iosr-JMCE   Volume-17 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep. - Oct. 2020

Abstract: The use of steel, one of the essential materials for structural reinforcement in the construction industry, is plagued by rise in cost, degradation of non–renewable materials, pollution due to industrial production and sharp practices on quality. In the light of this, bamboo, being a common plant growing all over the world, strong, dense, flexible and elastic in nature, is being considered as an alternative reinforcement material in concrete structures. This work assessed the structural performance of bamboo relative to its ability to structurally support concrete in compression. Matured and seasoned bamboo culms of over 40 and 10 mm in diameter and thickness, respectively, were used. Bamboo splints of various width sizes of 12, 16, 20 and 25mm were cut, prepared and used.....

Keywords: steel, bamboo, compression stress, flexure and tensile strength

[1]. Adewuyi, A. P., Otukoya, A. A., Olaniyi, O. A. &Olafusi, O.S. (2015) Comparative Studies of Steel, Bamboo and Rattan as Reinforcing Bars in Concrete: Tensile and Flexural Characteristics. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 5, 228-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2015.52023
[2]. Agarwal, A., &Maity, D., (2011) Experimental Investigation on Behaviour of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Members. 16th International Conference on Composite Structures ICCS
[3]. Alade, G. A., Olutoge, F. A. &Alade, A. A. (2004) The Durability and Mechanical Strength Properties of Bamboo in Reinforced Concrete. Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology, 1, 35-40.
[4]. Austin, R. & Ueda, K. (1972).Bamboo. New York: Weather Hill Publishing.
[5]. Chembi, A. &Nimityongskul, P. (1989) A Bamboo Reinforced Cement Water Tank. Journal

Abstract: The mismatch between solar energy availability and the cooling load energy demands for AC solar refrigeration systems in different geographical locations complicates the design and sizing of milk solar refrigeration systems components. This is caused by variation seasonal solar insolation and different levels of global solar insolation. In this study, three different sizes AC milk solar refrigeration systems, have been investigated for maximum cooling loads developed from the refrigeration systems when exposed to varying levels of solar insolation in Nakuru Kenya.Regression models were developed for predicting maximum cooling loads delivered from the milk solar refrigeration systems based on available mean daily solar insolation of the location. The predictive models developed is useful.....

Keywords: Cooling loads; Solar insolation; AC solar refrigeration system.

[1]. Coste,E., EftimieG. and Serban,P. (2007), Empirical model for estimating global radiation for Brasov urban area, Journal of Information Engineering and Application, 10(2),2224-5782
[2]. Pongsid,S, Santha,G. and Supachart.C. (2001), Review of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Technologies. Renewable and sustainable Energy Journal, (5),
[3]. Lopez,G, Rubio,M. andButles.F. (2009), Estimation of hourly direct normal Radiation from measured lobal solar radiation in Spain, Renewable Energy, (21), 175-186.
[4]. Sendanayeke,S., Miguntana,N.P. and Jayasinghe.M. (2014), Estimating Incident Solar Radiation in Tropical Islands with Short Term Weather Data, European Scientific Journal, 3 (2014), 1857-2881
[5]. Lovell,S. and Vickers,L.E. (2005), Cogeneration of heat and electricity in spray drying plant, Progress in Photovoltaic: Research and Application, 12(6), 467-479.

Abstract: Companies in auto Industry are confronting a focused test to enhance and improve on quality of segments utilized as a part of a car. Nature of paint and welding on a vehicle are critical components which affects the general nature of the item. In the keep going few years, forms, supplies and apparatus have experienced quick mechanical changes, accordingly requesting even more particular devices to control and survey the quality parameters. This paper displays a definite writing audit to evaluate and enhance the nature of painting and welding in the auto business

Keywords: ..........

[1]. Akanksha Tiwari. (2013). Application of TQM and Engineering Techniques to Optimize Quality of Paint in automobile. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Research, 565-572.
[2]. Asakawa N. ( 1997). Robotics and Automation. International Journal of Electric and Electronic Engineering , 1875 - 1879 vol.3.
[3]. Carl Occhialini. (2013). Robotic Welding of Aluminum space Frames Speeds Introduction of Sports Car . Welding Journal, 4.
[4]. Daimler Benz Ag. (2014, March 29). Electrostatic spray arrangement. Patent Journal.
[5]. Dick Ghiselin. (2013, November 04). All-electric industrial robot aims to improve quality, efficiency, safety. Retrieved from Offshore: http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-73/issue-4/drilling-and-completion/all-electric-industrial-robot-aims-to-improve-quality-efficiency.html

Abstract: Background:The project cost is an inevitable step in the conceptual phase of the project, as it can influence or change the project scope. The cost estimate at this stage faces many difficulties due to the limited data at this stage. This research aims to develop a Regression models for estimating the cost of construction projects in the conceptual stage. The proposed model will serve as a tool that could be used by all parties involved in the project and will facilitate the cost estimation process at the conceptual phases of projects through more effective utilization of the limited available information. Materials and Methods: The regression analysis techniques are the mathematical methods which used widely in several fields. Seven factors affecting cost estimation..........

Key Word: construction cost; residential building; regression analysis;Fuzzy logic.

[1]. H.M. Günaydin, S.Z. Doǧan, A neural network approach for early cost estimation of structural systems of buildings, Int. J. Proj. Manag. 22 (2004) 595–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2004.04.002.
[2]. A. Idri, A. Abran, A fuzzy logic based set of measures for software project similarity: Validation and possible improvements, Int. Softw. Metrics Symp. Proc., 2001: pp. 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1109/metric.2001.915518.
[3]. K.J. Kim, K. Kim, Preliminary cost estimation model using case-based reasoning and genetic algorithms, J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 24 (2010) 499–505. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000054.
[4]. G.L. Feng, L. Li, Application of genetic algorithm and neural network in construction cost estimate, Adv. Mater. Res., 2013: pp. 3194–3198. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.756-759.3194.
[5]. Y.R. Wang, C.Y. Yu, H.H. Chan, Predicting construction cost and schedule success using artificial neural networks ensemble and support vector machines classification models, Int. J. Proj. Manag. 30 (2012) 470–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2011.09.002.

Abstract: Concrete develops strength when water reacts exothermically with water in a process termed hydration of cement. The quality of reactants, no doubt, would have a great influence on the quality of the final concrete product. Ureje is a river that flows across several settlements within the Ado – Ekiti environment. It is considered by many small and medium sized contractors as a ready source of water for mixing concrete. It is observed there are no heavy industries discharging their effluent into river Ureje.. This paper examines the quality of water obtained from the Urejeriver and its likely influence on strength development of concrete over a period of 28days. Water samples obtained at two different points separated by a distance of about 3kilometers were analyzed for their chemical content...........

Key Word: concrete, Urejeriver, quality, strength.

[1]. ACI 318M-08 – Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary.
[2]. Al-Manaseer, A.A., haug, M.D. &Naseer, K.W.(1988), Compressive Strength of Concrete containing fly-ash,brine and admixtures, American Concrete Institute Material Journal, 85(2),109-116.
[3]. Arunakanthi, E., Sudarsana Rao H. &Ramana Reddy I. V. (2012) – Effects of hydrochloric acid in mixing and curing water on strength of high-performance metakaolin concrete, International Journal of Applied Engineering and Technology, 2 (2),68-76.
[4]. AS 1379 – Specification and supply of concrete Standards Australia.

Abstract: Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) is an ultra-high performance concrete which has superior mechanical and physical properties. The RPC iscomposed of cement and very fine powders such as crushed quartz (100–600 μm) and silica fume with very low water/binder ratio and Super Plasticizer (SP). The RPC has a very high compressive and tensile strength with better durability properties than current high performance concretes. A compressive strength up to 165 Mpa, a flexural strength up to 42Mpa, and a splitting tensile strength up to 16 Mpa were achieved at age the 28 days.

Keywords: Compressive Strength, Reactive Powder Concrete, Workability.

[1]. DashtiRahmatAbadi, M.A.1, Haji Kazemi, H.2 and Shahabian, F. "Effects of Different Water and Super Plasticizer Amount, Pre-Setting and Curing Regimes on the Behavior of Reactive Powder Concrete" Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 47(2): 291 – 304, December 2014 ISSN: 2322 – 2093.
[2]. Liu, C.T. and Huang, J.S. (2008). "Highly flowable reactive powder mortar as a repair material", Construction and Building Materials, 22(6), 1043-1050.
[3]. Shaheen, E. and Shrive, N.G. (2006). "Optimization of mechanical properties and durability of reactive powder concrete", ACI Materials Journal, 103(6), 444-451.
[4]. Aarsleff, L., Bredal-Joregensen, J. and Poulsen, E. (1985), "On the properties of ultra-high strength concrete with particular reference to heat of hydration", Very High Strength Cement-Based Materials, Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings, Vol. 42, pp. 19-29.
[5]. Yang Ju, Li Wang, Hongbin Liu, and Guowei Ma "Experimental Investigation into Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Reactive Powder Concrete", ACI Materials Journal/January 2018 PP 21-32

Abstract: OHS AUDIT An OHS audit is a systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining evidence of the implementation of an OHS management system. OHS Audits are risk-based, designed to manage high risk areas/processes. Higher risk areas/processes are audited more frequently than lower risk areas / processes. TYPES OF OHS AUDIT Self-audit A self-audit is an OHS audit conducted by an academic/administrative unit of their own OHS systems. Internal OHS audit An internal OHS audit is an OHS audit is independent of the area under audit. Internal audits may be based on the broad requirements of OHS Management System or in applicable areas, on university chemical management requirements......

....

Abstract: Cleanrooms are the areas in which the many climatic parameters like Temperature, Relative humidity, Air velocity, Noise level, Odor, Dust particles, Oxygen level and Radiations are controlled and maintained within a required range. Out of all the above said parameters Dust particles and noise levels are considered in this study. Dust particles may enter the cleanroom from the outer un classified region or they may get generated by dust producing sites within the system itself. The dust generating sites may be the components within the cleanroom system start producing dust particles, may be because of wearing and tearing of the sliding surfacesor may be because of rust produced by oxidation of ferrous materials present over there in the cleanroom. The sound level is the next parameter which needs to be controlled within the cleanroom system. The sound may be from outside the system or may be because of the vibrating components present inside the system. The sound which enters from outside can be eliminated by sealing the area properly but the sound which is getting generated because......

Key words: HVAC systems, Cleanroom Systems, Aluminum composite,E-glass and Carbon fiber reinforced aluminum composite

[1]. Gonzalo Sánchez-Arias ,Cristian González García et al." Study of communications security among Smart Objects using a platform of heterogeneous devices for the Internet of Things". Sciences Building, C/CalvoSotelo s/n 33007, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain 9 January 2017.
[2]. Biljana L. RisteskaStojkoska, Kire V et al."A review of Internet of Things for smart home: challenges and solutions".10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.006.
[3]. Gabriele D'Angelo , Stefano Ferretti et al. "Multi-level simulation of Internet of Things on smart territories". Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory 0 0 0 (2016) 1–19.
[4]. Terence K.L. Huia, R. Simon Sherratt et al." Major requirements for building Smart Homes in Smart Cities based on Internet of Things technologies". Future Generation Computer Systems, 27 October 2016.
[5]. K. Verbert, ,R. Babuška et al. "Combining knowledge and historical data for system-level fault diagnosis of HVAC systems". IntelligenceVolume 59, March 2017, Pages 260–273..

Abstract: The results of an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of fly ash and Alumina reinforced aluminium alloy (LM25) composites samples, processed by stir casting route are reported in this paper. Three sets of composites with constant weight fraction of fly ash (particle sizeof 3-100μm) and Al2O3(particle size of 150 μm)with different wt% were used. Composite samples have the reinforcement weight fractions of constant 3% fly Ash and varying %wt of 5, 10 and 15% Al2O3. The main mechanical properties studied were the tensile strength,ductilityimpact strength &hardness. Unreinforced LM25 samples were also tested for the same properties. It was found that the tensile strength& hardness of the aluminium alloy (Lm25) composites increases with the increase in %wt of Al2O3 upto certain.....

Key Words: LM25 Aluminum Alloy,Flyash,Al2O3,LM25Mechanical properties

[1]. Basavaraju.S,Arasukumar.K,Studies on Mechanical properties and tribologicalcharecteristics of LM25 graphite-Silicon carbide and LM25-Flyash-Silicon carbide-MMCs,Vol.1,Issue1,Nov 2012.
[2]. Harish K.Garg1, Ketan Verma2, Alakesh Manna3, Rajesh Kumar4,Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites and furtherimprovement in their machinability, Vol.1,Issue 1 :36-44,May-June(2012).
[3]. V.C.UVARAJA, N. NATARAJAN , Optimization on Friction and Wear Process Parameters Using Taguchi Technique, Volume 2 No. 4, April, 2012.
[4]. A. AnandhaMoorthy, Dr. N. Natarajan, R. Sivakumar, M. Manojkumar, M. Suresh, Dry Sliding Wear and Mechanical Behavior of Aluminium/Fly ash/Graphite Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite Using Taguchi Method, Vol.2, Issue.3, May-June 2012 pp-1224-1230.
[5]. Unlu, (2008) studied the properties of Al based Al2O3 and SiC particle reinforced composite materials

Abstract: Objective:There are enormous ways to increase the lifting speed for auxiliary application, which includes increase the speed of the pump, separate flow for auxiliary application, this paper aim to design a new gear pump to increase the oil flow rate. Methods: Hydraulic power for the auxiliary applications reflects delivery of high-pressure oil to provide swift response during the operation. Hydraulic system functioning with a positive displacement piston pump is able to deliver a maximum oil flow of around 18 lpm. These 18 lpm oil flows are considerably low to offer a swift response, which results in productivity and revenue loss to the customer. To realize the desired requirement, it is essential to have a minimum flow of 25 lpm. The prevailing hydraulic systems have been studied and compared with various alternatives to understand the deficiency in the system.....

Key Words: Hydraulic Pump, Auxiliary application, Pugh Matrix, Gear Pump

[1]. Bahrkhalil.(2016), Introduction to Hydraulics for Industry Professionals Hydraulic Systems: Hydraulic Pumps and Motors overview, Publisher CompuDraulic LLC, Vol. 1, pp: 106 -178
[2]. Casey B. (2015), How to Calculate Hydraulic Pump and Motor Efficiency, Retrieved from https://www.hydraulicspneumatics.com, Aug.25, 2019.
[3]. Culpepper L, How Gear Pump Works, Course Paper Retrieved from https://web.mit.edu/2.972/www/report-gearpump, Sep. 21, 2019.

Abstract: In the present study, air assist and pressure swirl atomizers spray momentum and breakup length were investigated under different vales of discharge coefficients and flow numbers. Discharge coefficient was changed from 0.19 to 0.22 by decreasing the spin chamber diameter of the examined atomizer from 14 mm to 8 mm. The flow number of a modified pressure swirl atomizer was varied from 1.56 to 2.5 by changing the atomizer constant from 0.125 to 0.3125. Spray momentum and breakup length were studied under different operating and geometrical conditions using water as atomized liquid. Spray momentum was calculated theoretically from the spray concentration and experimentally measured by specially designed device. Momentum efficiencies were presented at different flow numbers and discharge coefficients. When the flow number increased, the momentum efficiency increased which gave an indication for soot formation in the combustion process, the spray breakup length clearly decreased. Breakup length was inversely proportional with discharge coefficient while spray momentum was directly proportional with discharge coefficient.

Key Words: Pressure swirl; Breakup length; Spray momentum; Discharge coefficient.

[1]. Lefebvre H., D. R. Ballal, "Gas turbine combustion alternative fuels and emissions", Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton, Third Edition, 2010.
[2]. Yan K., Zhi N., Lü M. and Chunhua S., "Study on droplet size and velocity distributions of a pressure swirl atomizer based on the maximum entropy formalism", Journal of Entropy, vol. 17, no. 2, 2015, pp. 580-593.
[3]. Lefebvre H. and McDonell V. G., "Atomization and sprays", Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton, Third Edition, 2016.
[4]. Tratnig A. and Brenn G., "Drop size spectra in sprays from pressure-swirl atomizers", International Journal of Multiphase Flow, vol. 36, 2010, pp. 349–363.
[5]. Gao G., Wang C. and Kou Z., "Experimental studies on the spraying pattern of a swirl nozzle for coal dust control", Journal of Applied Science, vol. 8, no. 1770, 2018.

Abstract: Blanking is a metal fabricating process, during which a metal workpiece is removed from the primary metal strip or sheet when it is punched. The removed workpiece is called blank. The blanking process forces a metal punch into a die that shears the part from the primary metal strip or sheet. A die cut edge normally has four attributes – burnish, burr, fracture & rollover. Metal fracture is formed due to non-uniform grain flow and grain size in the Hot Rolled Structural Steel. Increased variation in micro-hardness also causes metal fracture during shaving process. To improve the surface smoothness there are many types of manufacturing process used in day to day life like use of progressive tooling, laser cutting, wire cutting, machining of surface etc. But these process are only suitable where cost is not a major factor for the part produced. If the required volume is very high then progressive tooling is beneficial, for intermediate volume where cost plays an important role in we will go with conventional tooling (i.e. Simple Punch and Die Method). In this project the metal part is heated above the recrystallization temperature and annealed to study and improve the surface smoothness of sheared part.

Key Words: Blanking, Metal Fracture, Annealing

[1]. Akinlabi et al (2013), "Microstructural Development during Mechanical Forming of Steel Sheets‟, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, Volume I, London, U.K, pp.1-6.
[2]. Akpan et al (2012), "Structural Evolution and Properties of Hot Rolled Steel Alloys‟, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Volume 11, No.4, pp.515-524.
[3]. Dahiwade et al (2014), "Study the effect of hardness of steel by annealing and normalizing during hot rolling processes‟, International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, Volume 1, Issue 2, pp.12-17.
[4]. Morris Jr. (2001), "The Influence of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of Steel‟, retrieved from California Digital Library, University of California, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88g8n6f8
[5]. Shrestha et al (2015), "Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of Grade 91 Steel‟, Metals Journal, Volume 5, Issue 1, pp.131-149.
[6]. Vinod Kumar et al (2012), "Optimization of Hot Rolling and Annealing Process of Low Ni Stainless Steel Using Simulation Studies‟, Materials Science Forum, Volume 710, pp.471–476

Abstract: The sophistication and size of the models of the finite element method are continually growing. Hence, there is a rising need for faster solvers. The speed of any algorithm varies depending on the analyzed system's scale and the features of the coefficient matrix, that accordingly affect the selection of the proper solver depending on various standards, for instance, the required storage, the results' accuracy, and solving speed. However, these demands are, unfortunately, usually contradictory; there is no single procedure which outperforms the other techniques in all cases. The two main classes of solving techniques are Direct and Iterative (Indirect) solvers. Generally, direct methods tend to need many computations and large memory space, especially for significantly large problems, so a long......

Key Words: Finite element method, Direct solvers, Indirect solvers, Classical iterative methods, Modern iterative methods

[1] A. Harish, ―How to Choose a Solver for FEM Problems: Direct or Iterative?,‖ SIMSCALE Blog, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.simscale.com/blog/2016/08/how-to-choose-solvers-for-fem/. [Accessed: 09-May-2019]. [2] W. Frei, ―Solutions to Linear Systems of Equations: Direct and Iterative Solvers,‖ COMSOL Blog, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.comsol.com/blogs/solutions-linear-systems-equations-direct-iterative-solvers/. [Accessed: 09-May-2019]. [3] Cyprien, ―What is an FEA Solver ?,‖ FEA forAll, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://feaforall.com/what-is-an-fea-solver/. [Accessed: 09-May-2019]. [4] A. H. Laskar and S. Behera, ―Refinement of Iterative Methods for the Solution of System of Linear Equations Ax=b,‖ IOSR J. Math., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 70–73, 2014. [5] AUTODESK.Help, ―Solvers in Finite Element Analysis,‖ AUTODESK KNOWLEDGE NETWORK-SIMULATION MECHANICAL, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/simulation-mechanical/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2018/ENU/SimMech-UsersGuide/files/GUID-8037D314-5AAE-47E0-8B42-3C91EEFBA15D-htm.html. [Accessed: 09-May-2019].

Abstract: Polystyrene light weight concrete in Nigeria are faced with the problem of mix proportioning to meet the compressive strength and water absorption requirements. This paper developed new models for predicting the 7th, 14th, 21th, and28th day compressive strength and water absorption of polystyrene lightweight concrete using Osadebe's regression model which expresses the response as a function of the proportions of the mixture components. The models were formulated using existing data and were validated using the F-statistics and probability plots. A comparison of the models and the existing ones based on Osadebe's simplex lattice model. The models have a wider range of application and are more user friendly. Adequacy of the models was confirmed using F-statistics and normal probability plot...........

Key Words: Water, Absorption, Polystyrene, Lightweight, Concrete, Regression Model

[1]. Anderson, E. C. and Montgomery, S. (2007). Estimation of the number of individuals founding colonized populations, https: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1558 – 5646.2007.00080.x
[2]. Anderson, M. C. Norman, J. M., Mecikalski, J. R., Otkin, J. P., and Kustas, W. P. (2007). A climatological study of evapotranspiration and moisture stress across the continental U.S. based on thermal remote sensing: II. Surface moisture climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11112, doi: 11110.11029/12006JD007507.
[3]. Anyaogu, L., &Ezeh, J. C. (2013). Optimization of compressive strength of fly ash blended cement concrete using Scheffe's simplex theory. Academic Research International, 4(2), 177. [4]. Anya, C.U. and Osadebe, N.N. (2005). Dynamic analysis of tall buildings'. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 24 (2), 34-40
[5]. Babu, K. G., &Babu, D. S. (2003). Behaviour of lightweight expanded polystyrene concrete containing silica fume. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(5), 755-762.

Abstract: The partial and full replacement of natural aggregate with recycled aggregate is a major concern in the construction industry of the world wide, as it reduces the disposal of construction wastes and as it decreases the demand of natural aggregates. Also, recycling of aggregate has major solution by reducing the environmental negative impact caused by concrete wastes and it helps to reduce the negate impacts of natural aggregates during extraction of the natural aggregate resources. On this paper I try to show reviews on the use of recycled aggregates as partial replacements with natural aggregates on concrete based on experimental results. The basic properties of concrete are discussed here are; the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of recycled concrete aggregates. Although, brief attention is given to discuss the impacts of recycled concrete aggregates on the hardened and fresh properties and durability of concrete.......

Key words: Recycled aggregate concrete, M-sand

[1]. MEtxeberria, E. Vazquez, A. M. Barra."Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete", Cement and Concrete Research, 2007
[2]. Sallehan Ismail, Wai Hai Hoe Kwan, Mahyuddin Ramli. "Mechanical Strength and durability properties of concrete containing treated recycled concrete aggregates under different curing conditions", Construction and Building Materials, 2017
[3]. Trianglehomez.com
[4]. Ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in
[5]. Indianrailwayquestionbank.blogspot.com.

Abstract: Geo-polymer concrete (GPC) is nature friendly concrete which has less carbon emitted than that of cement concrete but still not popular. The reason behind it is lack of knowledge and unavailability of standard mix design.Packing density is unique type of mix design method used to design various types of concrete. Trial and error method is adopted to know FA: GGBS proportion and fluid binder ratio to be considered in order to achieve required strength. The mix design of normal cement concrete is developed using both IS 10262-2019 code and packing density method to check the reliability on packing density method. The tests are then conducted to verify the strength properties of concrete. There are list of test like compressive strength test, split tensile test and flexural tensile test for strength check......

Key words: Bulk density, packing density, Geopolymer,HPGPC, HPCC and Mix design

[1]. Mr. Joseph Davidovits, "Geopolymer cement a review" (Published in Geopolymer Science and Techniques, Technical Paper #21, Geopolymer Institute Library, January 2013)
[2]. Narasimha Raj et al. "Concrete Mix Design by Packing Density Method" (Published in IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Volume 11, Issue 2 Mar- Apr. 2014)
[3]. P. Pavithra.et al. "A mix design procedure for GPC with fly ash" (Published in Journal of Cleaner Production, Page 117-125, 2016)
[4]. Indian standard code of practice for, "Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete", IS 383 – 1970, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[5]. Indian standard code of practice for, "Methods of test for aggregates for concrete", IS 2386 (Part III) – 1963, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi..

Abstract: Vortex flow phenomena are always connected with high agility aircrafts with super maneuvering rates, slender body of revolutions, highly swept back and delta wings and others and have great impacts on their performance and safety. A comprehensive wind tunnel investigation has been accomplished on six component forces and moments measurements of a carbon-fiber delta wing at different angles of attack up to 73 degrees for a zero degree angle of sideslip. This Investigation has been carried out at two free stream velocities of 24m/s and 48 m/s to predict any effects of the Reynolds number on the acquired data. The effect of vortex initiation and breakdown on the acquired measurement data has been discussed.....

Key words: Vortex Flow, Vortex Breakdown, Vortex Dynamics, Delta Wing, Super Maneuvering Aircraft, High Agility Aircraft, Slender Body of Revolution, Wind Tunnel, six component balance, Data Acquisition System

[1]. Earnshaw, P. B (1962). An experimental investigation of the structure of a leading edge vortex. ARC R & M 3281, 1962.
[2]. Garg, A.K.; Leibovich, S. (1979). Spectral Characteristics of Vortex Breakdown Flow Fields, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 22, No. 11, 1979, pp. 2053-2064. Unsteady Aspects of Leading-edge Vortices RTO-TR-AVT-080 6 -33
[3]. Hall, M.G. (1972). Vortex breakdown. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 4, 195-218 (1972)
[4]. Leibovich S. (1979). The structure of vortex breakdown, Annual Review Fluid Mech. 10, 221 (1978).
[5]. Michalke, A. (1965). Vortex formation in a free boundary layer according to stability theory, J. Fluid Mech. (1965), vol. 22, part 2, pp. 371-383..

Abstract: Structures built from different components which require some means of joining. Bonding with adhesives has major advantages compared to traditional joining methods like welding, riveting or fasting e.g. reduction of stress concentrations, reduced weight, easy joining for very thin surfaces as well as used for two different materials also. An investigation based on several experimental and finite element analysis studies was carried out to understand the failure mechanisms of scarf adhesive joint under tensile load. Various parameters were investigated such as the bondline thickness, adherend thickness, scarf angle for either same adherend or different adherend and used different adhesive for the investigation. Also the external parameter like temperature considers for some experiments also they combine two different adhesive to get better result. A lot of studies and researches have been done to improve all these characteristics that are reviewed in this paper......

[1]. Z.Bao, M.Gao, Y.Sun, R.Nian, &M.Xian, "The recent progress of tissue adhesives in design strategies, adhesive mechanism and applications," Materials Science and Engineering: C, 110796. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2020.110796.
[2]. J.-N.Zhang , H.Zhu, T.Liu, Y.Chen, C.Jiao, C.He, &H.Wang, "Strong adhesion of hydro gels by polyelectrolyte adhesives," Polymer, 122845, 2020. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122845.
[3]. P. Mazza, F. Martini, B.Sala, M. Magi, M. Colombini, G. Giachi, F. Landucci, C. Lemorini,F. Modugno, E. Ribechini, "A new Paleolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed," Journal of Archaeological Science. 33 (9): 1310, Jan 2006.
[4]. K.Arora, H.Xie, &E. D.Meter, "Methodology for Mitigating the Impact of Adhesive Shrinkage for PAAW Technology Applications," Procedia Manufacturing, 26, 1398–1410,
[5]. 2018.doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2018.07.108..

Abstract: Road safety audit is formal procedure for assessing accident potential and safety performance in the provision of new road schemes, improvement and rehabilitation of existing road & in maintenance of roads. The primary role of audit team is to identify the potential problems of a highway project by conducting the site inspection & collecting data from various agencies. The role of auditor is to provide independent advice in the form of written recommendations. Road Safety Audit (RSA) recognizes & provides possibilities for improvement in safety for all road users. RSA prevents instance of accidents or to reduce it.[1].....

[1]. Manual on road safety audit IRC:SP:88-2010,Road safety audit – overview (page 5), Checklist 10 (page no. 82).
[2]. Ministry of commerce and industry, Indian Brand Equity Foundation – Road Infra. in India.
[3]. Ministry Of Road Transport and Highways Transport Research wing (MORTH), New Delhi, Road Accidents in India – 2017
[4]. Manual of specifications & standards for four laning of highways through public private partnership IRC:SP : 84-2014.
[5]. Prof. BhutekarS.B ,Solanke Ajay "Road Safety Audit: A Case Study For Beed By Pass Road In Aurangabad City" 2018.

Abstract: The traffic volume along major Highways is rapidly increasing due to the increase in economic growth in Nepal. Similarly, the proportion of freight traffic is also in the growing trend. Previous studies on the axle load survey had unveiled that significant proportion of freight vehicles are found beyond the permissible axle loads. It has been understood that major cause of pavement failure is due to the vehicle overload. This study is aimed at the determination of impact of axle load intensity to the pavement structure which is related to its service life and cost of its strengthening. The quantitative analysis technique for identifying the axle load impacts on the pavement structure at Belhiya-Butwal Road Section has been adopted in this study. The loading pattern for each vehicle type was categorized into the three types as fully loaded, partially....

Keywords: Vehicle damage factor, permissible axle load, standard axle load, vehicle overloading

[1] R. Khan, A. Khan, M. T. Khan, I. Ali, B. Alam and B. Wali, "Impact of axle overload, asphalt pavement thickness and subgrade modulus on load equivalency factor using modified ESALs equation," National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, India, 2018.
[2] H. Wang, J. Zhao and Z. Wang, "Impact of Overweight Traffic on Pavement Life Using Weigh in Motion Data and Mechanistic-Emperical Pavement Analysis," Department of Transportation, New Jersey, 2014.
[3] J. Pais, S. Amorim and M. Minhoto, "Impact of Traffic Overload on Road Pavement Performance," Journal of Transportation Engineering, vol. 139, no. 9, pp. 873-879, 2013.
[4] A. T. Jan and C. Fung, "Determimation Of Equivalent Axle Load Factor of Trailer with Multiple Axles on Flexible Pavement Structures," Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies., vol. 6, pp. 1194-1206, 2005.
[5] J. Z. a. Z. W. HAO WANG, "Impact of Overweight Traffic on Pavement life using WIM dataand mechanistics impirical pavement analysis," in 9-th International conference on Managing pavement assests, Washington D. C., 2015.

Abstract: Macroscopic flow models represent how the behavior of one parameter of traffic flow changes with respect to other. The most important among them is relationship between speed, flow and density. Flow-Speed-Density plays an important relationship in dynamic macroscopic modeling. The relationship among flow, speed and density has been foundation of traffic engineering which is derived from the concept of flow. Eight different speed-density models were calibrated using field survey data considering free flow condition that is Greenshield, Greenberg, Polynomial, Northwestern, Pipes-Munjal, Underwood, Drake with Taylor series and Underwood with Taylor....

Key words: Space mean speed, density, traffic flow model, free space mean speed,

[1]. CSIR-Central Road Research Institute , 2017. Indian Highway Capacity manual. First ed. New Delhi: CSIR.
[2]. Department of Roads, 2013. Nepal Road Standard. second ed. Kathmandu, Nepal: Department of Roads.
[3]. Drew, D., 1968. Traffic Flow Theory and Control. In: McGraw-Hill Book Company Chapter 12. s.l.:s.n.
[4]. Greenberg, H., 1959. An Analysis of Traffic Flow. Operations Research, Volume 7, pp. 79-85.
[5]. Greenshields, B., 1935. A study in highway capacity. Highway Research Board, Volume 14, pp. 448-447.

Abstract: In this study single size aggregate was used to make required strength of concrete to estimate aggregate size as a variable because in actual practice use of one size aggregate is limited. This paper mainly concerned with the properties of the concrete using brick aggregate because of scarcity of the natural aggregate. Three type of cement are used so that it is judged, what kind of cement can be used to get even more good quality of concrete used for constructions Cube and Beam were casted for finding the strength of concrete. It was found that Portland Slag Cement specimen gave the best results. Portland Pozzolana Cement gave second best result and O.P.C exhibited the least compressive and flexural strengths....

Keywords: Brick ballast, compressive strength ,flexural strength ,Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland Pozzolana Cement ,Portland slag Cement

[1]. Ahmad.M, Malik.S, Jan.A, Seth.M, (2013)," Brick Masonry and Hollow Concrete Block Masonry - A Comparative Study", International Journal Of Civil And Structural Engineering Research (IJCSER) Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (14-21).
[2]. Bandal.A, Hossain.M, Amin.M, (2013)," A Study on Cube and Cylinder Strength of Brick Aggregate Concrete", IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 9, Issue 3, PP 65-72.
[3]. Bazaz.J, (2006)," Performance of concrete produced with crushed bricks as the coarse and fine aggregate", IAEG Paper number 616.
[4]. Dey.G, Pal.J,(2013)" Use of Brick Aggregate in Standard Concrete and Its Performance in Elevated Temperature", IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4.
[5]. Hossain.M, Salam.A, Kader.M, (2012)," Pervious concrete using brick chips as coarse aggregate: An experimental study", Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 40 (2) 125-137.

Abstract: In conventional deterministic design techniques, all parameters are not subjected to probabilistic variations. It is well known that loads coming on the structure are random. Similarly, the material and the geometrical parameters are also subjected to statistical variations. Given that load and strength both are random variables, therefore, structural safety is a statistical variable. With this in mind, an attempt is being made to measure the safety levels for RC beams in a single bay frame assured by the design as per current practise code IS 456-2000. Digital simulation on a R.C frame for a specific beam considering statistics and probability distribution forshear force and bending moments are carried using Software SAP2000v22 using a MATLAB-supported programme. Statistics on resistance are developed using the related equations given in IS 456-2000. Several design situations are considered for 20 %, 40 %, 60 % live load, corresponding to different material grades. Monte Carlo Simulation measures the probability of failure, which determines the safety margin statistics M = R-S.

Key Words: Probability, Reliability, Beam Failure, SAP2000, MATLAB

[1]. VidyaSagar J, Manjunath G S, Probability of failure of column and beam in steel structure due to plan irregularities,International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2017; 4(08): 1022-1028
[2]. Manjunath J, Dr. K Manjunath, Naveen Kumar S, Sunil Kumar M S, Astudy on probability failure of a column in RC frame by varying live load,International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2015; 2(05): 48-53
[3]. Amy KirkeHong Hao, Estimation of failure probabilities of RC frame structures in Singapore to the simulated largest credible ground motion,2004; 26(1):139-150
[4]. IS 456-2000 Indian standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete, fourth edition, Bureau of Indian Standards.

Abstract: The crashworthiness of a car must be evaluated with the load carrying capacity and the crash mode at the initial stage of auto-body design. Auto-body members such as a front side member should be designed to efficiently absorb the kinetic energy during the car crash in order to secure occupants from the impact and penetration. In a vehicle frontal crash, a higher level of energy absorption in the frontal structures occur and its leads to reduce / less injury to the passengers. Front side rails structure used to absorber / transfer the impact force in the body of a vehicle. In order to improve the safety of passengers, the front rail design should be optimized to absorb higher levels of energy in a frontal crash. In this Thesis, an investigation of design optimization of the front side rail, to improve....

Keywords: Crash worthiness; Automobile; Front Side Rail, Deformation

[1.] DuBois (2004), "The Vehicle Crashworthiness and Occupant Protection",American Iron and Steel Institute publisher, pp.81-100 & 235-253.
[2.] Griskeviciuset al (2003), "The Crash Energy Absorption on the Vehicles Front Structures",pp.97-101.
[3.] Houssini (2006), "Front Bumper Crashworthiness Optimization", Proceeding of9th International LS-DYNA User‟s Conference, Detroit,Michigan, USA, pp.11.57-11.62.
[4.] Hamza, K (2003), "Design for Crashworthiness of Vehicle Structures via Equivalent Mechanism Approximations and Crush Mode Matching", Proceeding of 2004 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, November 13-20, 2004, Anaheim, California USA, Article No: IMECE 2004-62226, pp. 1-12..

Abstract: In recent years the growth of automobile has been increase significantly due to the improvement in Technology. This made people's life easier and provided comfort for travelling. Thus due this increase in vehicle on road leads to increase in pollution emitted by vehicle. Major pollutants emitted from automobile, that are harmful to nature are HC, CO and NOx. Hence Catalytic converters are used to deal with these pollutants. Conventional Catalytic converter uses Platinum as a catalyst, which is best suitable catalyst to reduce the pollutants. The concern with the Conventional catalytic converter is the cost of catalyst (i.e. platinum) and availability of catalyst. Hence to deal with above concerns Catalytic converter with Non-noble catalyst such as Zn, Cu is taken into consideration..

Keywords: Catalytic converter, Platinum catalyst, Zn Catalyst, Cu Catalyst

[1]. Ronald M. Heck, Robert J. Farrauto, Automobile exhaust catalysts, Catalysis A: General 221 (2001) 443–457
[2]. Akash Pathak, K. Venkadeshwaran, Alok Kumar Rohit, Niranjan Kumar Naulakha, Review Paper on Improved Exhaust Emission Control by The Use of Cu-Zeolite Catalyst Based Catalytic Converter, IJTSRD Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018
[3]. Advanced Catalytic Converter in Gasoline Enginer Emission Control: A Review, A.M.Leman, Afiqah Jajuli, Dafit Feriyanto, Fakhrurrazi Rahman and Supaat Zakaria, ENCON 2016 10.1051/ matecconf/20178702020
[4]. Chirag Amin1, Pravin P. Rathod, CATALYTIC CONVERTER BASED ON NON-NOBLE MATERIAL, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN2249–8974IJAERS/Vol. I/ Issue II/January-March, 2012/118-120.
[5]. Nadim Bagwan, Sanjay Satpute, A Review on Properties of Catalyst Materials for a Three Way Catalytic Converter International Journal of Advanced Production and Industrial Engineering IJAPIE-SI-MM 504 (2017) 22–26

Abstract: A new technology and cost reduction process is useful in the lives of others, which will contribute to the industrial community. This paper presents the development of low-cost lean analysis tool beneficial for small and medium scale industries. Austerity production or austerity formation is simply called "lean", a procedure for reducing expenditures over the amount of expenditure spent on other resources, except for the purpose of the creation of the customers. Lean Processes is a single integrated solution to measure, identify and eliminate process waste, to improve operation........

Key Word: Lean Manufacturing;Continuous Improvement; Motion Study; Ergonomics

[1] Anuska, M. and Stastna, L. (2013), "Industrial Engineering in the Non-Manufacturing Processes‟, Proceedings of the 22nd International Business Information Management Association Conference conducted by International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA 2013), pp. 747-766.
[2] Bicheno, J. and Holweg, M. (2009),"The Lean Toolbox‟, PICSIE Books, UK.
[3] Groover, M. P. (2007), "Work Systems: The Methods, Measurement and Management of Work‟, Prentice Hall, USA.
[4] Guy Norris (2013),"Airbus's Automated Future Features Robotics‟, 6 May 2013 (2013-05-06), pp. 1 - 4, XP055485830. Retrieved from <http://aviationweek.com/print/awin/airbus-s-automated-future-features-robotics>retrieved on 04.08.2017.
[5] Hopp, W. and Spearman, M. (2008), "Factory Physics: Foundations of Manufacturing Management‟, McGraw Hill, USA..

Abstract: In order to investigate the effects of humidity on structures in Bambili, a total of 216 concrete specimens measuring 220mm x 110mm x 65mm each were produced for the compressive strength test using three cement dosages of 300Kg/𝑚3,350Kg/𝑚3, and 400Kg/𝑚3 for Cimaf cement concrete(CICC), Conch cement concrete(COCC), and Dangote cement concrete(DCC) for both buried and unburied samples. After each day's moulding, the test specimens were de-moulded after 24 hours and cured in a water tank by immersion for 28days. A total of 18 different sets of samples were then buried beneath the earth in Bambili at a humidity-conditioned environment of 48.25% moisture content. After removing test specimens from the curing tank on each day, they were allowed to dry off for 30 minutes in the laboratory environment. Crushing then followed for 28days, 56days, 84days, and 112days....

Keywords: Humidity, Compressive strength, Moisture content, Tensile strength, Soil porosity, Bearing capacity

[1]. Ahmad& Abdul (2010). Treatment of Salt Attack and Rising Damp in Heritage Buildings in Penang, Malaysia. Journal of Construction in Developing Countrie
[2]. Beall, C. (2000). Water penetration in building envelopes. Retrieved from http://www.rci-online.org/interface/2000-10-beall.pdf
[3]. Berglund, L.G. (1998) Comfort and Humidity. ASHRAE Transactions
[4]. Briffett, C. (1994). Building Maintenance Technology in Tropical Climates-Investigating dampness problem in buildings, Singapore. Singapore University Press.
[5]. British Standards, BS 882(1992), Specification for Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete. British Standard Institution..

Abstract: The content of Eggshell powder were similar as cement content. Eggshells from poultry farms are usually thrown away as a waste. Such a renewable waste is collected and used in this research to reduce environmental problems.This research work investigates the effect of using eggshell powder (ESP) as partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement in the concrete mix of Grade 25 and reinforced concrete columns. The eggshellpowder, sieved to 100 μm. The concrete mix proportion is 1:2:3.7 in which cement is partially replaced with egg- shell powder.The egg- shell powderare 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of cement. The main purpose of this study is to compare between the behaviors of using different ratios of Egg Shell Powder in concrete with normal concrete under different types of loading of reinforced concrete columns. Twelve reinforced concrete columns were cast in four groups, each group contains three columns . The first group was a control group and the other groups the percentage.....

Keywords: Reinforced concrete columns, Egg shell powder , eccentricity, flexural behavior.Cement, Axial compression

[1]. Muhammad Nur Shafain Bin Hut, "The Performance of Eggshell Powder as an Additive in Concrete Mixed", B.ENG in Civil Engineering, University of Malaysia Pahang, July 2014.
[2]. Veeradasari Jeevan, Suraj Baraik, and Dr. G. Venkata Ramana, "Evaluation of Fresh and Hardened Properties of Scc By Partial Replacement of Cement with Egg Shell Powder and Fine Aggregate with Foundry Sand", International Journal of Research no (2236-6124), Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Dundigal, Hyderabad, September 2018.
[3]. Anand Parkash and Er.Rajinder Singh, "Behaviour of Concrete Containing Egg Shell Powder as Cement Replacing Material", International Journal of Latest Research In Engineering and Computing (IJLREC) no (2347-6540), July-August 2017.
[4]. P. Pliya and D. Cree, "Limestone Derived Eggshell Powder as A Replacement in Portland Cement Mortar", Construction and Building Materials, July 2015..

Abstract: In order to machine harder ceramics precisely, micro milling tools made of binderless nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD) were fabricated by using laser fabrication process. Several cutting edges were fabricated three-dimensionally by a laser beam on the edge of a cylindrical NPD. SiC wafers with a flat face were cut with the developed tool to evaluate the tool wear rate and its life. From the fundamental experiment of tool wear, the tool wear in NPD tool is extremely small compared to that in conventional single crystalline diamond (SCD) tool. Finally, some micro textured molds of SiC (single crystal SiC, CVD-SiC) were cut with the tools at a rotational speed of 50,000 min-1. The molds were cut in the ductile mode. The form accuracy obtained using NPD was extremely high compared to that obtained using conventional SCD

Keywords: ultraprecision cutting, milling tool, ceramics, nano polycrystalline diamond, ductile mode cutting

[1]. Suzuki H, Okada M, Yamagata Y, Morita S, Higuchi T (2012) Precision Grinding of Structured Ceramic Molds by Diamond Wheel Trued with Alloy Metal. Annals of the CIRP 61(1): 283–286.
[2]. Funaki T, Nishio A, Kimoto T, Hikihara T (2008) A Study on Electro Thermal Response of SiC Power Module during High Temperature Operation. IEICE Electron. Express 5(16): 597-602.
[3]. Butler-Smith P, Axinte D, Pacella M, Fay W (2012) Micro/Nanometric Investigations of the Effects of Laser Ablation in the Generation of Micro-Tools from Solid CVD Diamond Structures. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 213(2): 194–200.
[4]. Suzuki H, Okada M, Fujii K, Matsui S, Yamagata Y (2013) Development of Micro Milling Tool Made of Single Crystalline Diamond for Ceramic Cutting. Annals of the CIRP 62(1): 59–62.
[5]. Suzuki H, Moriwaki T, Yamamoto Y, Goto Y (2007) Precision Cutting of Aspherical Ceramic Molds with Micro PCD Milling Tool, Annals of the CIRP 56(1): 131-134...

Abstract: For several years, CO2 emission reduction has become a leitmotiv for automotive industry. Engine downsizing is one of the strategies to achieve it. Simply put, it is reducing the cubic capacity of an engine while maintaining its level of performance. Most of the time, this downsizing also provides an efficiency improvement thereby a CO2 emission reduction. One well-known technology to achieve the downsizing is turbocharging which works best at middle and high speed (engine rotation speed) but not at idle speed. Since turbochargers do not have enough energy coming from the engine exhaust gas to accelerate during idle speed, and hence it is called as turbo-lag. Another prominent method......

Key Word:Supercharger;Compressor; Electric-Supercharger; Mathematical Model.

[1] Corky Bell, "Supercharged – "Design, Testing and Installation of Supercharger System", Bentley Publishers, 2001.
[2] George E. Dieter, Linda C. Schmidt, "Engineering Design", McGraw Hill Higher Education, 4th edition, 2009.
[3] Heinz P. Bloch and John J. Hoefner, "Reciprocating Compressors", Gulf Publishing Company, 1933.
[4] Crane Technical Paper No:410 – "Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings and Pipe", Crane & Co, 300, Park Avenue, New York, 1978.
[5] Karl T.Ulrich and Steven D. Eppinger "Product Design and Development", McGraw Hill Education, 5th edition, 2016.

Abstract: Centrifugal casting is a metal casting process in which molten metal is poured into a rotating mould at a specific temperature. The mould will generate a centrifugal force that will affect the outcome of the casting. The centrifugal casting method is suitable for manufacturing of hallow cylindrical part to obtain better results.This paper deals with improving the quality of aluminium alloy castingsusing Simulation Software. SOLIDWORKS FLOW simulation software is used for simulating the density of casting and visualizing outputs of the cast product.Cylindrical castings of different aluminium alloys are simulated with variable mould rotation, pouring temperature, preheating temperature and tested for defect like porosity......

Key Word: Centrifugal casting,Optimization, Mould rotation, Flow simulation, Aluminium alloys

[1]. Shailesh P, Sundarrajan S, Komaraiah M. Optimization of process parameters of Al-Si alloy by centrifugal casting technique using Taguchi design of experiments. Procedia materials science. 2014 Jan 1;6:812-20 [2]. Mukunda PG, Shailesh RA, Rao SS. Influence of rotational speed of centrifugal casting process on appearance, microstructure, and sliding wear behaviour of Al-2Si cast alloy. Metals and Materials international. 2010 Feb 1; 16(1):137-43.
[3]. Madhusudhan NS, Kumar GM. Experimental study on cooling rate of centrifugal casting based on grain size. International Journal of scientific & engineering research. 2012;3(1):1-3.
[4]. Cook K, Wu B, Reddy RG. Modeling of Centrifugal Casting of Aluminum Alloy Components. Journal for Manufacturing Science and Production. 2006; 7(1):49-60.
[5]. Suryawanshi A, Chandra SS. Optimization to improve the quality of centrifugal casting by grey fuzzy method. International journal of advanced engineering research and Studies. 2015:164-6.

Abstract: The use of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) is rapidly gaining ground because of its excellent properties such as high strength, high wear and abrasion resistance, excellent fatigue, high toughness and high strength-to-weight ratio, that are suitable for most of engineering applications. However, determination of the right process parameters needed to developADI products with combination of desirable properties that are most appropriate for specific application is a major challenge that faces production and material design engineers. There is need to ensure that ADI materials are either over-or under- processed to guarantee the development of the candidate material required for an engineering application. Hence, the effects of austempering process parameters on the mechanical properties of austempered ductile cast iron were studied. Ductile cast iron was developed by alloying cast with 0.06%......

Key Word: Tensile strength, cast iron, quenching, ductility, hardness, austempering

[1]. Rajan, T.V, Sharma, C.P.and Ashok Sharma (1998). Heat Treatment Principles and Techniques. Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
[2]. Ranjit, K. P., Jyoti, P. D., Mishra, S. C. (2015). Austempered Ductile Iron: Processing and Mechanical Properties. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN: 978-3-659-69704-3. Pp 15 -108
[3]. James, J. M. (1990). Ductile Iron Date for Design Engineers. Sorelmetal Technical Services. Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium Inc Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Pp 387 – 390.
[4]. Ajay, L, Prashant, P, Peshwe, D.P and Pathak, S.U. (2014). Effect of Austenitization Temperature on Wear Behaviour of CarbadicAustempered Ductile Iron. International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering. Vol 8, NO 6.
[5]. Austempered Ductile Iron; The World's Most Comprehensive Materials Database

Abstract: Background:Battle of weapon and armor has been continuing from the beginning of the human history. As new weapons are developed, in response to that corresponding armors are been developing. Even Today, development of lightweight armors against kinetic energy caliber projectiles is getting important as mobility is considered. In this work, study regarding the effect of projectile on group of armor and ballistic protection efficiency is performed. The interaction between the kinetic energy projectile and armor plate falls into the domain of terminal ballistics science. Materials and Methods: In this work, set of two different composite armors consisting of Steel, Dyneema, Kevlar, Ceramic materials are of optimized......

Key Word: Ballistics, Composite armor, Multi-hit capability,projectile and target failure

[1]. Deniz,TanselBallistic Penetration Of Hardened Steel Plates Department Of Mechanical Engineering August 2010.
[2]. W.N.M. Jamil, M.A. Aripin, Z.Sajuri, S.Abdullah, M.Z.Omar, M.F.Abdullah and W.F.H Zamri Mechanical properties and microstructures of steel panels for laminated composites in armoured vehicles IJAME ISSN:2229-8649, Volume13, issue 3 pp, December 2016.
[3]. ZoranOdanović, BiljanaBobićBallistic protection efficiency of composite ceramics/metal armoursScientific-Technical Review, vol.L III, no.3, 2003, UDC:623.54:539.2:620.198(047)=20COSATI:19-04,13-12,14-02.
[4]. Eugene MedvedovskiBallistic performance of armour ceramics: Influence of design and structure Ceramics International 36(2010)2117–2127.
[5]. V.Narayanamurthy*, C.LakshmanaRao, and B.N.RaoNumerical Simulation of Ballistic Impact on Armour Plate with a Simple Plasticity Model Defence Science Journal, Vol.64, No.1, January 2014, pp.55-61, DOI:10.14429/dsj.64.4521 2014.
[6]. I.G.Crouch, S.J.Cimpoeru, H.Li, D.ShanmugamArmour steels Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria,Australia.

Abstract: The expansion of the Sangkarang Islands District and the tourism potential of small islands in Makassar City require a reliable transportation system to support the movement from/to small islands. This
study aims to analyze (1) the availability and suitability of small islands transportation infrastructure and service networks, (2) small island community movement patterns, and (3) formulating directions for the
development of small islands transportation infrastructure and service networks in Makassar City. . This research is a descriptive study with quantitative and qualitative approaches. The data collection method is in
the form of field observations such as interviews using a questionnaire and also using secondary data. The analytical method used for the availability and suitability of the archipelago transportation infrastructure and
services network is a qualitative.......

Keywords:Transportation, infrastructure, services, node, Sangkarang

[1] Department of Marine, Fisheries, Agriculture and Livestock (2014). Coastal Zone and Small Islands Zoning Plan in Makassar
City. Makassar: Makassa City Government
[2] Adisasmita S. A. (2011a). Transport and Regional Development. Yogjakarta: Graha Ilmu
[3] Narua L. A. (2011). Inter-Island Sea Transportation Development Strategy in the Context of Increasing Regional Economic
Development. Bogor: Bogor Agricultural University
[4] BAPPEDA of Makassar City. (2010). Makassar City Spatial Plan 2015-2035. Makassar: Makassar City Government
[5] Central Bureau of Statistics Makassar City. (2016). Makassar City in Figures 2016. Makassar: BPS Makassar City
[6] Djamaluddin I. (2010). Development of Inter-Small Island Transportation in the City of Makassar. FSTPT XIII Symposium (p.
1). Semarang: Soegijapranata Catholic University Indonesia. Government Regulation on Ports, Government Regulation No. 61 of
Central Bureau of Statistics.

Abstract: Different mathematical F.E. models for a 5 story multi-bay Reinforced Concrete building have been analyzed for progressive collapse when subjected to the removal of one of its 1st floor primary columns. The analysis was carried out through LS-DYNA which is a general-purpose finite element program that runs on a broad range of computing platforms. It is a commercial version of the public domain code that originated as DYNA3D. Three nonlinear model systems for the building have been considered i. e. Model I which considers only the primary lateral-resisting system of the structure as frame elements, Model II which is developed from Model I by adding of flooring as shell element, and Model III which is the same as Model I but all primary lateral-resisting system of the structure was created as......

Keywords:Collapse, Multi-story, Multi-bay, RC Buildings, Dynamic Analysis, Nonlinearity, Finite Element

[1]. British Standards, BS EN 1991-1-7, (2006) "Actions on structures - Part 1-7: General actions Accidental Actions" British Standards Institution, London, England.
[2]. Chen, W. and Forquin, P. (2019), ―Experimental and numerical study of the damage process in RC beam‐column sub‐assemblages during a progressive collapse scenario,‖Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech.
[3]. Ellingwood B.R. (2006), "Mitigating risk from abnormal loads and progressive collapse" Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE 20(4): 315–323.
[4]. Ellingwood, R., Smilowitz, R., Dusenberry ,D., Duthinh, D. and Carino, N. (2007) "Best Practice for Reducing the Potential for Progressive Collapse in Buildings", NISTIR 7396, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Washington D.C.
[5]. FEMA-356. (2000). "Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings." Federal Emergency Management Agency: Washington, DC..