IOSR-JAP   Volume-7 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2015

ABSTRACT: This thesis explains why planets rotate on their axis in a particular angle? And why planets are in elliptical orbits? I took a simple ball which was in a big size, it was filled with air, I took a thin yarn and tie it with the ball's top then I rotated it using my hand and the result was the ball moved in an angle. Not only in an angle but with that angle that ball had another slight angle.

Keywords: Planets, Planetary motion, Gravity, Stars.

[1]. Keplar's laws of Planetary Motion.
[2]. Bryant, jeff; pavlyk, oleksandr. "Keplar's second Law",
[3]. Robert Small, An account of astronomical discoveries of Keplar.
[4]. Holton, Gerald James, Brush, Stephen G. "Physics, the Human Adventure: From Copernicus to Einstein And Beyond".

ABSTRACT: The present paper is dealt with the study of the exact non vacuum perfect fluid solutions of five dimensional Binachi type I space time in the metric version of 𝒇 𝑹 gravity considering stiff matter to obtain energy density and pressure of the universe on the lines of M. Sharif and M. Farasat Shamir (2010). In particular, we obtain two exact solutions which corresponds to two models of the universe in higher five dimensional Binachi type I space time. The function 𝒇 𝑹 are also evaluated for both the models. Finally the physical properties of these models have been discussed.
Keywords: Higher order theory of gravitation , 𝒇 𝑹 theory of gravity, Five dimensional Binachi type I Space time.

[1] Adhav. K.S. et al.: Astrophysics and Space Science, 310(3-4),231,(2007).

[2] Adhav. K.S. et al.: Astrophysics and Space Science,332(2), 497(2011a).

[3] Adhav. K.S. et al.: Cent. Eur. J. Phys.,9(4),919(2011b). [4] Adhav. K.S. et al.: Eur.Phys.J.Plus,126,122(2011c).

[5] Adhav. K.S. et al.: Int. Jou.Math.Arch.,2(11),2149(2011d).

[6] Adhav. K.S.: Can.J.Phys.,90,119,(2012).

[7] Akarsu O. and Kilinc C.B., Gen.Relat. Gravit. 42,763(2010).

ABSTRACT: An investigation is performed for unsteady Magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow and heat transfer through a Darcian porous medium bounded by a uniformly moving semi-infinite isothermal vertical plate in presence of thermal radiation. The flow model is considered as an viscous, incompressible, electrically-conducting Newtonian fluid which is an optically thin gray gas. Suitable transformations are used to convert the partial differential equations corresponding to the momentum and energy equations into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Analytical solutions of these equations are obtained by Laplace transform. The effects of Hartmann number (M), porosity parameter (K), thermal radiation parameter (Ra), and Prandtl number (Pr) on flow velocity, fluid temperature, velocity and temperature gradients at the surface are studied graphically.

[1] S. Ahmed and K. Kalita, Magnetohydrodynamic transient flow through a porous medium bounded by a hot vertical plate in the
presence of radiation: a theoretical analysis, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics, 86(1), 2013, 30-39.
[2] S. Ahmed and K. Kalita, Analytical numerical study for MHD radiating flow over an infinite vertical plate bounded by porous
medium in presence of chemical reaction, Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 6(4), 2013, 597-607.
[3] S. Ahmed, Numerical analysis for magnetohydrodynamic chemically reacting and radiating fluid past a non-isothermal uniformly
moving vertical surface adjacent to a porous regime, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 5, 2014, 923-933.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.02.005
[4] S. Ahmed, A. Batin, and A.J. Chamkha, Finite Difference Approach in porous media transport modeling for Magnetohydrodynamic
unsteady flow over a vertical plate: Darcian Model, Int. J. of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow, 24(5), 2014, 1-21 DOI
10.1108/HFF-01-2013-0008
[5] A. C. Cogley, W.G. Vinceti, and S.E. Gilles, Differential approximation for radiation transfer in a non-gray near equilibrium, AIAA
Journal, 6, 1968, 551-553.

ABSTRACT: Nowadays climate change is the burning issue and atmospheric aerosols are vital parameter of the global climate system. So, atmospheric aerosols are one of the hot topics for present scientific research. There is lack of study dealing with monitoring of aerosol patterns over Bangladesh. In this study, an assessment of the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol load over Bangladesh are examined using MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Level 3 remote sensing data during the years of 2002-2011. The results show that AOD is increasing across Bangladesh and reveal a higher AOD values in western part but a much cleaner environment in eastern part of the country.

[1]. Alam, K., Qureshi, S., and Blaschke, T., 2011, Monitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODIS, TOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT model, Atmospheric environment, 45, 4641-4651.
[2]. Chu, D., Y. Kaufman, C. Ichoku, L. Remer, D. Tanré, and B. Holben, 2002, Validation of MODIS aerosol optical depth retrieval over land, Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 8007, doi:10.1029/2001/GL013205.
[3]. Dey, S., Tripathi, S.N., Singh, R.P., and Holben, B.N., 2005, Seasonal variability of aerosol parameters over Kanpur, an urban site in Indo-Gangetic basin, Advances in Space Research, 36, 778-782.
[4]. Kaufman, Y., D. Tanre, L. Remer, E. Vermote, A. Chu, and B. Holben, 1997, Operational remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol over land from EOS moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 17051-17067.
[5]. Kaufman, Y., D. Tanre, and O. Boucher, 2002,A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system. Nature, 419, doi:10.1038/ nature01091.

ABSTRACT: The optimized coordinates has been investigated at ground state, B3LYP, 3-21G basis sets with density functional theory (DFT). Also geometrical parameters such as bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles have been calculated by using (DFT) at ground state with B3LYP, 3-21G basis sets. Polarizability and density of states(DOS) also performed for pure copper clusters and also for sodium on copper clusters. NaCu6 cluster has the highest polarizability(=398.6493a.u) and this means this cluster is more active than the other clusters because of the highest polarizability means the highest activity. Infrared spectra has been carried out for pure copper clusters and also for sodium on copper clusters. So in NaCu6 cluster shielding procedure has been occurred. All calculations have been investigated by using Gaussian 09 program.

Keywords: Geometrical optimization, DFT, Polarizability, density of states, Infrared spectra.

[1]. W. Koch and M. C. Holthausen, A chemist's guide to density functional theory: Wiley-VCH, 2000.
[2]. Vignale, G. Mark Rasolt (1987). "Density functional theory in strong magnetic fields". Physical Review Letters (American Physical Society) 59 (20): 2360-2363.
[3]. Grimme, Stefan (2006). "Semiemperical hyprid density functional with perturbative second order correlation". Journal of Chemical Physics 124 (3): 034108.
[4]. R. G. Parr, "Density functional theory," Annual Review of physical chemistry, vol. 16: Oxford university press, 1989.
[5]. M. Orio, D. A. Pantazis, and F. Neese,"Density functional theory," Photosynthesis research, vol. 102, pp. 433-453, 2009.
[6]. An introduction to computational chemistry using G09W and Avogadro software anna.tomberge@mail.mcgill.com.

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the effect of doping concentration on the Electrical and Optical properties of undoped and zinc doped tin oxide thin film, fabricated by Chemical spray pyrolysis technique. The doping was done at 1 wt%, 2 wt%, 3 wt% and 4 wt%. The film thickness decreases with increase in doping concentration of the Zn doped SnO2. The band gap, the absorption coefficient and the extinction coefficient increase with increase in doping concentration to an optimum of 3wt%.

[1]. T. Minami, Transparent Conducting Oxides Semiconductor for TransparentElectrodes.Semiconductor Science and Technology, 20(22), pp. 535-539.
[2]. T.J. Coutts, T.O. Mason , J.D. Perkins and D.S Ginley, Transparent Conducting Oxide.Status and Opportunities in Basic Research, 34 (7),1999, pp. 17.
[3]. K. Young-Hui , L. Ju-won , C. Won-Kook , K, Sung-Ryong , UltrasonicSprayed Ag Nanowire for the preparation of Flexible Transparent Conducting Film.Chemical Society of Japan, 45(23)2014, Pp. 75.
[4]. H. Salehi , M. Aryodoust and M.Forbod, Electronic and structural properties ofTinIV Oxide. Journal of science and technological, 34(2)2010, pp. 45-50.
[5]. S.MRozati,& E. Shadmani, Effect of Zn Concentration on PhysicalProperties of Nano Structure Tin Oxide Film.

ABSTRACT: Undoped tin Oxide and Zinc doped tin oxide thin film were prepared by Chemical spray pyrolysis on soda lime glass substrate. The effects of doping concentration (1wt%, 2wt%, 3wt% and4wt% ) on the structural properties of the films were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the films were polycrystalline, having tetragonal rutile structure irrespective of their doping concentration and exhibits a preferred orientation along the (101) plane while the crystallinity was enhanced with increased in doping concentration to an optimum value at 4 wt %. The structural parameters such as particle size, strain and dislocation density were affected and calculated. The particle size of SnO2is 27.9 nm while that of Zn:SnO2 thin film was found to be within the range of 26.2 nm to 11.2 nm. The thickness of the film decreases with increase in doping concentrations within the range of 0.030 to 0.018μm.

[1]. Minami T, (2005). Transparent Conducting Oxides Semiconductor for Transparent Electrodes.Semiconductor Science and Technology, 20(22), pp. 535-539.
[2]. Coutts T.J, Mason T.O, Perkins J.D, & D.S Ginley, (1999).Transparent Conducting Oxide.Status and Opportunities in Basic Research, 34 (7), pp. 17.
[3]. Young-Hui K, Ju-won L, Won-Kook C, Sung-Ryong K, (2014). Ultrasonic Sprayed Ag Nanowire for the preparation of Flexible Transparent Conducting Film.Chemical Society of Japan, 45(23), Pp. 75.
[4]. Salehi H, Aryodoust M, &M.Forbod, (2010). Electronic and structural properties of TinIV Oxide. Journal of science and technological, 34(2), pp. 45-50.

ABSTRACT: Nowadays climate change is the burning issue and atmospheric aerosols are vital parameter of the global climate system. So, atmospheric aerosols are one of the hot topics for present scientific research. There is lack of study dealing with monitoring of aerosol patterns over Bangladesh. In this study, an assessment of the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol load over Bangladesh are examined using MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Level 3 remote sensing data during the years of 2002-2011. The results show that AOD is increasing across Bangladesh and reveal a higher AOD values in western part but a much cleaner environment in eastern part of the country.In this work attempts was made to relate temperature change to the change of spectra of some gases, which are Bhutan (), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N2). The spectra of this gas were displayed by USB2000 spectrometer, when their temperature changes from (300 to 337) º considerable change in the spectral intensity was observed. These changes can be explained theoretically by using non-equilibrium statistical distribution by using plasma equation, beside the laws of quantum mechanics.

Key wards: Temperature, spectrum, non-equilibrium statistical distribution, quantum mechanics, spectral change, intensity.

[1]. Cooney, Measurements of atmospheric temperature profiles by Raman back scatter, 1972.
[2]. M.Endemann and R.L.Byer Remotes ingle .ended Measurements of atmospheric temperature and humidity (at 1.77μ m ,1980).
[3]. N. Matura. Y.masuda ,H.Lnuki ,S.kato ,S.fukao ,T.sato andT Tsuda Radio Acoustic measurements of temperature profile in the Troposphere and stratosphere, (Macmillan ,1986.)
[4]. Michael Allaby, A Change in the Weather, (New York 2004). [5]. Kshudiram Saha, The Earth's Atmosphere,( library of Congress, USA ,2008).

ABSTRACT: The determination of atmospheric temperature needs using complex and expensive technology. This requires a new approach for temperatures determination by using simple and cheap technology .To perform this task an attempt was made in this research to relate temperature change to the change of spectra of some gases which are Bhutan() , Neon (Ne), Fluorine( F2) and chlorine (CL2). These gas were heated at temperature in the range ( 300 -337ºk.) The spectra of these gas were displayed by USB2000 spectrometer. The result shows appreciable change in the spectral intensity and line width. These changes was shown to be explained theoretically on the basis of non- equilibrium statistical physics by using plasma equation and quantum mechanical laws that relates the photon intensity to atomic and electronic wave functions. Key wards: Intensity , spectra ,line width , non-equilibrium, , statistical physics, temperature .

[1]. John Morrison, Modern Physics: for Scientists and Engineers, (California, Academic Press, 2009). [2]. Raymond Serway& Clement Moses& Curt Moyer& Modern Physics (United State of America ,Cengage Learning, 2004).
[3]. J .Michael Holles , Modern Spectroscopy ,(University of reading ,New Delhi ,2010 ).
[4]. A . Beiser . concept of modern Physics ,(Mc Hill company ,New York ,1990) .
[5]. A . N .Matreev ,Optics ,(Mir publishers ,Moscow , 1988) .

ABSTRACT: In the aim to design a neutron activation system to verify the nuclear material using neutron source (252Cf isotopic neutron source) Monte Carlo simulations were carried out. Several Monte Carlo calculations were carried out using MCNP5 code to estimate the paraffin wax thickness required to shield a 252Cf isotopic neutron source. Firstly, a point-like source was modeled without shield and the neutron dose rate was estimated. Secondly, the source was shielded in paraffin wax and the simulations were repeated including various thicknesses of paraffin wax cylinders. The calculations performed by means of the Monte Carlo radiation transport code MCNP5 are compared with that optioned experimentally by Wide Energy Neutron Detector Instrument (WENDI). The results obtained were used for design the neutron activation system.

Keywords: Neutron Activation System, Shielding Materials, Neutron, paraffin wax, Cf-252 neutron source, Monte Carlo, simulations.

[1]. John Morrison, Modern Physics: for Scientists and Engineers, (California, Academic Press, 2009). [2]. Raymond Serway& Clement Moses& Curt Moyer& Modern Physics (United State of America ,Cengage Learning, 2004).
[3]. J .Michael Holles , Modern Spectroscopy ,(University of reading ,New Delhi ,2010 ).
[4]. A . Beiser . concept of modern Physics ,(Mc Hill company ,New York ,1990) .
[5]. A . N .Matreev ,Optics ,(Mir publishers ,Moscow , 1988) .

ABSTRACT: A new neutron activation system design for nuclear material verification is being established. Neutron activation analysis is a nuclear technique for the analysis of sample composition whereby the sample is irradiated in a neutron field and composition is determined by identifying characteristic induced gamma radiation emitted by the activation products. Calculation of neutron flux at the irradiation positions of a neutron activation system is essential for the design and evaluation of experiments involving material irradiations. A computational model of the new neutron activation system was developed using the Monte Carlo code MCNP5. The model included detailed geometrical representation of the new neutron activation system. The MCNP5 model was applied to determine the best location for the irradiation positions. A 252Cf neutron source with 12μCi of activity was used in the calculations. The MCNP5 estimated neutron fluxes were compared with physical measurements using activation foils method. A good agreement between calculated and experimental results was observed and discussed.
Keywords: Neutron Activation, Neutron flux, Irradiation positions, Cf-252 neutron source, Monte Carlo.

[1]. Yousif-Ali et al., 1995. Investigations of neutron fields used in elemental analysis of bulk samples. Nucl. Geophysics, 9. 203-217.
[2]. SPIE, 1996. Proc. Int. Conf. on Neutrons in Research and Industry, 9-15 June, Crete, SPIE Vol. 2867, Section 3 Nonintrusive Testing and Characteriyation p.173-242.
[3]. IAEA 1999. Application of nuclear techniques to anti-personnellandmines identification, IAEA/PS/RC-799, Vienna, Austria
[4]. Jonah S. A. 2001. Development of neutron-based Facilities for bulk H analysis of energy minerals, Bulk Hydrogen Analysis Using Neutrons, FI-RC-655.3, p. 104-109. IAEA, Vienna, Austria.
[5]. Yu V Stenkin et. al , Thermal neutron flux produced by EAS at various altitudes[J]. Chinese physics C.2013, 37(1): 015001-015001.
[6]. WANG Wen-Xin, et. al, Study on spatial resolution of micromegas as a neutron detector under condition of high neutron flux and γ ray background[J]. Chinese physics C.2009,33(2): 110-113.

ABSTRACT: In-situ measurements of the equivalent dose in 1 Svhr at twenty two locations within Ikot Akpaden Campus of Akwa Ibom State University, Nigeria, using Portable Inspector Alert Nuclear Radiation Monitor, have been conducted. Hundred measurements per study location were taken for averaging. The average values with standard error were for each location converted to annual dose rate in 1 mSvyr and presented. The result of the computed mean equivalent dose rate for the University Community was 1 0.2442 0.0240   mSvyr . Comparing the result with the stipulated regulatory maximum permissible level, even at location within the Campus with maximum measured , it is far below the maximum permissible level, indicating that there is no threat of radiological hazard within the University Campus which has operated for more than five years now. However, routine and periodic radiation level assessment within the University Campus and its vicinity is recommended as accumulated effect which is a function of time may raise the level and pose threat to health and the environment in future.

[1]. Abe, S. K., Fujiataka, L. and Fujinmoto, K.W. (1980). Natural Radiation in Japan. National Radiation Environment Vol. 111. P.
1030-1-48
[2]. AcAulay, I. and Colgan, P. (1980). Gamma Ray Background Radiation Measurement in Ireland. Health Physics. 39(2): 821-826.
[3]. Adiukwu-Brown, M. and Ogezi A. (2001). Radiation Levels of Cassiterite tailing in Jos, Plateau State. Journal of Environmental
Sciences 4(1): 8-12
[4]. Ajayi, I. and Ajayi, O. (1999). Estimation of Absorbed Dose Rate and Collective Effective Dose equivalent due to Gamma
Radiation from selected Radionuclide in Soil in Ondo and Ekiti States, South-Western Nigeria. Radiation Protection Dosimeter.
86(3):221-224.
[5]. Ajayi, O.S. (2002). Evaluation of Absorbed Dose Rate and Annual Effective Dose due to Terrestrial Gamma Radiation in Rocks
in a part of South-Western Nigeria. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 98(4):441-444.

ABSTRACT: Nano particles of CdS compound have been successfully synthesized utilizing coprecipitation technique. Polyaniline has also been synthesized employing chemical oxidative polymerization method. CdS-polyaniline nano-composite was fabricated and characterized. Structural, morphological structure, thermal and spectroscopic examinations were inspected. Spherical particles with average size of order 4.0 and 4.88 nm for CdS and Pani-CdS were perceived respectively. Core shell model for the nanocomposite was suggested and the shell thickness was given. Thermal analysis by TG, DTG DSC and the heat capacitance CPwere also conducted over wide range of temperature. In addition FTIR spectroscopy for the CdS, pani and CdS pani nanocomposite were inspected. The investigation confirmed the formation of thermally stable core-shell of pani-CdSnanocomposite.

Keywords: CdS, polyaniline, nanocomposite,XRD, EDX,TG, DTG, DSC,Cp and FTIR analysis.

[1]. R.C.Barthus, L.M.Lira and S.I.C.de Torresi, J.Braz. Chem. Soc. 19, 360, (2008).
[2]. K.Janaki, S.Elamathi, D.Sangeetha, trends Biomater. Artif.Organs.22,169(2008).
[3]. J. B. Bhaiswar, M. Y. Salunkhe, S. P. Dongre, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 1, January (2013).
[4]. Jordan, J., Jacob, K.I., Tannenbaum, R., Sharaf, M.A.,Jasiuk, I. Mater.Sci. Eng.A, 393, 1(2005).
[5]. Berta, M., Lindsay, C., Pans, G., Camino,G,Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 91, 1179(2009).

ABSTRACT: The ambient temperature of northern Nigeria climatic condition is mostly about 30oC-45oC, it incites about 30oC-80oC heat over the panel since black body of the panel observe more heat, and this temperature majorly affect the electrical efficiency of the panel.Residential houses are constructed with limited space in Sokoto due to rising population; these spaces cannot install a separate PV panel for electricity generation and solar thermal for hot water production standing side by side. In order to resolve these problems, in this work, thermosiphonic water cooling is utilized to reduce the operating temperature of the PV module and then comparing its performance with a controlled PV panel.The PV/T system can be installed to lower the area requirements compared to the two separate systems of same capacity.

[1]. Chow, TT; He W; Ji, .J. (2006) Hybrid photovoltaic-thermosyphon water heating system forresidential application. Solar Energy 2006; 80:298-306.
[2]. Colon, C.J., (2001). Roof Integrated Solar Absorbers. The Measured Performance of ―Invisible‖ Solar Collectors. Colon, C.J. 2001Washington, D.C.: Solar Forum, 2001.
[3]. Fischer, S. (2003).Collector test method under quasi-dynamic conditions according to the European Standard EN 12975-2.2003, Elsevier.
[4]. Fujisawa and T. Tani, (1997).Annual exergy evaluation on photovoltaic–thermal hybrid collector, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 47 (1997) (1–4), pp. 135–148.
[5]. Saad, D.O and Hosni, I.A (2012).Design and development of experimental setup of Hybrid PV/Thermal Collector.Global journal of Engineering Education. Volume 4, 2:170-176