IOSR-JAP   Volume-8 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-August 2016

ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the effect of CO2 laser irradiation on the optical properties of cadmium oxide (CdO) films prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis (CPS) technique. The films deposited on glass substrate using such as an ideal value concentration of (0.1) M Cd(NO3)2.4H2O at temperature (350°C) ,using 6 spray rate during (10) second for each spray .Transmittance ,absorption, absorption coefficient, optical constants, optical energy gap were recorded in order to estimate these films. The obtained films were exposed to CO2 continuous laser with energy (2) Watt at interval time (15) sec at (1) meter far from the source, extend of wavelength (300-1100) nm .Results of the (CdO) films reported after irradiation showed on improvement of optical energy gap which is shifted from (2.25) eV to (2.09) eV.

Keywords:: Thin Films (CdO), CO2 Laser Irradiation, Optical Properties of (CdO), Chemical Spray Pyrolysis.

[1]. B.saha, R.Thapa, K.K.Chattpadhyay, Solid State Common. 145 (2008) 33.
[2]. A .Gulina., G. Tabbi ., Appl.Surf.Sci,245(2005)322.
[3]. K.L,Chopra Das S.,Ranjan , Thin film solar cells, Plenum press , NY (1993).
[4]. Y. S ,Choi., C. G.Lee, S. M .Cho, Thin Solid Films 289 (1996) 153.
[5]. Y.K. Tak. , K.B. Kim , H.G. Park , K-H Lee ,J.R . lee , Thin Solid Film 411/1 (2002) 2.

ABSTRACT: Communication has always dreamt of higher information bandwidth for wires and coaxial lines with frequency available for transmission extends from 108 to 109 Hz. But modulated lighth transmission frequency about 1010 Hz range, thus here increase in several orders of magnitude in potential bandwidth is possible. The main drawback these communication systems using the light signal is unguided and it is transmitted through atmosphere where it is subject to attenuation and distortion. Therefore, a better light wave communication system would certainly need a light guide to help preserve the signal and increase the relability and distance of transmission...........

Keywords:: ......

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[3]. Technical staff of CSELT, optical fibre communication.centro studio laboratory Telecomunicazioni.Torino,1980
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[5]. Cherin.A.H.An Introduction to optical fibres,Mc Graw Hill Bookco.N.Y.,1983

ABSTRACT: For decades copper sulfide has been considered as the most superior optical and semiconductor material. An attempt has been made to prepare bare and Zn doped CuS thinfilms by simple chemical bath deposition method. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, UV and PL to identify and study its structural and optical properties. Results of XRD analysis confirmed the formation of CuS of Covellite phase. Optical properties were studied and the material exhibits a band gap of 2.41 eV and 2.39 eV for pure and Zn doped samples respectively.

Keywords: Copper Sulphide, Co-vellite, band gap.

[1]. M.Ramya and S.Ganesan., Int. J. Pure and Appl. Phy. 6(3) 2010, 243-249.
[2]. E. Guneri, A.Kariper., J.Alloys compds.,516, (2012) 20-26.
[3]. J.J. Loferski, J. Shewchun, S.D. Mittleman, A.E. DeMeo, R. Beauliew and G. Chapman, Sol. Energy Mater 157 (1979).
[4]. M. Savelli, J. Bougnot, H. Luquet, M. Perotin, O. Maris and C, Gril, Solar cells, 5 (1) (1982). 213.
[5]. Nourhene Kamoun Allouche, Tarak Ben Nasr, Cathy Guasch, Najoua Kamoun Turki, C.R.Chime 13 (2010) 1364-1369.
[6]. E.L.Jorten, J. Electrochem. Soc., 108 (1981) 478..

ABSTRACT: Silicon remains the material of choice for photovoltaics because of its abundance, non-toxicity, high and stable cellefficiencies. In this paper, we fabricate and characterize a silicon-based solar cell device and estimated important parameters of the device such as Open Circuit Voltage Vocof 0.57𝑉,Short-Circuit Current Isc of 2.5×10−5𝐴, Maximum Power Pmaxof 6×10−6𝑊, Fill Factor of 0.421 and the energy conversion efficiency of η=0.006% were tested using Keithley 2400,source meter under A.M 1.5 (1000/m2) illumination from a Newport Class A solar simulator. Also the I-V characteristics were drawn in both dark and light illuminations..

Keywords:: Solar cell, Fill factor, efficiency, silicon, Indium Tin-oxide

[1]. E. Lohmuller, B. Thaidigsmann, M. Pospischil, U. Jager, S. Mack, J. Specht, J. Nekarda, M. Retzlaff, A. Krieg, F. Clement, A.
Wolf, D. Biro, IEEE Electron Device Lett., 32 (2011) 1719.
[2]. B. Thaidigsmann, A. Drews, T. Fellmeth, P. Saint-Cast, A. Wolf, F. Clement, R.Preu, D. Biro, IEEE J. Photovolt., 2 (2012) 109.
[3]. F. Kiefer, C. Ulzhöfer, T. Brendemühl, N.-P.Harder, R. Brendel, V. Mertens, S. Bordihn, C.Peters, JW. Müller, IEEE J. Photovolt.,
1 (2011) 49.
[4]. D. Kray, J. Dicker, D. Osswald, A. Leimenstoll, S.W.Glunz, W. Zimmermann, K.-H.Tentscher, G. Strobl, 3rd WCPEC., (2003) 11.
[5]. J. Renshaw, A. Rohatgi, 37th IEEE PVSC., (2011) 2924.

ABSTRACT: It is commonly thought that the Michelson-Morley experiment from 1887 [1] and Kennedy-Thorndike experiment from 1932 [2] demonstrated that the ether does not exist and that the velocity of light in vacuum is absolutely constant. The analysis of this experiment led to the creation of the special theory of relativity (STR). In this article, a different transformation of time and position than the Lorentz transformation is derived on the basis of the geometric analysis of the Michelson-Morley experiment. The transformation is derived based on the assumption that the universal frame of reference, called the ether, exists............

Keywords:: Special Theory of Ether, Special Theory of Relativity, coordinate and time transformation

[1] Michelson Albert A., Morley Edward W., On the relative motion of the earth and the luminiferous ether. Am. J. Sci. 34, 333–345 (1887).
[2] Halliday David, Resnick Robert i Walker Jearl., Fundamentals of Physics, part 5, chapter 39, Wiley-VCH , 2004, ISBN 0-471-42965-1.
[3] Szostek Karol, Szostek Roman, Special Theory of Ether (in English), Publishing house AMELIA, Rzeszow in Poland 2015, ISBN 978-83-63359-81-2 (www.ste.com.pl).
[4] Szostek Karol, Szostek Roman, Szczególna Teoria Eteru (in Polish), Wydawnictwo Amelia, Rzeszów w Polsce 2015, ISBN 978-83-63359-77-5 (www.ste.com.pl).
[5] Tangherlini Frank R., The Velocity of Light in Uniformly Moving Frame, A Dissertation. Stanford University, 1958 (reprint in The Abraham Zelmanov Journal, Vol. 2, 2009, ISSN 1654-9163).

ABSTRACT: Thin films of Se85 Ge15-x Bix Chalcogenide glasses (where x – 0, 5, 10, and 15 at. %) were prepared by thermal evaporation technique. All samples were amorphous as checked by x-ray diffraction. The samples of as-deposited Se85 Ge15 and Se80 Ge10 Bi5 thin films, as illustrative examples, were investigated using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX); it indicates the absence of impurities in the studied alloys. The electrical properties of the thin films have been monitored by the DC conductivity measurements over a temperature range of 300 to 430 K. The electrical activation energy decreases from 1.08 to 0.054 eV with increasing..............

Keywords:: Thin films, DC conductivity; Electrical Properties

[1] R.A. Street, N.F. Mott, Phys. Rev. Lett. 35 (1975) 1293.
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[4] Pratibha Sharma, ManvendrVashithab, I.P. Jain, Radiation Measurements 36 (2003) 663-666.
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ABSTRACT: The shortage of water and the increasing temperature have an effect on the distribution and the amount of rainfall. The long-term of dry or wet season is showed in this paper through Run Theory using monthly precipitation data of 29 stations in Iraq that are divided into three zones for30 years from 1980 to 2010 in order to understand the behavior of precipitation. The annual precipitation of Mosul, Amara and Diwaniya stations fluctuated between dry and wet years. Also, the number of dry years is larger than the number of wet years for the three zones of Iraq. In the northern zone, the longest dry succession years are found in Sinjar with 24.3% and Teleafer 23.1%, while the longest wet succession years found in Makhmoor........

Keywords:: Run theory, Precipitation, Dry season, Wet season, Iraq

[1] K.E. Trenberth, Atmospheric moisture residence times and cycling: implications for rainfall rates with climate change, Climate Change, 39(4), 1998, 667–694.
[2] J.E. Oliver, Monthly precipitation distribution: a comparative index, The Professional Geographer, 32(3), 1980, 300–309.
[3] R. Coscarelli, T. Caloiero, Analysis of daily and monthly rainfall concentration in Southern Italy, Journal of Hydrology, 416, 2012, 145–156.
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[5] M. de Luis, J. C. Gonzalez-Hidalgo, M. Brunetti, and L. A. Longares, Precipitation concentration changes in Spain 1946–2005, Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 11(5), 2011, 1259-1265.

ABSTRACT: The increasing growth of oil palm plantations will cause problems of waste generated both from factories or oil palm plantations. Palm trees have reached the age of 25 years and over must begin to do pemudaan back (replanting). Utilization of oil palm trunk result of replanting is still not optimal do. Oil palm trunk of the plant types monocots then the stem is not kambium and generally unbranched. Based on research Bakar et al. (1998), oil palm wood is only taken on the edge of a relatively hard so that the resulting yield of 30% or 0.30 m3 of each m3. In 1998, there were more than 180,000 ha of palm trees aged above 25 years. Based on these data Bakar et al. (1998) estimates that can be produced more than 16 million m3 of oil in the form of logs, which can produce about 5 million m3 of sawn wood, not including the central part of the stem is soft. This demonstrates the potential to address the needs of the construction timber industry.

[1] Bakar E. S., Rachman O., Hermawan D., Karlinasari L., and Rosdiana N. 1998. Utilization of oil palm trunk as building and furniture materials (1): Physical and chemical properties and durability of oil palm trunk. Journal of Forest Products Technology 11(1), 1-12.
[2] Iswanto A.H., Azhar I., Coto Z., Febrianto F. 2010. Sifat Fisis dan Mekanis Batang Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Asal Kebun Aek Pancur-Sumatera Utara. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Hutan 3(1):1-7.
[3] Sabri, Akram. 2014. Pemanfaatan papan partikel limbah kayu meranti dengan perekat damar sebagai panel alternatif penyerap bunyi. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hasil Riset dan Standarisasi Industri IV: 109-116.
[4] Sigalingging S. R. 2011. Produksi dan Mutu Serat dari Batang Kelapa Sawit [Skripsi]. Departemen Kehutanan Fakultas Pertanian. Medan : USU.
[5] Kinanti, W. 2011. Composite Cement Interior Wall Partition Board. Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Terapan 6(2):181-184.

ABSTRACT: This study attempts to optimize hydrocarbon production of an oil Field in Niger Delta through an uncertainty free hydrocarbon reservoir modelling. Four well logs and seismic data of 5500 to 5900 inline and 1480 to 1720Xline range were used to build a structural model and reduce uncertainties from the delineated reservoirs. All the four wells have reservoirs of interest as delineated from well logs based on sand formation resistivity values and porosity information. From the logs interpretation hydrocarbon prolific sand of each well was correlated as reservoirs D and F.............

Keywords: Seismic interpretation, Faults model, Pillar gridding, reservoir, structure, hydrocarbon.

[1] Ainsworth R.B (2006). Sequence stratigraphic-based analysis of reservoir connectivity: influence of sealing faults – a case study from a marginal marine depositional setting. Petroleum Geoscience, 12(2): 127-141. DOI: 1144/1354-079305-661.
[2] Ajakaiye, D.E and Bally, A.W. (2002): Some structural styles on reflection profiles from offshore Niger Delta. Serach and recovery article No. 10031 AAPG continuing Education course note series No. 41.
[3] Alao P.A, Olabode S.O, Opeloye S.A (2013): Integration of seismic and petrophysic to characterize reservoirs in "ALA" oil field, Niger Delta. Scientific WorldJournal, v. 2013, 1-15, DOI: 10.1155/2013/421720.eCollection 2013.
[4] Allen J.R.L(1965). Late Quaternary Niger Delta, and adjacent areas-sedimentary environment and lithofacies: AAPG Bulletin, 49, 547-600
[5] Biddle K.B and Wielchowsky C.C (1994). Hydrocarbon Traps, Exxon Exploration Company; Houston, Texas, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT: A total of 48 soil samples from the University of Ibadan practical year farmland were collected and analyzed using gamma ray spectrometer in order to determine the activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides. From the activity concentrations determined, the radium equivalent activity, the external hazard index, the internal hazard index, the absorbed dose rate and the effective dose rate in the soil were evaluated. The activity concentrations and hazard indices values were less than the accepted world average values.

Keywords- Concentration, Gamma Exposure, Hazard Indices, Natural Radionuclides, Soil Sediments

[1]. H Florou, and P. Kritidis, Gamma Radiation Measurements and Dose rate in The Coastal Areas of Island, Aegean sea, Greece. Journal of Radiation protection Dosimetry, 45, 1992, 227-279.
[2]. A. T Ramli , Environmental Terrestrial Gamma Radiation Dose and Its Relationship with Soil type and Radiation Isotope and Underlying Geological Formation in Pontain District, Malaysia, Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 48, 1997, 407-412.
[3]. M Tzortzis, H. Tsertos, S. Christofides, and G. Christodoulides, Gamma ray Measurements of Naturally occurring Radioactive Samples from Cyprus Characteristic Geological Rocks, Radiation Measurements, 37, 2003, 221-229
[4]. E Larsen, and D. Gottfried , Uranium and Thorium in Elected site of Igneous Rock, American Journal of science, 258, 1960, 151-169.
[5]. UNSCEAR United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation, Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation. UNSCEAR publication: Report to the General Assembly, New York (1), 2000

ABSTRACT: The solution of the problem of the Lyman-alpha radiation field in the solar atmosphere simultaneously with discovery of the current sheets (CS) in the Nature (on the Sun) have allowed by the author to revise both the available models of solar atmosphere and the heat nature of the corona. We distinguish four zones now in the external solar atmosphere, in their sequence and in their physical sense: photosphere, transition zone, chromosphere, and corona. Now, it is believed that coronal plasma temperature has exceeded of million degrees. Our results indicate the structure of the corona composed of multiple non-thermal jets of the CS that change the very notion of the term of temperature.............

Keywords: the Sun, atmosphere zone, photosphere, chromosphere, transition region, corona, hydrogen Lymanalpha, current sheet, the corona heating, physics of solar zones.

[1]. Baker J. G. & Menzel D. H. Physical processes in gaseous nebulas. III. The Balmer decrement. Astrophys. J., 1938, v.88, p.52-64.
[2]. Burch J. L., Drake J. F. Reconnecting magnetic fields. American Scientist, 2009, v.97, p.392-399.
[3]. Chultem T. & Yakovkin N. A. Stationary equations of hydrogen excitation and ionization in prominences. Solar Phys., 1974, v.34(1), p.133-150. SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS). http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/ ...34..133C/0000135.000.html.
[4]. Jonathan Cirtain. The Hinode X-ray jets. The Marshall Space Flight Center, Nov. 2006, http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2007/06dec_xrayjets/
[5]. Koen van Gorp. NEW DISCOVERY: THE SUN IS BRISTLING WITH X-RAY JETS. HTTP://SCIENCE.NASA.GOV/SCIENCE-NEWS/SCIENCE-AT-NASA/2007/06DEC_XRAYJETS

ABSTRACT: Radioactivity is a part of our environment. Natural radionuclides in soil generate a significant component of the background radiation exposure to the population. Radiation becomes a concern when these particles and energy come in contact with molecules inside the human body. This paper evaluates the radioactivity concentration of beach sand samples collected from the south east region of Tamilnadu. 20 beach sand samples are collected from the different locations of Tamilnadu. A survey of the gross alpha activity has been done using alpha scintillation counter..............

[1]. Miller K.M. and Shebell P. In situ gamma ray spectrometry. A tutorial for environmental scientists, USDOSE publication, EML-557 (New York: Environmental Measurement Laboratory) 1993.
[2]. Hazrati S, Baghi AN, Sadeghi H, Barak M, Zivari S, Rahimzadeh S, Investigation of natural effective gamma dose rates case study: Ardebil Province in Iran. Iranian J Environ Health Science & Eng, 9:1, 2012.
[3]. Malanca A., Pessina V., Dallara G., Assessment of the natural radioactivity in the soils around the coast of Rio Grande Do Norte, Health Physics, 64, 1993.
[4]. Ahmed N. Matiullah, Khatibeh A.J.A.H., Ma'ly A. and Kenwy M.A., Measurement of natural radioactivity in Jordanian sand, Radiat. Meas. 28, 341-344, 1997.
[5]. Trevisi R., Bruno M., Orlando C., Ocone R., Paolelli C., Amici M., Altieri A., and Antonelli B., Radiometric characterization of more representative natural building materials in the province of Rome. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 113, 168-172, 2005.

ABSTRACT: The wavelet envisioned by Huygen's in diffraction phenomenon is re-interpreted as a Polarized Wave (PW) after passing through slit/hole/or biaxial crystals which removed the electric field component from the Electromagnetic Radiation (EM-R), the resulted wave is what is known as the Conical Diffraction (CD) beam, the PW is originated from the Circular Magnetic Field (CMF) produced by accelerated electrons, integrated with the Electric Field (EF) during the Flip-Flop (F-F) mechanism producing EM-R; hence the passing of light through a single hole/slit/biaxial crystals.............

Keywords: Double Slit Experiment; wavelet; Circular Magnetic Field; electron diffraction; polarization; origin of Planck' constant.

[1]. A Einstein & into English T, Concerning an Heuristic point of view toward the emission and transformation of light, American Journal of Physics, vol. 33, 1965.
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[4]. R. H. Stuewer, Einstein's Revolutionary Light-Quantum Hypothesis, Christian Joas, Christoph Lehner, and Jürgen Renn (eds.), Conference on the History of Quantum Physics, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, 2008. [5]. A H Compton, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-Rays by Light Elements", Physical Review, vol. 21, 1923.

ABSTRACT: In this work the photodegradation of Rhodamine 6G was studied by adding different amounts of semiconductor (TiO2), as a photocatalyst, to fixed concentration of Rhodamine 6G in water and the mixture was irradiated by UV light in the range from 270 to 280 nm. The UV light has energy of 750 mJ and spot size of 4 cm2 and the irradiation was done in different exposure times.The absorption spectra of Rhodamine 6G with different amounts of catalyst, before and after irradiation, were recorded and compared. The results showed that the efficiency of the photodegradation process was increased with increasing the amount of semiconductor (TiO2) and irradiation time................

Keywords: photocatalysis, photodegradation, Rhodamine 6G, TiO2.

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[2]. Noor Idrus. Anodic Oxidation of Titanium In Sulphuric Acid (H2so4) for Biomedical Application [master thesis]. Johor: Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; 2013.
[3]. S.Kathirvelu*, Louis D'Souza, and Bhaarathi Dhurai, 2008 Nanotechnology Applications in Textiles, Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol.1 No 5 1:10.