iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2014

Abstract: Natural fibers are widely used as reinforcing material in composites. Pine needles can be used as natural fibers which are abundantly found in the hilly areas of India. A study on tensile test of pine needles and the crack analysis of pine needles short fiber reinforced composites has been presented in this paper.ASTM D638-10 standard is followed for tensile testing and a number of specimen is tested for the statistical analysis.ASTM D5045 standard is used for the crack analysis of a number of specimen .Paper tab method is used for the tensile testing of the pine needles fiber.

[1]. Faruk O, Bledzki AK, Fink HP, Sain M (2012) Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010. ProgPolymSci 37:1552–1596
[2]. Jang-Kyo Kim and Yiu-Wing Mai 'Engineered Interfaces in Fiber Reinforced Composites' Book, Elsevier Science Ltd, 1998.
[3]. Zeng WC, He Q, Sun Q, Zhong K, Gao H (2012) Antibacterialactivity of water-soluble extract from pine needles of Cedrusdeodara. Int J Food Microbiol 153:78–84
[4]. Jeong JB, Seo EW, Jeong HJ (2009) Effect of extracts from pineneedle against oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis induced byhydroxylradical via antioxidant activity. Food Chem Toxicol47:2135–2141
[5]. Kong Z, Liu Z, Ding B (1995) Study on the antimugenic effect ofpine needle extract. Mutat Res 347:101–104
[6]. Rabindra Prasad DhakalSudip Pandey, "Pine NeedleBriquettes: A Renewable Source of Energy," InternationalJournal of Energy Science, vol. 3, no. 3, June 2013.

Abstract: The key challenges to built public facilities and infrastructure towards sustainable development requires Governments to enhance the interests of the natural environment. In some regions the process of providing such services is the acquisition of appropriate land. For major projects, several locations could be suitable for such purposes and the Government may not be able to purchase the land. In order to obtain land when and where it is needed, Government has the power of compulsory acquisition. Land acquisition was a challenging factor in India for project development.

[1]. Alias A, Daud M N, Payment of Adequate Compensation for Land Acquisition in Malaysia. Pacific Rim Property, Research Journal, 2001, vol. 12, no. 3: 326-349.
[2]. Atahar S A, Development Project, Land Acquisition and Resettlement in Bangladesh: A Quest for Well Formulated National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2013, vol. 3: 306-319.
[3]. Azis H A, Legal Analysis of Land Acquisition for Public Interest in South Sulawesi Province. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 2013, vol. 14: 47-52.
[4]. Chew R, Hoong V, Tay L K, Manimegalai V, Compulsory Acquisition of Land in Singapore. Singapore Academy of Law, 2010, 22: 166-188.
[5]. Davis J, Thornley A, Urban regeneration for the London 2012 Olympics: Issues of land acquisition and legacy. City, Culture and Society, 2010, 1: 89-98.

Abstract: Physics of Failure models are mathematically derived, deterministic models based on knowledge of failure mechanisms and the root causes of failures. Failure rates are predicted based on stresses, material properties, individual use and environmental conditions. Fixed Vanes are primarily used in fluid machines (turbines, pumps, and windmills etc.) and in aircraft (control surfaces) apart from a variety of other uses. Reliability for vanes is considered to be static, i.e. the reliability function is invariant of time. Failures are defined to be those set of data points wherein the stress random variable experienced by the component exceeds the strength random variable of the material of the component.

[1] Dept of Defense, USA, Military Standard for Reliability Modeling and Prediction, MIL-STD-756B (Washington DC 1981)

[2] Pecht M., Why The Traditional Reliability Prediction Models Do Not Work – Is There An Alternative, Electronic Cooling Magazine, Vol. 2, 1996, 10-12

[3] Cushing MJ, Mortin DE, Stadterman Tj, Malhotra A, Comparison Of Electronics Reliability Assessment Approaches, IEEE Transactions On Reliability, Vol. 42, No. 4, December1993

[4] JEDEC JEP, Reliability Qualification of Semiconductor Devices Based on Physics of Failure Risk and Opportunity Assessment, , (April 2004),148 [5] Lawrence G Katz, "Climatological probability of aircraft icing" ( Air Weather Service, USAF, 1967), 1

[6] E C Fitch, "Proactive Maintenance for mechanical systems", (UK, Professional Book Supplies, Abingdon, 1992)

Abstract: The materials and metals both are needed in our building construction and fabrication works. Usually the materials are brittle and metals are ductile and their use in making the reinforced cement concrete (RCC) slabs and beams according to compressive zone and tensile zones. Commonly the materials are non conducting to heat & electric current and the metals are conducting to heat & electric current. RCC structures are termite, rust & peel proof. The metals have their maximum use in making appliances, machines motors and wires of different thickness for transmitting electric current. Some plain cement concrete cubes were tested in the compression, testing machine till their elastic range to plastic range.

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Abstract: In the race of industrialization and production of goods and services that enrich our life, it seems that mankind is usually unconcerned about the most valuable natural environment. The environmental impact of products and processes has become a key issue. The various materials used for manufacturing the parts of any product produces emissions during their manufacturing. The objective of this work is to perform the investigations of environmental impact during the manufacturing of parts of various material of Transmission group of 'Activa'.

[1]. Alan Gilpin, "Environmental Impact Assessment - Cutting Edge for the twenty-first century‟, Cambridge University Press. (1995). hsrinivas@gdre.org
[2]. Roger Bacon Drive Reston, Mary Ann Curran, "Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and practice‟, Scientific Applications International Corporation (SAIC), National risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, EPA/600/R-06/060 May 2006.
[3]. Jyri Seppala, "Life Cycle Impact Assessment based on Decision Analysis‟, Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science in Technology, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Systems Analysis Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, (Espoo, Finland), FIN-02015 HUT, FINLAND, August 2003, www.sal.hut.fi/Publications/r-index.html
[4]. Rolf Frischknecht, Niels Jungbluth, "Implementation of Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methods‟, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventory, Dubendorf, Data Vol.2.0, December 2007.
[5]. Mark Goedkoop and Renilde Spriensma, PRe Product Consultant B.V., "The Eco-Indicator 99, Damage Oriented Method for Life Cycle Assessment‟, Methodological Report, Amersfroot, June, 2001.

Abstract: This study is intended to explore the durability and bonding characteristics of recycled plastic aggregate in concrete. Durability of concrete is an important factor. The present investigation focused on the effects of sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and sodium sulphate on the resultant concrete. From the test, sulphate attack, acid attack and chloride attack on concrete were measured. The obtained results supported the use of high density polyethylene aggregate for partial replacement of natural aggregate. Bonding of plastic aggregate in concrete is also an important parameter to be measured. Bonding of plastic aggregate concrete was tested and studied with the help of pullout apparatus.

Keywords: Acid attack, Bonding, Chloride attack, Durability, Plastic Aggregate, Pullout, Sulphate attack

[1] Anju Ramesan, Shemy S. Babu, Aswathy Lal, Performance of Light-Weight Concrete with Plastic Aggregate, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN: 2248 – 9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8 (Part 5), August 2015, 105 – 110.
[2] N. Venkat Rao, M. Rajasekhar, Mohd. Mujeebuddin Ahmed, An Experimental Study on Durability of High Strength Self Compacting Concrete (HSSCC), International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, eISSN: 2319 – 1163, pISSN: 2321 – 7308, Vol. 2, Issue 12, Dec 2013, 430 - 436
[3] R. Lakshmia, S. Naganb, Investigations on Durability Characteristics of E-Plastic Waste Incorporated Concrete, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing), Vol. 12, No. 6 (2011), 773-787
[4] M. S. Shetty, Concrete Technology, S. Chand & Company Ltd., First Edition - 1982
[5] R.V. Silva, J. De Brito, Nabajyoti Saikia, Influence of Curing Conditions on the Durability-Related Performance of Concrete Made with Selected Plastic Waste Aggregates, Cement & Concrete Composites 35 (2013) 23–31
[6] S. P. Tastani, S. J. Pantazopoulou, Experimental Evaluation Of The Direct Tension -Pullout Bond Test, Bond in Concrete – from research to standards 2002, Budapest

Abstract: An interlocking hollow concrete block was designed with proper surface finish using M10 mix. As surface finish was of prime concern, the control mix was finalized by trial and error method. These blocks were strengthened using hooked end steel fibres. The respective block facilitates provisions for electrical conduits, water and sewer pipes wherever so desired, without causing much damage to the block. Hollow blocks strengthened with steel fibres can effectively be used as load bearing wall. The investigation was carried out to study and compare the load carrying capacity of 90 cm wide and 90 cm high wall made with the designed hollow block to that of the locally available solid as well as hollow block. Keywords: Conduits, Hooked end steel fibres, Interlocking hollow block, Load carrying capacity, Wall

[1] Sarath P, Pradeep P, Shemy S Babu, Investigation on Strength Parameters of Interlocking Hollow Block Strengthened with Steel Fibres,International Journal of Engineering Research and Application, Volume 5, Issue 8 (Part 5), 2015, 111-117.
[2] Akeem Ayinde Raheem, Ayodeji Kayode Momoh, Aliu Adebayo Soyingbe, Comparative Analysis of Sandcrete Hollow Blocks and Laterite Interlocking Blocks as Walling Elements, International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology (ISSN: 2180-3242), Vol 3, Issue 1, 2012

Abstract: Worldwide labour productivity is at the forefront of concern facing professionals in the construction industry. Productivity helps construction industries to be competitive, to achieve the goals and to meet stakeholder's expectation. The main objective of the paper is to critically review the factors affecting labour productivity, grouping of factors and methods to evaluate it. The study on productivity of labour is important in developing country like India, where most of the building construction is in manual basis. Based on review it was observed that supervision, skill of labour, tools and equipment, absenteeism and financial constraints were the most significant factors affecting labour productivity, however in case of grouping of factors it was noted that human group, management group, material and tool group, environmental group and technological group are relatively important groups.

[1]. Rateb J. Sweis, Ghaled J. Sweis, Ayman A. Abu Hammad and Malek Abu Rumman,, Modelling the Variability of Labour Productivity in Masonry Construction. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering,3(2), 2009,197-212
[2]. Proverbs, D.G., Holt, G.D. and Olomolaiye, P.O.,The Management of Labour on High Rise Construction Projects: An International Investigation. International Journal of Project Management, 17, 1999, 195-204.
[3]. Planning Commission, Government of India. , Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007–2012). Planning Commission, Government of India, 3, 2008.
[4]. Shashank K, Dr. Sutapa Hazra, Kabindra Nath Pal, Analysis of Key Factors Affecting the Variations of Labour Productivity in Construction Projects. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 4(5), 2014, 152-160.
[5]. McTague, B., and Jergeas, G., Productivity Improvement on Alberta Major Construction Projects, Construction Productivity Improvement Report / Project evaluation tool, Alberta economic development, Alberta, Canada, 2002.

Abstract: This paper presents the experimental results on the flow characteristics of a suddenly expanded flow from the convergent nozzle for subsonic, sonic and sonic under expanded flow. In the present study micro jets were used to investigate the effect of micro jets on base pressure flow field in the enlarged duct. Accordingly an active control in the form of four micro jets of 1 mm orifice diameter located at 900 intervals along a pitch circle diameter of 1.3 times the nozzle exit diameter in the base region was employed. The NPRs of the present study are 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 and the area ratio (ratio of area of suddenly expanded duct to nozzle exit area) studied were 2.4, 3.61, 4.84, and 6.25. The length-to-diameter (i.e. L/D) ratio of the sudden expansion duct was varied from 10 to 1. From the results, it is seen that the flow in the base region is dominated by the waves, the general perception what we have that correctly expanded flow will be from waves is proved to be wrong; also, it is found that for L/D in the range L/D = 4, 3 and 2 the flow remains oscillatory mostly for NPRs 2.5 and 3.0. However, these oscillations are suppressed either with the increase in the L/D ratio in the range from 3 to 10 or with decrease in the level of expansion NPRs from 2.5 to 1.5.

[1] E. Rathakrishnan, T. J. Ignatius and Channa Raju, An experimental study of Suddenly Expanded Flow field, Mechanics Research Communications, Vol. 18(1), 1991 pp. 1-9.
[2] S. A. Khan and E. Rathakrishnan, Active Control of Suddenly Expanded Flows from Over expanded Nozzles, International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines (IJT), Vol. 19, No. 1-2, 2002, pp. 119-126. [3] S. A. Khan and E. Rathakrishnan, Control of Suddenly Expanded Flows with Micro Jets, International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines (IJT), Vol. 20, No.2, 2003, pp. 63-81. [4] S. A. Khan and E. Rathakrishnan, Active Control of Suddenly Expanded Flow from Under Expanded Nozzles, International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines, (IJT), Vol. 21, No. 4, 2004, pp. 233-253. [5] S. A. Khan and E. Rathakrishnan, Control of Suddenly Expanded Flow from Correctly Expanded Nozzles, International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines (IJT), Vol. 21, No. 4, 2004, pp. 255-278.

Abstract: The interaction between the foundation and the deformable soil calculated by finite element method is based on various models representing terrain behavior. Of these models, most commercial calculation programs implemented in their content models Winkler and Pasternak. Article shows the influence of these computing models on conventional rigid hydraulic construction. It was calculated the stiffness matrix structure and deformations developed, by considering these two models.
Keywords: FEM, Pasternak model, rigid structure, stiffness matrix

[1] Horvath John S., Soil-Structure Interaction Research Project (2002) www.engineering.manhattan.edu/civil/CGT.html.
[2] Cook R.,D., Finite Element Modeling for Stress Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1995
[3] Chang-Yu Ou, Deep Excavation. Theory and practice. Taylor & Francis/Balkena Leiden 2006
[4] Teodoru I.,B., Musat V., Soil structure interaction numerical modelling. Foundation beams Editura Politehnium Iasi 2009
[5] Bowles Joseph E., Foundation Analysis And Design 5th ed, McGraw-Hill Book Co - Singapore 1996
[6] Chung Jae H., Finite Element Analysis of Elastic Settlement of Spreadfootings Founded in Soil, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL, USA; http://bsi.ce.ufl.edu/Downloads/Files/newsletter-shallow-foundation.pdf 2011

Abstract: Riveted joints are often used to fabricate assembled structures in machine tools, automotive, trusses and many such industries requiring high damping. The present work aims to study the mechanism of damping and its FEA evaluation for jointed cantilever beam with number of equispaced connecting rivets resulting in uniform pressure distribution at interfaces. Vibration attenuation in these structures can enhance the dynamic stability significantly. A little amount of work has been reported till date on the damping capacity of riveted structures. Using OROS Series (OR34 - 4 Channel) FFT analyzer experiments are performed on various specimens. The damping ratio is calculated from FFT spectrum obtained from FFT Analyzer.

[1] B.K. Nanda, "Study of the effect of bolt diameter and washer on damping in layered and jointed structures" Journal of Sound and Vibration 290 (2006), pp. 1290–1314.
[2] Masuko, M., Y. Ito, and K. Yoshida, "Theoretical analysis for a damping ratio of a jointed cantilever beam". Bulletin of JSME, 16(99) (1973), pp. 1421-1432.
[3] Nishiwaki., et al., "A Study on Damping Capacity of a Jointed Cantilever Beam": 1st Report; Experimental Results. Bulletin of JSME 21(153) (1978), pp. 524-531.
[4] Den Hartog, J., Forced vibrations with combined Coulomb and viscous friction. Trans. ASME, 1931. 53(APM-53-9), pp. 107-115
[5] Olofsson, U. And L. Hagman," A model for micro-slip between flat surfaces based on deformation of ellipsoidal elastic bodies" Tribology international, (1997). 30(8): pp. 599-603.
[6] W. Chen, X. Deng "Structural damping caused by micro-slip along frictional interfaces" International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 47 (2005) 1191–1211.

Abstract: Like most other fundamental mechanical components which form the basis of many mechanical systems, springs have existed since the Bronze Age for storage or release of energy, absorption or utilization of vibration, relaxation or absorption of impact force and when unloaded, return to the original position or to the original shape. Quality, service requirement, performance as well as durability of springs greatly depend on the quality of materials used and manufacturing processes. So, spring material and its quality can normally be taken into consideration and consequently, material selection plays an important role during designing of a spring for a particular application.

[1] Kaiser, B., Pyttel, B. and Berger, C., "VHCF-behavior of helical compression springs made of different materials", International Journal of Fatigue, 33 (1), 23-32, 2011.
[2] Pöllänen, I. and Martikka, H., "Optimal re-design of helical springs using fuzzy design and FEM", Advances in Engineering Software, 41 (3), 410-414, 2010.
[3] Prawoto, Y., Ikeda, M., Manville, S.K. and Nishikawa, A., "Design and failure modes of automotive suspension springs", Engineering Failure Analysis, 15(8), 1155-1174, 2008.
[4] Berger, C. and Kaiser, B., "Results of very high cycle fatigue tests on helical compression springs", International Journal of Fatigue, 28 (5), 1658-1663, 2006.
[5] Doumpos, M. and Zopounidis, C., "A multi-criteria classification approach based on pair-wise comparison", European Journal of Operational Research 2004; 158: 378-389.
[6] Roy, B. and Bouyssou, D., "Aide Multicritère à la Décision. Méthodes et Cas", Economica 1993.
[7] Brans, JP, Mareschal, B. and Vincke, Ph., "PROMETHEE: A new family of outranking methods in multicriteria analysis", Operational Research 1984; 477-490.

Abstract: Dhaka is the most densely populated city and the risk poses due to earthquake is more compare to any other cities in Bangladesh.Before any construction in Dhaka, it is essential to understand the soil characteristics and its response to earthquake loading. To understand the soil behavior this study includes the response spectrum analysis of Los Angeles 9 story SACsteel building under Pre-Northridge design condition.BNBCresponse spectrums of Zone-2 for three different types of soils are considered for response spectrum analysis.Here,response spectrum RS1, RS2 & RS3 is developed for soil type 1, 2 & 3. The model is developed by using SAP 2000version 14.2.0.

[1] http://www.amnh.org/explore/curriculum-collections/earthquake-risk-in-bangladesh.Browsing Date: 20th July, 2015

[2] www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/apr/25/earthquake-shakes-country. Browsing date: 30th July, 2015.

[3] Islam, A.B.M.S., Jameel, M. &Jumaat, M.Z. (2011). Seismic isolation in buildings to be a practical reality: Behaviour of structure and installation technique. J. Eng. Techn. Res., 3(4): pp 99-117.

[4] Ansary, M.A.(2005). Recent Earthquake Related Activities in Bangladesh. Paper presented at Seminar on Tsunami and Seismic Risk Action for Bangladesh, Dhaka, April 21, 2005.

[5] Ansary, M. A., Al-Hussaini, T. M., Sharfuddin, M. and Chaudhury, J. R. (2001) 1999 Moheskhali Earthquake: A Damage Study, Journal of Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Science), No. 27(2), pp. 139-149, December, 2001.

[6] Khan, A.A. (2004). Earthquake Hazard: Dhaka City Perspective. Published in inventory topics "Earthquake in Bangladesh‟, The daily Star, 06th July, Bangladesh.

Abstract: The present investigation aims at the study of properties of concrete in which stone dust is used as a partial replacement for coarse sand and tyre-chips of size 4.7 to 10 mm as partial replacement of coarse aggregate by weight.

Keywords: Cement, Coarse sand, Coarse Aggregate, Stone Dust, Tyre Chips size 4.75 to10mm

[1]. A.K. Shau, Sunil Kumar and A.K. Sachan (2003) "crushed stone waste as fine aggregate for concrete" the Indian concrete journal, pp 845848.
[2]. Bakri, A. M. M. A., Fadli, S. A. S. N., Bakar, M. D. A., and Leong, K. W. (2007). Comparison of rubber as aggregate and rubber as filler in concrete, First International Conference on Sustainable Materials 2007, Penang.
[3]. E. Ganjian, M. Khorami and A. A. Maghsoudi, "Scrap- Tire-Rubber Replacement Foraggregate and Filler in Concrete," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 23, No. 5, 2009, pp. 1828-1836. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.020
[4]. Hadassa Baum and Amnon Katzl Environmental Implications of Alternative Materials in Construction and Treatment of Waste February 2011, Pages 353–358 Vol-31, Issue 2
[5]. Humphrey -Standard Practice for Use of Scrap Tires in Civil Engineering Applications," ASTM D6270-98, Am. Soc. ... 51-65.
[6]. Kallol (San Jose, CA, US). Application Number: ... 20080178402, TIRE- SHINE SYSTEM AND METHOD, July, 2008, Martines et al

Abstract: The use of hybrid composite materials is very attractive because they have outstanding stiffness, strength and light-weight. An additional advantage of using hybrid composites is that their stiffness and strength can be tailored to specific design loads. Metal Matrix Composites are a broad family of materials aimed at achieving an enhanced combination of properties. While the matrix can be of any metal or alloy, most interest has been shown in the lighter structural metal cases. Improvement in the mechanical properties has been the primary objective. Much of the progress in the field of MMCs is closely linked to developments in reinforcements for incorporation in MMCs. However, the orientation of this research is towards the fabrication and testing of Aluminium-E-Glass-Flyash Composites.

[1] Energy distribution in Glare and 2024-T3 Aluminium during low-velocity impact (International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences) F.D. Moriniere, R.C. Alderliesten, R. Benedictus Structural Integrity Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands

[2] Crack Detection in Aluminium 2024-T3 Plates and in an Airbus A320 Slat-Track using Electrical Crack Gauges Ioannis Pitropakis, Helge Pfeiffer, Thomas Gesang, Stein Janssens and Martine Wevers

[3] Wear behavior of composite materials based on 2024 Al-alloy reinforced with ᵟ alumina fibers J.W. Kaczmar, K. Naplocha, a Institute of Production Engineering and Automation, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

[4] Corrosion protection of Aluminium Alloy 2024-T3 by Vanadate Conversion Coatings H. Guan and R.G. Buchheit, Fontana Corrosion Center, Department of materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
[5] Electrochemical Noise Studies of Aircraft Coatings over Al 2024 T-3 in Accelarated Exposure Testing (2000 NACE International) Gordon P. Bierwagen (North Dakota State University) | Dennis E. Tallman(North Dakota State University) | J. Li | M. Zidoune (North Dakota State University) | S. Balbyshev (Air Force Research Lab)