IOSR-JAP   Volume-8 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-August 2016

ABSTRACT: There are several types of the potential energy produced by fuels and foods to run engines & motors and to activate the muscle power to working. It is all wondrous of potential energy. The so called kinetic energy doesn’t come in the potential energy and any type of alternate energy.

Keywords:: potential energy, kinetic energy, alternate energy

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ABSTRACT: This letter investigates the effect of cloud on the performance of solar PV panel. The intensity of solar radiation is reduced in cloud condition, because cloud interrupts beam radiation reaching the earth surface as a result, this affect the output performance of the PV module. Outdoor experiment and simulations of parameters of the PV module are conducted using MATLAB to investigate this effect. Result shows that the cloud reducesthe efficiency of the PV module by blocking some part of the Sun insolation. In the three experimental locations of this work, the reduction in efficiency was found to be from 0.96% to 3.77%.

Keywords:: Solar energy, Solar radiation, Cloud effect, Photovoltaic (PV) module.

[1] A. Malviya and P. Prakash, "Photogalvanics : A sustainable and promising device for solar energy conversion and storage," Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 59, pp. 662–691, 2016.

[2] S. J. H. Z. Hafiz Bilal Khalil, "Energy crisis and potential of solar energy in Pakistan," Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 31, pp. 194–201, 2014.

[3] S. L. Ahmed Bouraiou, Messaoud Hamouda, Abdelkader Chaker, Mohammed Sadok, Mohammed Mostefaoui, "Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic and Array based on One and Two Diode Model Using Matlab/Simulink," Int. Conf. Technol. Mater. Renew. Energy, Environ. Sustain. TMREE 15, vol. 74, pp. 864–877, 2015.

[4] S. K. Mohammad Khalil Farooq, "An assessment of renewable energy potential for electricity generation," Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 20, pp. 240–254, 2013.

[5] M. Sabzpooshani and K. Mohammadi, "Establishing new empirical models for predicting monthly mean horizontal diffuse solar radiation in city of Isfahan , Iran," Energy, vol. 69, pp. 571–577, 2014

ABSTRACT: Gafchromic MD–55 and HD–V2 films wereirradiated with gamma doses in the range 0-80 Gy and 0-2000 Gy, respectively. The microstructure changes of these films have been probedusing positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectroscopy for the first time. The dependence of the PAL parametersupon the microstructure of the active component of both films such as its polymerizationdegreewasdiscussed............

Keywords:: Radiation effects, MD–55 and HD-V2 radiochromic films, Positron annihilation life time spectros copy, γ irradiation

[1]. Devic, S., 2011. Radiochromic film dosimetry: past, present, and future.Physica medica, 27, 122-134.
[2]. Niroomand-Rad, A., Blackwell, C.R., Coursey, B.M., Gall, K.P., Galvin, J.M., McLaughlin, W.L., Meigooni, A.S., Nath, R.,
Rodgers, J.E. and Soares, C.G., 1998. Radiochromic film dosimetry: recommendations of AAPM radiation therapy committee task
group 55.Medical physics, 25, 2093-2115.
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ABSTRACT: Here we present a morphology controlled growth of nano ZnO through variation in precursor composition and controlled microwave (MW) exposure time. The ZnO nanostructures are synthesized by MW aided co- precipitation method. The SEM micrograph shows that the as obtained ZnO nanostructures show significant variation in morphologies like flowers, tubes and sheets with variation in precursor and MW exposure time. An analytical model is presented to explain the growth mechanism of various morphologies. The crystal growth habit shows a remarkable change with morphology. The as obtained ZnO nanostructures emit in the blue and green visible region...........

Keywords:: Controlled Synthesis, Microwave aided method, Optical properties, nanostructure, ZnO.

[1] W.J. Li, E.W. Shi, W.Z. Zhang and Z.W. Yin, Growth mechanism and growth habit of oxide crystals, Journal of crystal growth, 203(1), 1999, 86-196.
[2] T. Sekiguchi, K. Haga and K. Inaba, ZnO films grown under the oxygen-rich condition, Journal of crystal growth, 214–215, 2000, 68-71.
[3] A.Oudhia and A. Choudhary, S.Sharma, S.Aggrawal, and S.J.Dhoble, Study of defect generated visible photoluminescence in zinc oxide nano-particles prepared using PVA templates, Journal of Luminescence, 154, 2014, 211–217.
[4] A.Oudhia and A.Choudhary, Microwave pulse-assisted wet chemical synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with excellent UV emission: Emerging Electronics (ICEE), 2014 IEEE 2nd International Conference, Bengalore, 2014, 1-4.
[5] G. Amin, M. H. Asif, A. Zainelabdin, S. Zaman, O. Nur, and M. Willander, Influence of pH, Precursor Concentration, Growth Time, and Temperature on the Morphology of ZnONanostructures Grown by the Hydrothermal Method, Journal of Nanomaterials, 2011, Article ID 269692,2011,9.

ABSTRACT: In the present paper, two-state theory of water is applied to study the temperature dependence of speed of sound. The computed results are found in good agreement with experimental data. The theory also predicts a thermal maximum in speed of sound near 760C which matches with the experimental value.............

Keywords:: Water, speed of sound, Temperature and Two-state theory

[1] G.W. Willard,Temperature coefficient of ultrasonic velocity in solutions, J. Acous. Soc. Am. 19, 235 (1947)
[2] R.A. McConell and W.F. Mruk,Microacoustic interferometer using 30-MC Pulses, J. Acous. Soc. Am. 27, 672 (1955)
[3] M. Greenspan and E. Tschiegg,Tables of speed of sound in water, J. Acous. Soc. Am. 31, 75 (1959)
[4] A.J. Barlow and E. Yazgan, Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 18, 645 (1967)
[5] R. Kumar, P. Kuchhal and N. Dass,The pressure and temperature dependence of the velocity of sound in liquid metals, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 8,10891 (1996)

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the calculation of the optical properties of thin films of CdS from spectral transmittance measurements using the method of Swanepoel. CdS thin film was grown by evaporation technique which has better advantages in optical and crystalline properties compared to other manufacturing techniques as chemical bath deposition (CBD) and sputtering. The experimental procedure is presented for the transmittance spectrum of CdS thin film through a VIS-IR Oriel spectrophotometer that was automated using virtual instrumentation for data acquisition..........

Keywords:: thin films, optical properties, solar cell, virtual instrumentation.

[1] A.A. Ojo, I.M. Dharmadasa, 15.3% efficient graded bandgap solar cells fabricated using electroplated CdS and CdTe thin films, Solar Energy 136 (2016) 10-14.
[2] Y. Gu, E.S. Kwak, J.L. Lensch, J.E. Allen, T.W. Odom, L.J. Lauhon, Near-field scanning photocurrent microscopy of a nanowire photodetector, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 (2005) 043111–043113.
[3] P.K.C. Pillai, N. Shroff, A.K. Tripathi, A study of the photoconducting propertiesof CdSSe(Cu) with a view to its use in solid-state image intensifiers, J. Phys., D:Appl. Phys. 16 (1983) 393–399.
[4] N. Amin, K. Sopian, M. Konagai, Numerical modeling of CdS/CdTe andCdS/CdTe/ZnTe solar cells as a function of CdTe thickness, Sol. Energy Mater.Sol. Cells 91 (2007) 1202–1208.
[5] W. Hongxia, Progress in thin film solar cells based on Cu2ZnSnS4, Int. J. Pho-toenergy 2011 (2011) 1–10.

ABSTRACT: A brief review of solar modulation on galactic cosmic rays in the earth's atmosphere is presented. The results of the characterizations of the major two events i.e. Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs)(measured in counts) and Galactic Solar rays(GSRs) (measured in counts) against time (measured in hour) shows significant variations. It was also observed that the variations of the events are slightly out of phase. The anti-correlation coefficient, r between GCRs and GSRs, ranging from -0.015 to -0.470, shows that the events originates from different sources. The low level of r in this result indicates that other solar activities such as sunspot, coronal mass ejection and solar wind directly enters the Earth's atmosphere.

Keywords:: Cosmic Rays, Solar rays, Modulation and Solar Activity.

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ABSTRACT: A comprehensive review of the influence of Galactic and Solar Cosmic Rays (GSCRs) in the Earth's atmospheric is hereby presented. The results of the characterizations of the GSCRs (measured in counts) and AST (measured in oC) against Time (measured in hours) shows significant variations. The positive correlation coefficient, r between GSCRs and ASTs, ranging from 0.020 to 0.800 also shows that the events of GSCRs gives rise to ASTs in the earth's atmosphere. The low level of r in these result indicates that other solar activities such as sunspot, coronal mass ejection and solar wind directly enters the Earth's atmosphere, while the high level of r shows that the GSCRs is responsible for the ASTs. The large number of references up to 118 is a source for scholars' interest in the various contribution of space research.

Keywords:: Cosmic Rays, Solar flar, Ionization and Solar Activity.

[1]. Umahi, A.E,(2016). Galactic and Solar Cosmic Rays on Ionization in the Atmosphere, World Applied Science Journal, 34 (3), 312-317, DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2016.34.3.15660.
[2]. Tinsley, B.A.,(2000). Influence of solar wind on the global electric circuit, and inferred effects on cloud microphysics, temperature, and dynamics in the troposphere, Space Sci. Rev., 94 (1–2), 231–258.
[3]. Singh, A. K., D. Singh, and R. P. Singh, (2011), Impact of galactic cosmic rays on Earth's atmosphere and human health, Atmos. Environ., 45, 3806-381188,
[4]. Bazilevskaya, G.A., 2000. Observations of Variability in Cosmic Rays, Space Sci. Rev.,94, 25-38.
[5]. Neher, H.V., 1971. Cosmic rays at high latitude and altitudes covering four solar maxima, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 1637-1651.

ABSTRACT: Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) is one of the highly photo sensitive and good semiconductor material of II-VI group elements. Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) have different applications in optoelectronic devices like solar cells, photo detectors etc. In the present work CdS thin films were deposited on ultrasonically cleaned glass substrates using sol-gel spin-coating technique. The structural, optical and surface morphologies of CdS thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, UV-Visible Spectrum analysis, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).................

Keywords:: Sol-gel, Spin Coating, CdS thin Films, UV-Visible,XRD,AFM,SEM.

[1]. T. Peng, H.yang, k.dai, x. Pu and k. Hirao,.Chemical Physics letters 379 (2003)432-436.
[2]. Y. Kashiwaba , J. Sato , T. Abe ,. Applied surface science 212-213 (2003).
[3]. M.A. Mahdi, J.J. Hassan, N.M. Ahmed, S.S. Ng, Z. Hassan,.Super lattices and Microstructures 54 (2013) 137-145.
[4]. N.S Kozhevnikova, A .Rempel, F. Hergert and A. Magrel,.Thin Solid Films517 (2009) 2586-2589.
[5]. H.C. Chou and A.R. Ohatgi,.Journal of electronic Materials 23 (1994) 31.

ABSTRACT: The Nield-Kuznetsov integral functions of the first- and second-kind are were introduced and classified in a previous article published in IOSR Journal of Applied Physics. Extensive Tables of Values of these functions are produced in this work in order to provide a vehicle for researchers to solve initial and boundary value problems involving the inhomogeneous Airy's, generalized Airy's and Weber's differential equations.

Keywords:: Nield-Kuznetsov Integral Functions of the First and Second Kinds, Weber and Airy ODE.

[1]. S.M. Alzahrani, I. Gadoura, M.H. Hamdan, Nield- Kuznetsov Functions of the First- and Second Kind. IOSR Journal of Applied
Physics. .Volume 8, Issue 3 Ver. III (May. - Jun. 2016), PP 47-56.

ABSTRACT: An attempt has been made to find out the monotonic seasonal and annual trend of categorical cyclonic disturbances formed over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) during 1981-2013. Long term trend of categorical cyclonic disturbances frequency over the Bay of Bengal is analyzed by using Mann-Kendal test and Sen's slope estimation. The analysis shows that the frequency of Depression over BoB during monsoon season shows a decreasing trend in 90% significant confidence level. The pre-monsoon season and the annual trend of depression frequency also show a decreasing trend but they are not statistically significant..............

Keywords:: Categorical cyclonic disturbance, Trend, Mann-Kendal and

[1]. Camargo S J, Emanuel KA and Sobel AH, 2007: Use of a genesis potential index to diagnose ENSO effects on tropical cyclone
genesis J. Clim. 20 4819–34
[2]. Camargo S J, Wheeler M C and Sobel A H, 2009: Diagnosis of the MJOmodulation of tropical cyclogenesis using an empirical
index J. Atmos. Sci. 66 3061–74
[3]. Chan, J. C. - L., 1985: Tropical cyclone activity in the northwest Pacific in relation to the El-Nino/Southern Oscillation
phenomenon, Mon. Wea. Rev, 113, 599-606.
[4]. Ding Y and Sikka D R, 2006: Synoptic Systems and Weather The Asian Monsoon (Berlin: Springer) pp 131–201.
[5]. Emanuel K A and Nolan D S, 2004: Tropical cyclone activity and global climate Preprints 26th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical
Meteorology (Miami, FL:Am.Meteorol. Soc.) pp 240–1

ABSTRACT: The blade in its movement undergoes three types of deformation: longitudinal (bending), lateral and twisting, of interest for the bending mode since it appears the most important mode. The approach used for modeling of blade element bending is done by the finite element method of discretizing the blade beam element, each with two degrees of nodal freedoms. Solving the equation of motion based on the MEF is obtained by the application of modal analysis which consists of obtaining from the eigenmodes and system natural frequencies that will be used in the study of forced motion due to aerodynamic loads using the modal superposition method.
Theory of the airfoil member is used for the evaluation of aerodynamic loads of dividing the blade in a series of elements (airfoils) that operate independently.

Keywords:: Bending mode, centrifugal effect, inertial effect, Finite element method, modal analysis, theory of the aerodynamic profile element, aerodynamic loadsn. aerodynamic loadsn.

[1]. Wang, Z. J. (2008). Aerodynamic efficiency of flapping flight: analysis of a two-stroke model, Journal of Experimental Biology,
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ABSTRACT: We Make an analytical study of a waveguide whose guiding cross-section is bounded by two equiangular spirals in which core and cladding regions are filled with different dielectric materials having refractive index n1 and n2 where n1>n2. The characteristic equation is derived under the scalar wave approximation for weak guidance. Dispersion curves and cutoff curve are also shown and interpreted. Unlike the planar waveguide, a nonzero cutoff is deduced which may be attributed to the curvature of the boundaries and the flare.

Keywords:: Dispersion curves, weak guidance condition, waveguide with non–circular cross–section.

[1] R.B. Dyott, "Cutoff of the first higher order modes in elliptical dielectric waveguide: an experimental approach", Electron. Lett. 26, 1990, pp. 1721 – 1723.
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[5] V. Singh, B. Prasad, S.P. Ojha, "Weak guidance modal analysis and dispersion curves of an infrared lightguide having a core cross-section with new type of asymmetric loop boundary", Opt. Fiber Technol. (USA) 6, 2000, pp. 290–298.

ABSTRACT: Twenty samples of borehole and well water were taken from the Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna,Kaduna state, Nigeria,in two litre plastic jerrycans.Two drops of concentrated nitric acid were to each container in order to preserve the samples. The total dissolved solids (TDS) were determined for the water samples. An aliquot of each sample was evaporatated to dryness,and transferred to a planchet..............

Keywords:: ......

[1]. Agbalagba, et al (2012) Determination of Gross α and β Activity Concentration and Estimation of Adults' and Infants' Dose Intakes in surface and Ground Water of Ten Oil Fields Environment in Western Niger Delta of Nigeria.
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ABSTRACT: The propertis of ion acoust shock waves assocated with the nonlinear propagation of coppres-sive and rarefactive electrostatic perturations in an unmagnetized collisionless degenerate dense plasma have been investigated theroretically.............

Keywords:: ......

[1].G. manfredi, fields inst. commun . 46, 263 (2005).

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