IOSR-JAP   Volume-7 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2015

ABSTRACT: This review is the impact of four forces in our daily life (gravity, electromagnetic, weak and strong force) and the approach of uniting them. It was shown that all the forces of nature are identical when the Universe was young. They are not different rather than the vibrating of the tiny string which split and give four forces and the kaluza Klein approach of uniting (Einstein and Maxwell Field) i.e. gravity and electromagnetic waves at fifth dimension.

Keywords: Four forces, Daily life, Approach of uniting them (Gravity, Electromagnetic Weak and Strong force)

[1]. Kaluza, T. (1921). On the Unification Problem of Physics.Wiss: Sitz. Ber. Preuss. Akad. .
[2]. Klein, O. (1926 ).Quantum Theory and Five-Dimensional Relativity. Zeit. f. Physik
[3]. Kaku,M. (1995).Beyond Einstein
[4]. Raifertaigh, L.O (1958). The Dawning of Gauge Theory. Princeton Series in Physics,
[5]. Pauli, W. (1997).Theory of Relativity. Dover Publications.

ABSTRACT: In this study, data on the concentration of heavy metals in surface water were extracted from existing Environmental Impact Assessment [EIA] reports and used for the assessment. Analyses of the datasets revealed that, the quality of some of the surface water have been degraded by excessive amounts of heavy metals. This is a threat to riverine ecology, food and water security. The paper concludes that because EIA studies and reports are usually based on standardized procedures and Methodologies and are usually carried out by experts/consultants in relevant fields as recommended by regulatory agencies and/or required by legislation and paid for by proponents/owners of projects, it is a cheap, cost-effective and reliable source of data for environmental monitoring and management.
Keywords- Heavy metals, surface water, Environmental Impact Assessment, food and water security

[1]. H. C. C. Maduka, Water pollution and man's health. The Internet Journal of Gastroenterology. 4.(1) 2006, 1-11.
[2]. G.A. Obodo, The bio-accumulation of heavy metals in fish from the lower reaches of river Niger J. Chem 27(2), 2002,173-76.
[3]. M. J. Kosneth, Heavy metal intoxication, in B. Katzung (ed), Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 8th ed. (New York: Lary Med. Bks/McGraw Hill, (2001).
[4]. Ukpong, I. 2009. 'Introduction to Nigeria's Environmental Policy'. Perspectives on Environmental Management. Imoh E. Ukpong (ed.), Enugu-Nigeria: Immaculate publications Limited.
[5]. Udosen, E. 2009. 'Environmental Impact Evaluation and Assessment', Perspectives on Environmental Management. Imoh E. Ukpong (ed.), Enugu-Nigeria: Immaculate publications Limited.

ABSTRACT: Glasses of the system Se100-xInx (where x= 0, 6, 16, 21 at %) were prepared by the usual melt quenching technique. The amorphous nature of this system was identified using x-ray diffraction. The a.c conductivity (𝜎) 𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 has been investigated in the frequency range 200 Hz – 10 kHz, and in the temperature range 292 – 374 K. The temperature dependence of ( 𝜎) for all tested values of x was reasonable and interpreted using correlated hopping model(CHM). The density of states N (E) was calculated and found to be 1027 m-3. Using Austin and Mott model. The dielectric constant and the dielectric loss decrease as the frequency increases at constant temperature. On the other hand the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss were increased as the temperature increased at a constant frequency.

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ABSTRACT: Understanding The Complexity Of Road Network Is Very Important As It Relates To Movement From One Point To Another.Finding The Optimal Route To Access Some Locations Within The Campus Like: Theclinic, Fire Service Department, Senate Building, And Faculties' /Schools Can Be A Challenge. Modern Surveying Techniques Are Used To Address Such Problem. In This Work, Dual Frequency Global Positioning System (DGPS) Was Used To Capture The Ground Information (X Y Z) Of The Existing Features On The Campus. Using This Approach, The Road Network Map Was Obtained, Georeferenced And Digitized. The Integrated DGPS Data And The Road Network Layer Were Imported Into The Arcgis Environment For Analysis Using The Network Analyst Module.An Optimal Route Analysis And Alternative Routes Selection Were Carried Out As In Figures 6-9. From The Results, Four(4) Optimal Routes And Another Four (4) Alternate Routes Were Specified As In Table 1. This Paper Also Shows Eight (8) Illegal Routes Connecting The Campus At Various Points As Shown In Figure (5).In The Work Recommendations Concerning Insecurity Are Given. Keywords: Optimal Route, Network Analyst And Route Mapping

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ABSTRACT: Dy3+doped Na2SO4 was prepared by the recrystallization method and characterization of material was done by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. From the XRD pattern of Dy doped Na2SO4 compound, it was found that the prominent phase formed was Na2SO4 and the result of FTIR spectrum of Na2SO4:Dy shows that the Sulfur- oxygen stretch was found at around1376 cm-1. Narrow bands observed in PL and excitation spectra of Na2SO4:

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ABSTRACT: The Crystal is successfully growth using Melt Growth Technique.The Crystal perfection can be said to be good Since Cleaved very easily. Thus it has been found out that InBi crystal converts from metallic conductor to a narrow gap semiconductor with addition of Sb.

Index Terms: single crystal, melt growth technique, Indium, Antimony, Bismuth.

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ABSTRACT: During the last years, there has been a growing interest in studying the heat dissipation of magnetic nanoparticles on exposure to electromagnetic fields. This is of particular importance for their subsequent use in the constitution of ferrofluids for magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). This study presents the synthesis and characterization of a cobalt ferrite sample with a nanoparticle diameter of 13.65 nm. The AC loss ability of the sample in the frequency range 100 to 250 kHz has been assessed. For this purpose a customized self-oscillating induction heater has been constructed.

[1]. S. Kuckelhaus, S. C. Reis, M. F. Carneiro, A.C. Tedesco, D.M. Oliveira, E.C.D. Lima, P.C. Morais, R.B. Azevedo, Z.G.M. Lacava, In vivo investigation of cobalt ferrite-based magnetic fluid and magnetoliposomes using morphological tests ,J.Magn. Magn.Matter.,2004, 272-276, p 2402-2403
[2]. S. Amiri, H. Shokrollahi, The role of cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles in medical science, Mater. Sci. Eng.,2013 C 33,p1-8
[3]. Joachim Wagner, Tina Autenrieth, Rolf Hempelmann, Core shell particles consisting of cobalt ferrite and silica as model ferrofluids [CoFe2O4-SiO2 core shell particles],J.Magn.Magn. Matter., 2002, 252,p 4-6
[4]. J. Liu, D. You, M. Yu, S. Li., Preparation and characterization of hollow glass microspheres-cobalt ferrite core-shell particles based on homogeneous coprecipitation, Mater. Lett.,2011, 65,p 929-992
[5]. G.A.El-Shobaky, A.M.Turky, N.Y.Mostafa, S.K.Mohamed, Effect of preparation conditions on physicochemical, surface and catalytic properties of cobalt ferrite prepared by coprecipitation, J. Alloys Compd.2011,493, p 415-422

ABSTRACT: A series of LiHMgP2O7material was synthesized by hydrothermal method. The resultant material was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, FTIR, SEM and Impedance measurement. The powder XRD studies revealed that the material has tetragonal system with cell parameters a=b=7.744Å,c=12.09Å and α=β=γ=90ᵒ. Repetitive hydrothermal treatment yielded improved crystalline materials. PACS Nos.: 81.10.Dn, 61.10.Nz, 81.70.Pg, 78.30.Hv

Keywords: hydrothermal synthesis, SEM, Powder XRD, FTIR, Impedance measurement

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ABSTRACT: The main objective of the paper is to discuss the amplitude modulation and demodulation of the electromagnetic wave in the presence of high dielectric constant. The high dielectric constant in PZT materials is developed by the substitution of suitable doping element either at A+ sites or B sites in ABO3 crystal structure. The high dielectric constant of the material is due to the presence of stain in the existing lattice, known as strain dependent dielectric constant (SDDC). Amplitude modulation as well as demodulation of the
electromagnetic wave in a transversely magnetized material taking SDDC is analyzed in different magnetostatic field at the different applied electric field. For the numerical analysis, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 is selected which is irradiated by a pump wave of frequency Ωo=1.78*10 14 sec-1 with dielectric constant ε =3450. It has been observed that the total absorption of the waves takes place in all the wavelength regimes when the cyclotron frequency Ωc becomes exactly equal to
Keywords: HDM, CMT, HDC, CO2, plasma effects.

[1]. G. Sharma and S. Ghosh, "Modulational interactions in magnetised piezoelectric semiconductor plasmas" Eur. Phys. J. D11, 301{307 (2000)
[2]. O.L. Artemenko, and. B.B. Sevruk "Parametric Phonon- Helicon interaction in centrocymetric crystals with strain dependent dielectric constant Acta Physica Polonica vol (90), (1996 )
[3]. N. Nimjea ,S.Dubey, and S. K. Ghosh, "Diffusion-induced modulational instability in magnetized semiconductor plasmas: effect of carrier heating" Eur. Phys. J. D59, 223–231 (2010).
[4]. N Nimje, S Dubey and S Ghosh, "Effect of hot carriers on amplitude modulation and demodulation of an electromagnetic wave in magnetised diffusive semiconductor plasmas" Indian J Phys (August 2012) 86(8):749–754.
[5]. S. Ghosh and Nishchhal Yadav, "Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation in Strain Dependent Diffusive Semiconductors" Acta Physica Polonica A, Vol. 112 (2007).

ABSTRACT: The spontaneous folding of protein has posed a fundamental problem popularly known as Levinthal paradox. Effort has been harnessed both in vivo and in vitro to obtain the native (functional) structure of proteins which is the most stable thermodynamically from the experimental and theoretical point of view. A coarse-grained simplified model has been a very useful tool for the study of protein structure by representing proteins as linear and self-avoiding chains which contain two types of monomers H (hydrophobic) and P (polar) on a lattice model. We present the results of numerical studies of the energy landscape on three sequences of amino acid and distinct funnels were generated with contact interactions to obtain the ground state conformation on a square lattice using a move-biased Monte Carlo simulation (MBMC). This method is very efficient and outperforms the conventional Monte Carlo method in the state-of-the-art results.

Keywords: Coarse-grained, Energy landscape, Monte Carlo, Protein folding

[1]. K. Takeshi, Spin correlations in a non-frustrated one-dimensional spin system and formation of the ground state as a model of protein folding, Physical A , 388, 2009, 129-136.
[2]. E. A. Scott, W. Johannes, & G. Frauke, Dynamic prestress in a globular protein, Plos Computational Biology , 2012
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[4]. H. Greta, P. W. Soren, C. N. Celestine, S. Kristian, & G. Stefano, An expanded view of the protein folding Landscape of PDZ domains, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication , 42, 2012, 550-553.
[5]. C. M. Allan & D. A. Ashok, Protein Folding at single-molecule resolution, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , 1814, 2011, 1021-1029.
[6]. S. Plotkin, & J. Onuchic, Understanding protein folding with energy landscape theory-part 1: basic concepts, Q. Rev. Biophy , 35, 2002, 111-167..

ABSTRACT: Density and Viscosity of Panadol in various aqueous mixtures of methanol-water binary system have been determined at 309.15 K. The density and viscosity data have been analyzed for the evaluation of partial molar volume, molar excess volume, excess viscosity. It can be noticed from these studies that this drug acts as a structure-making compound due to hydrophobic hydration of drug molecules. The values of partial molar volume, Фv and excess molar volume, VE show that as the concentration of Panadol increases the values of Фv decreases and increases with percentage of methanol. The excess molar volume over all concentration range of Panadol is found to be negative. The excess viscosity increases with increase in the molarity of Panadol and over the entire percentage range of methanol in the binary system.

[1]. Okonta, Chuks Udo; Agboola, Toba (25 December 2008). "GlaxoSmithKline unveils Panadol Cold & Catarrh". The Nation.

[2]. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA; Derry; Moore (2012). "Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3

[3]. Graudins, Andis; Pham, Hanh Ngoc; Salonikas, Chris; Naidoo, Daya; Chan, Betty (2009). "Early presentation following overdose of modified-release paracetamol (Panadol Osteo) with biphasic and prolonged paracetamol absorption". New Zealand Medical Journal 122 (1300): 64–71. ISSN 1175-8716.

[4]. Graudins, A.; Chiew, A.; Chan, B. (2010). "Overdose with modified-release paracetamol results in delayed and prolonged absorption of paracetamol" (PDF). Internal Medicine Journal 40 (1): 72–76..

[5]. Weiner, Carl P.; Buhimschi, Catalin (2009). Drugs for Pregnant and Lactating Women. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 37. ISBN 1-4377-2136-2.

ABSTRACT: In this paper different methods supporting a new intensity formula in optical emission spectroscopy are presented. Three independent experimental and analytical methods have been developed which strongly support this new formula. Different light sources have also been used in this work. A new theory has earlier also been presented which strongly verify the new formula. Support is also given from experimental data of many old and new physical methods in the literature. Corresponding equations for ions are also presented. By inverting this new intensity formula a formula for the photoelectric effect is also obtained. In this way an explanation of many experimental current versus frequency observations are given. The ionization energy of many different elements has also shown to be important in the photoelectric effect in connection with this intensity formula.

Keywords: Optical emission spectroscopy, Arc, DC, Hollow cathode excitation, Inductively coupled plasma, Analytical methods, Photoelectric effect, Electron spectroscopy , Laser experiments and Solar Cells.

[1]. Thelin B.,Analyst 111, 419, (1986)
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ABSTRACT: The present investigation was aimed to synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Dodonaea viscosa (D.viscosa) leaf extract by an eco-friendly method. The leaf extract worked as bio- reductant and stabilizer. The biosynthesized AgNPs was characterized by Ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer, the leaf extract worked as reductant and stabilizer. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak was observed at 440nm. Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) exhibited the various functional groups which, were used for capping of nanoparticles (NPs). Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis measured the size of the AgNPs ranged from 22.9 to 41.5nm. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern conformed the face centered cubic (fcc) crystalline structure of AgNPs. The bio-reduction of the silver ions in solution was monitored by Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The synthesized AgNPs showed good catalytic activity by reducing the methlylene blue (MB) also expressed antioxidant and antimicrobial activity than plant leaf extract. So, the present study was assessed the usage of the plant derived AgNPs in the field of drug design.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Catalysis, Green synthesis, Silver Nanoparticles, Surface Plasmon Resonance.

[1]. K. G. M. Nair, P. Magudapathy, P. Gangopadhyay, B.K. Panigrahi, S. Dhara, Electrical transport studies of Ag nanoclusters embedded in glass matrix, Physica. B: Conden. Matt, 299, 2001, 142-146.
[2]. H.S. Sharma, S.F. Ali, Z.R. Tian, S.M. Hussain, J.J. Schlager, P.O. Sjoquist, A. Sharma, D.F. Muresanu, Chronic treatment with nanoparticles exacerbate hyperthermia induced blood-brain barrier breakdown, cognitive dysfunction and brain pathology in the rat. Neuroprotective effects of nanowired-antioxidant compound H-290/51. J. Nanosci. Nanotech, 9(8), 2009, 5073-90.
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[4]. [N. Krumov, I.N. Perner, S. Oder, V. Gotcheva, A. Angelov, C. Posten, Production of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Microorganisms, Chem. Eng. Technol, 32(7), 2009, 1026-1035.

ABSTRACT: A prevalent belief is that polyacetylene serves as a prototype for the conjugated organic polymer class. The films are chemically doped with p- or n-halogen derivatives or alkali metals, respectively, following polymerization. The Schottky barrier, heterojunction, and junction between severely doped polyacetylene and an inorganic semiconductor are reviewed in relation to their electrical and photovoltaic properties. Utilizing quantum chemical theory and ultraviolet photoelectron spectra obtained during the earliest stages of aluminium deposition on oxygen-free films of trans-polyacetylene oligomers, the subject of chemical interactions at the aluminum-polyacetylene.......

Keywords: Polyacetylene; Conducting polymer; Application; Optoelectronics properties.

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