings with height variations, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 98, 449-465.
[4]. Hayashida, H.,Iwasa,Y.,1990.Aerodynamicshapeeffectsoftallbuildingforvortex induced vibration. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 33,237–242.
[5]. N., Lin, C., Letchford, Y., Tamura, B., Liang, O., Nakamura, 2005, Characteristics of wind forces acting on tall buildings, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 93, 217-242.
[6]. Y.C., Kim, J., Kanda, 2010, Characteristics of aerodynamic force and pressures on square plan buildings with height variations, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 98, 449-465.
[7]. Chien, C.W., Jang, J.J., Li, Y.C. (2010), "Wind-resistant design of high mast structures", Journal of the Chinese
Institute of Engineers 33 (4), 597-615.

Abstract: Flow over skewed steps is an interesting practical problem with wide range of applications such asaerodynamic vehicles and structures. A closed view of any automobile gives an idea that it has been derived from step pattern. Now a day's researchers are concentrating on increasing of fuel economy and minimization of noise by eliminating undesirable drag forces and aerodynamic instabilities particularly in high speed vehicles. Fuel economy is mainly depends on induced drag which is a dependent of step inclination angle. This study investigates the variation of flow behavior with step inclinations on different models at different velocities. Based on the literature review nine models were designed by using CATIA.

[1] R.B.Sharma et al (2014), Drag Reduction of Passenger Car Using Add-On Devices, Hindawi Publishing Corporation.
[2] Ram Bansal et al (2013), CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic Drag Reduction, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE).
[3] B.F.Armaly et al(1983), Experimental and theoretical investigation of backward-facing step flow, J . Fluid Mech. (1983), vol. 127.
[4] Olivier Cadot et al (2004), Three-dimensional stationary flow over a backward-facing step, European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 23 (2004) 147–155.
[5] Bahram Khalighi et al, Unsteady Aerodynamic Flow Investigation around a Simplified Square-Back Road Vehicle with Drag Reduction Devices
[6] Young J. Moon et.al (2005), Investigation of Flow-Induced Noise from a Forward Facing Step, Japan Society of Fluid Mechanics
[7] Durst. F, and Peireira (1993) the plane symmetric sudden-expansion flow at low Reynolds numbers, J. Fluid Mech., 248, pp. 567–581.

Abstract: Friction stir welding (FSW) is a latest solid state joining process for similar or dissimilar metals. It has wide application in several industries. In friction stir welding, selection of tool material and design of tool plays an important role for weld quality. In this experimental work, two different tool materials were used with straight cylindrical pin profile i.e. High carbon High chromium Steel (D3) (HcHcr) and High Speed Steel (H.S.S).The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of each tool on mechanical properties of weld metal. Keywords: Friction Stir Welding, Tool material, Mechanical Properties.

[1]. Thomas WM, Nicholas ED, Needham JC, Murch MG, Temple-Smith P, Dawes CJ. Friction stir butt welding. International Patent Application No. PCT/GB92/02203; 1991.
[2]. Xiaocong He, Fengshou Gu, Andrew Ball "A review of numerical analysis of friction stir welding" Progress in Materials Science 65 (2014) 1–66
[3]. El-Danaf EA, El-Rayes MM. Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6082 AA in as welded and post weld heat treated conditions. Mater Des 2013; 46:561–72.
[4]. Sonne MR, Tutum CC, Hattel JH, Simar A, De Meester B. The effect of hardening laws and thermal softening on modeling Residual stresses in FSW of aluminum alloy 2024-T3. J Mater Process Technol 2013; 213:477–86.
[5]. Kitamura K, Fujii H, Iwata Y, Sun YS, Morisada Y. Flexible control of the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded Ti–6Al–4V joints. Mater Des 2013; 46:348–54.

Abstract: This project is modeled around reducing the overall drag and lift coefficient by modifying the geometry and comprehending the underlying rootphenomenon for the variation in these drag values. The designing of models used in this project is done through SOLIDWORKS, and CFD simulation in FLUENT (ANSYS) respectively. The purpose of this project is to reduce the inefficiency caused due to aerodynamic factors of drag, lift by presenting development, design and optimization of the geometry modifications of the base model. The improvement of aerodynamic behaviour around the periphery of the model is investigated through numerical simulation.

[1] S. R. Ahmed, G. Ramm, G. Faitin, "Some Salient Features of the Time – Averaged Ground Vehicle Wake‟, (SAE-TP-840300) Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Warrendale, PA, 1984. [2] Saurabh Banga, Md. Zunaid, Naushad Ahmad Ansari, Sagar Sharma, Rohit Singh Dungriyal, "CFD Simulation of Flow around External Vehicle: Ahmed Body‟DOI: 10.9790/1684-12438794, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE).
[3] T. Han, D. C. Hammond, C. J. Sagi, "Optimization of bluff body for minimum Drag in ground proximity‟, AIAA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 882-889, doi: 10.2514/3.11005, 1992.
[4] G. Pujals, S. Depardon, C. Cossu,"Drag reduction of a 3D bluff body using coherent stream wise streaks‟, Springer, Exp Fluids (2010) 49:1085–1094, DOI 10.1007/s00348-010-0857-5, 2010.
[5] Robert J. Englar, "Advanced Aerodynamic Devices to Improve the Performance, Economics, Handling and Safety of Heavy Vehicles‟, SAE 2001-01-2072, Georgia Tech Research Institute Aerospace Transportation & Advanced Systems Lab, 2001.

Abstract: Beams are major media of carrying and transferring loads. A careful approach in its design may lead to good serviceability and optimization of the cost of structure. Prismatic beams are commonly used for medium span and bending moments. As the span increases, bending moments and shear forces increases substantially at the centre of span and over the supports. Hence, prismatic beams may become uneconomical in such cases. Moreover, with the increased depth there is considerable decrease in headroom.

[1]. Aranda, H., I., A. and Colunga, A., T., (2008), "Cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete haunched beams failing in shear", World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 1-8.
[2]. Arturo, T., C., Becerril, M. and Andres, L., (2012), "Lateral stiffness of reinforced concrete moment frames with haunched beams", World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 1-10.
[3]. Ashtari, P., Rasouli, I., Sediq, H., B., (2012), "Seismic behavior of T-shape resistant frame (TRF) with different shapes of link beams", World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 1-8.
[4]. Dinar, Y., Hossain, I., Biswas, R., K. and Rana, M., (2014), "Descriptive study of pushover analysis in R.C.C. structures of rigid joint", IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Vol.11 (1), 60-68.
[5]. Golghate K., Baradiya V. and Sharma A., (2013), Pushover analysis of 4 Storey's reinforced concrete building, International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJLTET),Vol. 2 (3), 80-84.
[6]. Hassaballa A. E., Fathelrahman M. Adam and Ismaeil M. A., (2013), Seismic analysis of a reinforced concrete building by response spectrum method, IOSR Journal of Engineering, Vol.3 (9), 1-9.

Abstract: Natural rubber is used for manufacturing of tyres, seats, seatbelts, floor mats of automobile, foot-rest of bikes, etc. Natural rubber also finds its application in belts industries where different types of belts are manufactured viz. flat belt, V-belt, and multi-groove belt. As natural rubber is sticky in nature, it is generally used after curing. Cured natural rubber is used for manufacturing of treads of tyres, vehicle mats, and conveyor belts in manufacturing companies related to automobile. Curing is done by the process of vulcanization. Sulphur is commonly used vulcanizing agent. Along with sulphur, various additives and accelerators are added to boost its properties according to the final product application. Each product made of rubber is different in its composition as well as its physical and mechanical properties.

[1]. Heinz-Hermann Greve "Rubber, 2. Natural" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_225.
[2]. James E. Mark, Burak Erman (eds.) (2005). Science and technology of rubber. p. 768. ISBN 0-12-464786-3
[3]. Sulfur Vulcanization of Natural Rubber for Benzothiazole Accelerated Formulations: From Reaction Mechanisms to a Rational Kinetic Model
[4]. D Hosler, SL Burkett and MJ Tarkanian (1999). "Prehistoric Polymers: Rubber Processing in Ancient Mesoamerica". Science 284 (5422): 1988–1991
[5]. H. Bechir, L. Chevalier, M. Chaouche, K. Boufala (2005). Hyperelastic constitutive model for rubber Like Materials based on the first sethstrain measures invariant, European Journal of mechanica A/Solid (2006) 110-124
[6]. Tae Kun Lee and Byoung Sam Kin (2008), Vibration analysis of automobile tire due to bump impact, Applied Acoustics 69 (2008) 473–478

Abstract: Nuclear energy intends to peaceful purposes include the construction of Nuclear Power Plant and the construction of the reactor can be used as research for the purposes of science, research, education, and others. The purpose of this research is to create a concept design of test equipment in a nuclear reactor core in sub channel hexagon software using Computer Aided Design. In this research, the simulation process is determined by the size of the pitch distance and Pitch / Diameter (P / D) = 1.58, on the design of a nuclear reactor core test equipment that has a length of 40 cm active heating to be investigated phenomena velocity flow rate passing through the sub-channel.

[1] Diniardi, E., Ramadhan, AI, & Basri, H., "Literature Study of Design and Technology on Small Modular Nuclear Reactor (SMR) type CAREM-25", 2013, 1, 1-6.
[2] Febriyanto, C., "Experimental Study of Natural Convection Heat Transfer, Forced, and the Mixed Sub-Channel Cylinder Hexagonal Structure", Thesis Master program Science and Nuclear Engineering ITB, 2011, Bandung.
[3] Gimenez., MO, "CAREM Technical Aspects, Project and Licensing Status", interregional workshop on Advanced Nuclear Reactor Technology, 2011, Vienna.
[4] Kim, SH, & El-Genk, MS, "Heat Transfer experiments for low flow of water in rod bundles", 1989, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 1321 – 1336.
[5] Supriyadi, J., "Experimental Study of Natural Convection Heat Transfer in the sub channel in Cylinder Vertical File Structure Longitude Cage", Proceedings of the 17th National Seminar on Technology and Nuclear Facilities Safety As well as the nuclear power plant, 2011, Yogyakarta

Abstract: Steel beams with web openings are used to provide the utilities of the structure within the constructional depth to give a good architectural emphasis. The provision of these web openings has a significant effect on the stress distribution and deformation characteristics. One of famous guidelines used to determine the strength of steel and composite beams having web openings with or without reinforcement was Darwin guidelines which are considered as a reference in the American code. According to Darwin conditions, these guidelines are limited to use for beams with compact web only. But as it is known, the non-compact and slender sections are widely used in the design of the steel structures because they are more economic. Therefore, the objective of this paper is study the accuracy of using Darwin guidelines in cases of steel beams with non-compact or slender sections.

[1]. Congdon, J. G., and Redwood, R.G. "Plastic behavior of beams with reinforced holes", Journal of the Structural Division 1970; ASCE Vol. 96, No. ST9: 1933-1956.
[2]. Cooper P. B. and Snell R. R. "Tests on beams with reinforced web openings", Journal of the Structural Division 1972; 98- ST3: 612-632.
[3]. Lupien R. and Redwood R. G. "Steel beams with web openings reinforced on one side", The National Research Council of Canada, Can. J. Civ. Eng. 1978; 5: 451-461.
[4]. Redwood R. G. and Cho SH. "Design of steel and composite beams with web openings", J. construction steel 1993; 25:23-41.
[5]. Prakash B. D., Gupta L. M., Pachpor P. D., and Deshpande N. V. "Strengthening of steel beam around rectangular web openings", International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST) 2011, ISSN: 0975-5462, Vol.3 No.2:1130-1136.
[6]. Akwasi M. A. and Hsiao J. K. "Behavior of wide flange beams with reinforced web openings " M.Sc. Thesis, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2012.

Abstract: The framework for supporting the body and various parts of the automobile is served by the automotive chassis which has to withstand the twist, shock, vibration and other stresses and its caused due to the unexpected braking, speeding of the vehicle, dreadful road condition and centrifugal forces. The backbone of any heavy vehicle is the chassis which has to carry the maximum load for all designed operating conditions. In this paper design and analysis of heavy vehicle chassis is analyzed considering weight reduction which is the key intention of any automobile industries in today's fast changing world.

[1] Ravi Chandra, M., Sreenivasulu, S., Syed Altaf Hussain, "Modeling and Structural analysis of heavy vehicle chassis made of polymeric composite material by three different cross sections", International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, Vol. 2, Issue. 4, July-August 2012, pp, 2594-2600.
[2] Hemant, B., Patil, Sharad, D., Kachave, Eknath, R., Deore, "Stress Analysis of Automotive Chassis with Various Thicknesses", IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, March - April 2013, PP, 44-49.
[3] Hirak Patel, Khushbu, C., Panchal, Chetan S., Jadav, "Structural Analysis of Truck Chassis Frame and Design Optimization for Weight Reduction", International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April 2013.
[4] Ashutosh Dubey and Vivek Dwivedi, "Vehicle Chassis Analysis: Load Cases & Boundary Conditions for Stress Analysis", 11th National Conference on Machines and Mechanisms, IIT, Delhi, India, December 2003.
[5] Abhishek Singh, Vishal Soni, Aditya Singh, "Structural Analysis of Ladder Chassis for Higher Strength", International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue. 2, February 2014.
[6] Anand Gosavi, Ashish Kumar Shrivastava, Ashish Kumar Sinha, "Structural analysis of six axle trailer frame design and modification for weight reduction", International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue. 1, January 2014.