iosr-JNHS   Volume-4 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2015

Abstract: Heartburn is a common symptom in pregnancy affecting up to 80% of women in the third trimester. A range of interventions have been used to relieve symptoms including advice on diet and lifestyle, antacids, antihistamines, and proton pump inhibitors. The safety and effectiveness of these interventions to relieve heartburn in pregnancy have not been established. Aim: Explore the strategies used by pregnant women to alleviate heartburn during pregnancy .We would include studies examining single interventions, multiple interventions, or comparing different interventions. Design: An exploratory descriptive design comprising 302 pregnant women recruited from maternity clinics of all medical health centers in Port-Said City.

1]. Neilson JP. Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art. No.:CD007065. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007065.pub2.Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy (Review) iCopyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.
[2]. Nivin Todd, MD National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey.American Pregnancy Association WebMD, LLC on September 05, 2014
[3]. J.E.-Richter JE. Review article: the management of heartburn in pregnancy. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2005;22(9):749–57.
[4]. J.E. Richter, Gastroesophageal reflux disease during pregnancy. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America,32, 2003, 235–261.

Abstract: This study investigated the Difference in the knowledge of syphilis between rural and urban secondary school students in North-Eastern Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria. One research question and one hypothesis were postulated. Descriptive survey was adopted and multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 384 respondents from twelve secondary schools in three states of the study area. A researcher-developed questionnaire on modified Likert scale was used to obtain the information from the respondents. The demographic information of the respondents was described using frequency counts and percentage while t-test statistical technique of inferential statistics was used for testing the stated hypothesis..

[1]. Asfaw Z. (1988). Serologic and Clinical Survey of Treponema Diseases in South-Western Ethiopia. Ethiopia Medical journal 2(6)121-132.
[2]. Obinna, C. (1995). Knowledge of Syphilis in Adolescent with a History of Sexually
[3]. Transmitted Diseases retrieved on 13/4/2013from
[4]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22339147
[5]. Bishaw, T. Tafari, N. Zewdie, M. Haile, D. Mascola I. & Brown S. (1983). Prevention of Congenital Syphilis. Proceedings of the Third African Regional Conference on Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Basle Switzerland: Ciba Geigy printing press.

Abstract: Aim: To study the effect of headache snags and core strengthening for cervical spine in relieving cervicogenic headache Objectives: 1) To study the effect of headache snags and core muscle strengthening on cervical spine in relieving cervicogenic headache. Methodology: 30 subjects with age group 20 to 45 years, both males and females, who fulfilled the criteria were randomly selected. Examination of cervical spine was done. The data was documented and statistically analyzed RESULT: When the results were compared within the group with the help of paired t test the p value for VAS was (p=0.000) and the p value for strength of core muscle was (p=0.000). Conclusion: Thus the result shows that headache SNAG with deep core muscle strengthening is more effective than TENS with deep core muscle strengthening.

[1]. Helewa A, Goldsmith CH, Lee P, et al. The prevalence of neck pain in a university community. PhysTher 1994;74:S26.
[2]. Holmstrom EB, Lindell J, Moritz U. Low back and neck/shoulder pain in construction workers: Occupational workload and psychosocial risk factors: Part 2. Relationship to neck and shoulder pain. Spine 1992;17:672–7.
[3]. Hult L. Cervical, dorsal, and lumbar spinal syndromes. ActaOrthopScand 1954;17:175–277.
[4]. Stovner L., et al. , The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia, 2007. 27(3): p. 193–210. [PubMed]
[5]. 15. Jensen R., Stovner L.J., Epidemiology and comorbidity of headache. Lancet Neurol, 2008. 7(4): p. 354–61. [PubMed]
[6]. Haldeman S., Dagenais S., Cervicogenic headaches: a critical review. Spine J, 2001. 1(1): p. 31–46.[PubMed]
[7]. 17. Nilsson N., The prevalence of cervicogenic headache in a random population sample of 20–59 year olds. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 1995. 20(17): p. 1884–8. [PubMed]

Abstract: Maternal mortality has for long been a serious problem that is engulfing the lives of many childbearing (pregnant) women mostly in the developing countries as a result of many contributory factors. Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 focuses on improving maternal health, with target 6 aiming to reduce the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by three quarters by 2015 through some strategic plan of actions but the trend is not welcoming.

[1]. Abdullahi, N. (2000). Factors Contributing To Maternal Mortality In North-Central Nigeria. Ibadan: Edward Arnoto publishers.
[2]. Abdullkarim, G.M. (2008). Community Perception of Maternal Mortality In North-Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Reproductive Health 3 (4) 115-163
[3]. Andrew, K. (2004). Documentation of Best Practices in Maternal Mortality Reduction in the African Region. African Health Monitor 5(1) 15-17
[4]. Anna, L. (2004). Antenatal Care and Maternal Mortality in Nigeria. Journal of Public health 1 (9) 19-30
[5]. Aragbang, M. (2004). Policy Interventions for Reducing Maternal and Newborn Mortality in Adolescents. African Health Monitor 5(1) 11- 14

Abstract:Objective:To study the effects of oral and intravenous maternal hydration in third trimester idiopathic or isolated oligohydramnios, and to determine the duration of actions.
Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting:OB/GYN department, Benha Teaching Hospital, Benha, Egypt.; Patient(s):34 pregnant patients, about 35 weeks gestation, with idiopathic oligohydramnios. Intervention(s):acute oral and intravenous maternal hydration.

[1]. Cunningham FG, Williams JW, Leveno KJ, Bloom S, Hauth JC. Williams Obstetrics. 23rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2009. 495p. [2]. Ülker K. Maternal hydration therapy improves the quantity of amniotic fluid and the pregnancy outcome in third-trimester isolated oligohydramnios.J Ultrasound Med. 2014 May;33(5):922. [3]. Wolman I, Groutz A, Gull I, Gordon D, Geva E, Lessing JB, Jaffa AJ. Is amniotic fluid index influenced by a 24 hours fast? J Reprod Med, 45 (8): 685-687.
[4]. Flack NJ, Sepulveda W, Bower S, Fisk NM. Acute maternal hydration in third-trimester oligohydramnios: effects on amniotic fluid volume, uteroplacental perfusion, and fetal blood flow and urine output. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Oct;173(4):1186–91.
[5]. Calhoun S. Focus on fluids Examining maternal hydration and amniotic fluid volume. AWHONN Lifelines. 1999 Dec-Jan;3(6):20–4.
[6]. Oosterhof H, Haak MC, Aarnoudse JG. Acute maternal rehydration increases the urine production rate in the near-term human fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183(1):226–9.

Abstract: Mental health is a neglected component of health care and dietary habits are a major facet of people's lifestyles that controls health, morbidity, and mortality. Role of nutrition in development of mental health problems is still under recognized, yet evidence relating diet and mental health is growing fast, as well as its impact on short and long-term mental health. Food may play an important causal role in the development, management and prevention of mental health problems such as depression, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and Alzheimer's disease. Depression is a disturbance in mood, attention, and body evident as varying degrees of sadness, frustration, loneliness, hopelessness, self-doubt and remorse. Etiology of antenatal depression is multi-factorial and deeply embedded in socio cultural factors.

[1] Christensen, L., Somers, S. (1996). Comparison of nutrient intake among depressed and non-depressed individuals. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 20:105–109.

[2] Christensen, L. (2001). The effect of food intake on mood. Clinical Nutrition. 20:161–166.
[3] Christensen, L., & Somers, S. (1994). Adequacy of the dietary intake of depressed individuals. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 13(6), 597-600.

[4] Gesch, C. B., Hammond, S. M., Hampson, S. E., Eves, A., Crowder, M.J. (2002). Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 181:22–28.

[5] Hakkarainen, R., Partonen, T., Haukka, J., Virtamo, J., Albanes, D., Lonnqvist, J. (2003). Association of dietary amino acids with low mood. Depression & Anxiety. 18:89–94.

Abstract: Exploratory survey was carried out to find out the perception of outgoingB.sc nursing students towards nursing profession and carrier plans. perception and future life orientation is important in judging the students. Data was collected from 100 randomly selected outgoing fourth year B. Sc[N] students in selected colleges of Tirupati. Findings of the study were most of the students (71%) were self motivated to pursue nursing and (84%) preferred to go for higher education. More than three thirds (84%) felt it is an opportunity to get government jobs and nearly more than half(58%) preferred to go abroad for employment .Fifty six percent of students expressed their desire to change profession, Almost all of students felt nursing profession gives opportunity to serve the humanity but majority stated it is not equal to other professions. Less than half prefer to be employed at bedside and nursing administration.

[1]. American Nurses Association.Nursing World, what is nursing. 2012.Retrieved fromhttp://www.nursingworld.org/Especially For you /what is nursing
[2]. Royal College of Nursing.Defining nursing .published by the Royal college of nursing. 2003.Retrieved from http://www.rcn.org.uk/data assets/pdf file/ooo8/78569/601998.pdf.
[3]. Booth R.The nursing shortage:A worldwide problem .Revisto Latino America no Enfermagen,2003;10(3).
[4]. Gill,R.Nursing Shortage in India with special reference to international migration of nurses.Social Medicine.2011.6(1),52-59.
[5]. Oxford –Dictionary .perception. Oxford University Press . 2013.http://Oxford dictioners.com/definition/English/perception.
[6]. Safadi R R et al .Nursing Students perceptions of nursing;A descriptive study of four cohorts. International Nursing Review.
[7]. Manpreet Kaur et al. Comparative Study on perception toward nursing profession and future life orientation among just admitted and out going nursing students .Nursing Midwifery and Research Journal.2007.(3).97-102.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of an epilepsy education programme on self-management among patients with epilepsy. The methodology adopted was a randomized controlled trial wherein patients were assigned to the study and control groups based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pretest on self- management was conducted on the first day. On the 15th day the study group received the Epilepsy Education Programme and the Epilepsy Information Booklet. The control group received the routine care. This was followed by 1st reinforcement at one and a half months. The posttest I was carried out at the end of the third month for both the groups.

[1]. Banerjee, T.K., Ray, B.K., Das, S.K., Hazra, A., Ghosal, M.K., Chaudhuri, A., Roy, T., Raut, D.K. A longitudinal study of epilepsy in Kolkata, India. Epilepsia, 51(12), 2010, 2384-91.
[2]. Saha, S. P., Bhattachrya, S., Roy, B K., Basu , A., Roy, T., Maity, B., Das, S. K. A prospective incidence study of epilepsy in a rural community of West-Bengal, India. Neurology Asia ,13, 2008, 41 – 48. Retrieved from www.neurology-asia.org/articles/20081-041.pdf.
[3]. Radhakrishnan, K., Pandian, J.D., Santhoshkumar, T., Thomas, S.V., Deetha ,T.D., Sarma, P.S., Jayachandran, D., Mohamed, E. Prevalence, knowledge, attitude, and practice of epilepsy in Kerala, South India. Epilepsia, 41(8), 2000, 1027-35.
[4]. WHO- Epilepsy Fact sheet May 2015, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs999/en/
[5]. Noreen, M.C., Shelley, S., Emily, J.Y., Marie, S., Rusell, D., Arlene, G. Fostering epilepsy self management: The perspectives of professionals. Epilepsy and Behavior, 19, 2010, 255-263.

Abstract: Background: Teaching is an ever evolving process, which requires the teacher and students needs to continually update themselves. Most educational institutes have adopted new methods of teaching and learning in varying degrees. The challenge of imparting quality health care related education requires multimodal teaching and learning methods. Aim: To identify the teaching and learning methodologies and its perceived effectiveness in achievement of educational objectives of undergraduate students.

[1]. Neeraja KP. Textbook of nursing education. First edition, New Delhi, Jaypee Brothers medical Publishers, 2003.
[2]. Basavanthappa BT. Nursing education. First edition, New Delhi, Jaypee Medical publication (p) Ltd; 2003.
[3]. Shankar PR, Jha N, Bajracharya O, Gurung SB, Singh KK. Feedback on and knowledge, attitude, and skills at the end of pharmacology practical sessions. J Educ Eval Health Prof, 2011; 8:12
[4]. Oshikoya KA, Bello JA and Ayorinde E O. Medical students view on the methods of teaching pharmacology at the Lagos state university college of medicine, Nigeria. Nigerian quarterly journal on hospital medicine, 2007; 17(3):101 – 107
[5]. Mandeep S and Meenakshy S. Effectiveness of a five step method for teaching clinical skills to students in a dental college in India. Journal of dental education, 2011; 75 (11): 38 – 41

Abstract: A study to assess the quality of sleep among patients with Parkinson's disease attending neurology OPD, SVIMS, Tirupati. Objectives: To assess the quality of sleep among Parkinson's disease patients, to find out the association between quality of sleep with selected demographic variables among Parkinson's disease patients. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease affecting 1% of people over the age group of 65 years. Incidence of PD increases with age.

[1]. Mohammad Reza Najafi ,Ahmad Chitsaz and Mohammad Amin Najafi,Quality of Sleep in Patients with Parkinson's disease,International Journal of Preventive Medicine Medknow Publications, 2013,4 (2)
[2]. Keisuke Suzuki et al,Nocturnal Disturbances in Patients with Parkinson's disease, Japan, 2011, 50-61
[3]. Aleksandarvidenovic,Sleep and Parkinson's disease, National Parkinson foundation. 2011,22(2)
[4]. Johan Marinus et al,Sleep in neurologic disease,Assessment of sleep and sleepiness in Parkinson Disease, 2003,26(8), 1049-54
[5]. Elisabeth Svensson et al,Sleep problems in Parkinson's disease a community-based study in Norway, BMC Neurology, 2012,12(71)
[6]. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Parkinsons-disease
[7]. Joanne V Hickey,Neurological and Neurosurgical Nursing(6th edition Philadelphia: Lippincott publications; 2009. 691-96)
[8]. Ann Indian AcadNeurol,Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease Diagnosis and management, 2011Jul, Vol.14(l1): PMCID: PMC3152169

Abstract: Background: Bioavailability of iron, vit.B12 and presence of vit.C in our diets are poorly understood. These micronutrients are crucial for the production of haemoglobin. The present study was carried out to find out the dietary habits of school going children (3-11yrs) suffering from nutritional anaemia. Objectives: To assess the dietary habits of children suffering from nutritional anaemia, to explore the signs and symptoms of nutritional anaemia among the children.

[1]. Green, R et al; body iron excretion in man (1968)
[2]. Cheryl. References Scoot RN, PhD, IBBCLC, (2004)
[3]. Ayoya et al, (2006); determinants of anemia among pregnant women in Mali, Food Nutrition bull 27;3-1
[4]. Dreyfuss et al (2000); Hook worm, Malaria and vit. A deficiency contribute to anemia and iron deficiency among pregnant women in the plains of Nepal. J. Nutri. 130-2527-2536.Pasricha et al (2008)
[5]. Anemia, Iron deficiency meat consumption, and hook worm infection in women of reproductive age in NorthVietnam. Am. J. Trop- med. Hyg 78: 375-381

Abstract: Helicobacter pylorus is one of the human pathogens with highest prevalence around the world. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori among adults in Sokoto Metropolis. Methods: The prevalence of H. pylori among adults was ascertained using the commercial Rapid Chromatographic Immunoassay Kits Labmann products inc. Ontario califonia 91761, USA (H. pylori serum test cassette). All procedures for the test were based on the recommendations of the manufacturer. Results: Four hundred and thirty one (431) subjects (225 males and 206 females) participated in this study, out of which 236 (54.8%) were positive while 195 (45.2%) were negative. Among the positive cases, the prevalence in males was 32.5% (140 of 225) while the prevalence in females was 22.3% (140 of 225). The prevalence of H.pylory infection among the study group was 54.8%.

[1] Alo, M.N., Alhassan, H.M., Saidu, A.Y., Ugah, U.I. and Anyim, C. (2013). "The Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Asymptomatic Persons in Ethiope East Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria". International journal of public health and pharmacy. (1): 115-119
[2] Blaser, M. J. (2006), "Who are we? Indigenous microbes and the ecology of human diseases". EMBO Reports 7 (10): 956–60.
[3] Boyanova, L. (2011), Helicobacter pylori. Caister Academic Press. Epidemiol Rev (2): 22
[4] Brown, L.M. (2000). "Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission". Caister Academic Pr. Epidemiol Rev (2): 22
[5] Butcher, Graham P. (2003), Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Colour Text. Elsevier Health Sciences. p.24- 25. [6] Everhart, J.E., Druszon-Moran, D., Pérez-pérez, G.I., Tralka, T.S. and McQuillan, G.(2000). " Seroprevalence and ethnic difference in Helicobacter pylori infection among adults in the United States". Journal of Infectious Disease, 181:2000: 1359-1363. [7] Fuccio, L, et'al (2009), "Meta-analysis: can Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment reduce the risk for gastric cancer?" Ann Intern Med 151 (2): 121–8.

Abstract: Routine episiotomy has no benefits to mothers, but results in undue perineal pain and delayed wound healing. The aim of the present study was to assess incidence of postpartum urinary and fecal incontinence and dyspareunia among women with routine episiotomy at the end of the postpartum period. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 400 women at the end of postpartum period who attended at maternity and children health care. The study also included 100 obstetricians to assess their experience towards routine episiotomy. Interviewed questionnaire form was done to collect data from women who underwent episiotomy and a second questionnaire to assess data of obstetricians in upper Egyptian hospitals. Each interview lasted 15 to 20 minutes for women and 5 to 10 minutes for obstetricians.

[1]. Family and Reproductive Health Division. Coverage of maternity care: a listing of available information. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1996.
[2]. Carroli G, Belizan J, Stamp G. Episiotomy policies in vaginal births. In: Pregnancy and childbirth module of the Cochrane database systematic reviews [updated 04 March 1997]. The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software, 1997.
[3]. Kumar SR, Singh SG, Halesha BKMB, and Vikas SG: Restricted use of episiotomy. J Obstet Gynecol India. 2010,60(5): 408 – 412.
[4]. De Carvalho CCM, Souza ASR, and Filho OBM: Prevalence and factors associated with practice of episiotomy at a maternity school in recife, pernambuco, Brazil. Rev Assoc Med Bras 2010; 56(3): 333-9
[5]. Sleep J, Roberts J, Chalmers I. Care during the second stage of labour. In: Chalmers I, Enkin MW, Keirse MJNC, eds. Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989:113641.
[6]. Thompson A. Episiotomies should not be routine. Safe Motherhood Newsletter Geneva:World Health Organisation, 1997:12.
[7]. Bertozzi S, Londero AP, Fruscalzo A, Driul L, Delneri C, Calcagno A, Di Benedetto P and Marchesoni D: Impact of episiotomy on pelvic floor disorders and their influence on women‟s wellness after the sixth month postpartum: a retrospective study. BMC Women‟s Health 2011, 11:12. doi:10.1186/1472-6874-11-12

Abstract: Young generation is deeply concerned about their body weight; however less is known about the important role of healthy dietary habits in the prevention of obesity. This study explores the associations between dietary habits and body mass index among university students and determines the prevalence of overweight and obesity among university students. A cross-sectional study was conducted among university students. Convenient sampling was used. A self-reported questionnaire was used to gather data on weight, height and their dietary habits. Body Mass Index was calculated from weight and height. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for data entry and analysis. Results were expressed as percentages. 372 students participated in the survey.

[1]. Abdel-Megeid F. Y., Abdelkarem, H. M., & El-Fetouh, A. M. (2011). Unhealthy nutritional habits in university students are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Saudi Medical Journal, 32 (6), 621-628. [2]. Adami, G. F., &Cordera, R. (2003). Association of body mass index, physical activity and eating pattern in adult men. Nutrition Research, 23 (5), 579-83.
[3]. Ahmed, A. L. N. R., & Karim, A. L. J. (2013). Perception of undergraduate university students towards sexually transmitted diseases: A qualitative study. Journal of Men's Health, 8(1), 87-90.
[4]. Al-Rethaiaa, A.A., Fahmy, A.E.A. & Al, S.N.M. (2010). Obesity and eating habits among college students in Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study. Nutrition Journal, 9(39), 10. [5]. Anuar, Md. Isa. K., &Masuri, M. G. (2011). The association of breakfast consumption habit, snacking behavior and body mass index among university students. American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 1 (2), 55-60..

Abstract: Prison is not the space where children should live. A jail can never provide a family environment in it, which a child very much deserves. Stimulating and emotionally supportive care is associated with positive developmental outcomes for children but, in the absence of a family structure, in prison, the concept of a home is almost absent. The present study identifies the prison facilities and life of children inside the prison. Study design and method: The field survey is conducted in Dasna prison, Ghaziabad. Data was collected via self reporting method using structured interview checklist.

[1]. Petersilia, Joan. From Cell to Society: Who Is Returning Home? In Prisoner Reentry and Crime in America, edited by Jeremy Travis and Christy Visher. Newyork: Cambridge University Press; 2005. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xM4ZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA302&lpg=PA302&dq=From+Cell+to+Society:+Who+Is+Returning+Home?%E2%80%9D+In+Prisoner+Reentry+and+Crime+in+America,+edited+by+Jeremy+Travis+and+Christy+Visher.+Cambridge:+Cambridge+University+Press&source=bl&ots=dFcYCv2JEL&sig=FvRlGCBzxuOfQY7ZJe9ZEF7ftoU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAWoVChMIrJ297Nu_xwIVgkiOCh3Y1AgB#v=onepage&q=From%20Cell%20to%20Society%3A%20Who%20Is%20Returning%20Home%3F%E2%80%9D%20In%20Prisoner%20Reentry%20and%20Crime%20in%20America%2C%20edited%20by%20Jeremy%20Travis%20and%20Christy%20Visher.%20Cambridge%3A%20Cambridge%20University%20Press&f=false Accessed [20-07-2015]
[2]. Oliver Robertson. Children Imprisoned by Circumstance. Quaker United Nations Office, Human Rights & Refugees Publications; 2008 http://www.crin.org/docs/web_version_children%5B1%5D.pdf Accessed [ 12-12-2014].

Abstract: Sleep is a multidimensional, bio-behavioral process that is essential to human health and function. Sleep disturbances are a harbinger of sleep disorders if they are not recognized and treated, and they can have significant negative impacts on theparturient woman and her fetus. This study aimed to identify the relation between quality of sleep during pregnancy andbirth outcomes among primiparae. A descriptive correlation methodology was used, whereby a convenience sample of 200 parturient women in their latent phase of the first stage of laborwere selected from labor unitat El-Shatby Maternity University Hospital in Alexandria. Three toolswere used to collect data.

[1]. Michele L,OkunM, Roberts MD, Anna L,andMarticaHall.How Disturbed Sleep May Be a Risk Factor for Adverse PregnancyOutcomes.ObstetGynecolSurv. 2009;64(4): 273–280.
[2]. Alison M,Danielle. L, Wilson Martha Lappas, Mark Howard,MareeBarnesFergalO'Donoghue,Stephen Tong, Helen Esdle, Gabrielle Fleming and Susan P. Walker. Effects of Maternal Obstructive Sleep Apnoea on Fetal Growth: A Prospective Cohort Study.PLOS.plosoneJ2013 ; 8 (7 ):57-68.
[3]. MicheleL,OkunJames F, Luther,Stephen R,Wisniewski,DorothySit,Beth A, Prairie, and Katherine L. Disturbed Sleep, a Novel Risk Factor for Preterm Birth?JWomens Health. 2012 Jan; 21(1): 54–60.
[4]. Kentia Naud,AnnieOuellet, Christine Brown,Jean-Charles Pasquier and Jean-Marie Moutquin. Is Sleep Disturbed in Pregnancy? J ObstetGynaecol Can. 2010;32(1):28–34.
[5]. Riva Tauman. Maternal Sleep and Fetal Outcome. The Open Sleep Journal. 2013; 6(1) 8: 63-7.

Abstract: spontaneous abortion constitutes one of the most important adverse pregnancy outcomes affecting human reproduction, and its risk factors are not only affected by biological, demographic factors , but also by individual women's personal social characteristics, and by the larger social environment. Objective: To find out the association between social relationship with study variable (demographic & reproductive). Methodology: A descriptive Analytical study was conducted on Non-probability (purposive sample) of (200) women who have suffering from spontaneous abortion in maternity unit from four hospitals at Baghdad City which include Al-Elwiya maternity teaching hospital, and Baghdad teaching hospital , Al –karckh maternity hospital ,and Al-Yarmook teaching hospital. A questionnaire was used as a tool of data collection for the period of February 3rd 2013 to April 26th 2013. Descriptive statistical analyses were used to analyze the data.

[1]. Kashanian M; Akbarian H; Baradaran S., and H. Shabandoust: Pregnancy Outcome following a Previous Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage). Iran, GynecolObstet Invest, 2006, 61, pp:167–170.
[2]. Umberson D., and KarasJ. Montez.: Social Relationships and Health A Flashpoint for Health Policy. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. November, 2010, 51(1), pp: 54-66.
[3]. American Pregnancy Association (APA):Pregnancy Complication (Miscarriage),updated November, 2011.Avialable [Online] at http://www.amirecanpregnancy.org.
[4]. Norsker F. Nyboe ; Laura Espenhain; Sofie á Rogvi; Camilla Schmidt Morgen; Per Kragh Andersen, and Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen: Socioeconomic position and the risk of spontaneous abortion: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. BMJ Open, 25June,2012,2(3).Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed [5]. Banerjee B.: Physical Hazards in Employment and PregnancyOutcome. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. April,2009, 34(2), pp:89-90. [6]. Sundari, T. : Can health education improve pregnancy outcome? : Report of a grassroots action education campaign. The Journal of Family Welfare. 15 March 2007,39(1), P: 1-12.

Abstract: Study Objective: Effect of Ultrasound and Exercise together and TENS alone in the managementof Chronic back pain. Design: Pre & post test control group design. Method and Measurements: 40 patients from Raj Nursing Home [Age group 25-55 yrs] who werediagnosed with Low back pain, with onset ˃1-3 months (chronic) were randomly assigned to either group A receiving US and Exercise together or group B receiving TENS alone. Treatment was given for 10 sessions for the period of 5week. Before treatment and after 5 weeks of treatment pain was assessed on VAS and MPQ.

[1]. Walker BF: The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000, 13:205-217.
[2]. Clinical diagnosis for discogenic low back pain -International Journal of Biological Sciences2009; 5(7):647-658 -Yin-gang Zhang1 , Tuan-mao Guo1, Xiong Guo2, and Shi-xun Wu1 .
[3]. Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C, Hildebrandt J, Klaber-Moffett J, Kovacs F,Mannion AF, Reis S, Staal JB, Ursin H, Zanoli G: Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J 2006, 15(Suppl 2):S192-300.
[4]. Waddell G: The Back Pain Revolution. 2 edition. Churchill-Livingstone; 2004.
[5]. Bekkering GE, Hendriks HJM, Koes B, Oostendorp RA, Ostelo R, Thomassen J,Van Tulder M: Dutch Physiotherapy Guidelines for Low Back Pain. Physiotherapy 2003, 89:82-96.

Abstract:Objective: To determine the effectiveness of fall prevention program upon elderly behavior related knowledge at governmental elderly care homes in Baghdad City.
Methodology: Baghdad city, during the period June 1st, 2014 to November 30st , 2014 , selected a purposive " Non – probability " sample of (40) elderly men and women aged (60) years old and over who were resident in governmental elderly care homes "Dar Al- Mucineen Al Ceelakh and Dar Al- Mucineen Al Sader elderly care home", the data was collected through the use of constructed questionnaire that consist of (24 )items, and interview technique to selected the data,, analysis of the data through used of Frequencies, Percentages, mean of score, Relative Sufficiency, Z test, Probability of (P value ≤ 0.05).

[1] Hausdorff, M.; Rios, A.; Edelberg, K. :Gait Variability and Fall Risk in Community-Living Older Adults, Jou. Archives Phys. Med. RehbliVol. (82), Issue, (8), . 2001, pp:1050-56.
[2] World Health Organization , Global Report on Falls Prevention in Older Age:, 2007, pp:1-38.
[3] Ayla, K., Serap, B.: Health Education for the Elderly, :Elderly, Geriatrics, Prof. Craig Atwood, Duzce University/ Vocational School of Health Services, Turkey, 2012, pp:154-. http://www. intechopen.com/books/geriatrics/healtheducation-for-elderly-people.
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