IOSR-JAP   Volume-8 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2016

ABSTRACT: It is commonly thought that the Michelson-Morley experiment from 1887 [1] and Kennedy-Thorndike experiment from 1932 [2] demonstrated that the ether does not exist and that the velocity of light in vacuum is absolutely constant. The analysis of this experiment led to the creation of the special theory of relativity (STR). In this article, a different transformation of time and position than the Lorentz transformation is derived on the basis of the geometric analysis of the Michelson-Morley experiment. The transformation is derived based on the assumption that the universal frame of reference, called the ether, exists. Our concept states that the ether is not a substance with physical properties, as it was understood in the past, but a frame of reference in which the velocity of light is constant in every direction. The obtained transformations are transformations from the ether to the inertial frame and from the inertial frame to the ether

Keywords:: Special Theory of Ether, Special Theory of Relativity, coordinate and time transformation

[1]. Michelson Albert A., Morley Edward W., On the relative motion of the earth and the luminiferous ether. Am. J. Sci. 34, 333–345 (1887).
[2]. Halliday David, Resnick Robert i Walker Jearl., Fundamentals of Physics, part 5, chapter 39, Wiley-VCH , 2004, ISBN 0-471-42965-1.
[3]. Szostek Karol, Szostek Roman, Special Theory of Ether (in English), Publishing house AMELIA, Rzeszow in Poland 2015, ISBN 978-83-63359-81-2 (www.ste.com.pl).
[4]. Szostek Karol, Szostek Roman, Szczególna Teoria Eteru (in Polish), Wydawnictwo Amelia, Rzeszów w Polsce 2015, ISBN 978-83-63359-77-5 (www.ste.com.pl).
[5]. Tangherlini Frank R., The Velocity of Light in Uniformly Moving Frame, A Dissertation. Stanford University, 1958 (reprint in The Abraham Zelmanov Journal, Vol. 2, 2009, ISSN 1654-9163).

ABSTRACT: The ultrasonic velocity is very important parameter to find out the physic-chemical behavior of the liquids. Theoretical velocities of binary liquid mixtures at 5 MHz for the temperatures 298K have been evaluated as a function of concentration. The experimental values are compared with theoretical models of liquid mixtures such as Nomoto, Free length theory, Collision Factor Theory, Impedance Relation, Ideal Mixing Relation, Rao's Specific Velocity Method and Junjie's Relations . A good agreement has been found between experimental and theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity. The relative applicability of these theories to the present systems has been checked and discussed. The results are explained in terms of molecular interactions occurring in these binary liquid mixtures.

Keywords: Ultrasonic velocity, theoretical models of liquid mixtures, molecular interactions, Nomoto, Free length theory, Collision Factor Theory, Impedance Relation, Ideal Mixing Relation, Rao's Specific Velocity Method and Junjie's Relations, Acetonitrile (ACN), Methanol and Ethanol

[1]. Blitz J, "Fundamental of Ultrasonic, Butterworth", (London, 1963).
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[4]. Bhandakkar V D (2013). Journal of pure applied & industrial physics 3(1), 63-67.
[5]. Rajgopal, K. & Chenthilnath, S. (2010), Indian J .Pure and Appl. Phys., 48, 326-333.
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[7]. Prahrag M. K., Sat apathy A., J Chem. & Pharma. Research, 4(4), 1910-1920.

ABSTRACT: It is known that aluminium and its alloys are of low modulus and medium strength. In order to improve the modulus and strength the composites are made by adding reinforcement in the aluminium and its alloys. Reinforcement can be in fibre form as well as in particulate form. Both have their own advantages. Fibers provide greater strength than particulate while particulate provide isotropic properties. In the present work. MMC has been prepared by reinforcing graphite particles of 50-350 ASTM size range into the base matrix alloy. The base matrix alloy ( LM 11 alloy) has the composition as follows, Pb - 2.4%, Cu - 4.3%, Fe - 0.2%, Si - 0.4%, Al - remaining The base alloy was melt in a vertical furnace. Melt was stirred and the preheated graphite powder (at 7000C) was added into it.........

Keywords: Reinforcement, MMC,X-Ray Analysis, Tensile test, Deep drawing test, drawability

[1]. Huda M.D., Haskmi M.S.J.,E.I. Baradie M.A., "Metal matrix composite part 1 : Apple & processing", edited by Newaz G.M.,Wahlbier F.H. &Neber- Aeschbacher H, Trans Tech. Publication, Switzerland-Germany-U.K. –U.S.A.,1985.PP 37-64.
[2]. A.M. Patton , J. Inst Metals, 100 (1972), 197.
[3]. F.A. Badia and P.K. Rohatgi, AFS Trans 79 (1969), 402.
[4]. Vikash Narian M.E. Thesis University of Roorkee,Roorkee.
[5]. D.N. Williams, J.H. Roberts & R.I. Jaffee, Met. Trans, A.I.M.E.,218 (1960),574.

ABSTRACT: In the thought experiment in this paper, we considered inertial frames M and A moving at a constant velocity relative to each other. A light signal emitted from inertial frame M, when time of a clock in inertial frame M was 1(s), arrived at inertial frame A when time of a clock in inertial frame A was 2(s). Conversely, the light signal emitted from inertial frame A, when time of a clock in inertial frame A was 1(s), arrived at inertial frame M when time of a clock in inertial frame M was 2(s). These results show that symmetry exists between the two inertial frames. However, the logic of explaining the arrival time of the light signal differs between
observers M and A. Einstein regarded all inertial frames as equivalent, but it is not the case that all inertial frames are equivalent.........

Keywords: Special Theory of Relativity; Minkowski Diagram; Relativistically Stationary System; Velocity Vector. and Ethanol

[1]. A. Einstein, The Principle of Relativity (Dover Publication,Inc.New York,1923)
[2]. K. Suto, Applied Physics Research. 8, 6. 70 (2016)
[3]. K. Suto, Physics Essays. 23, 3. 511 (2010)
[4]. K. Suto, Physics Essays. 28, 3. 345 (2015).

ABSTRACT: Power output from a wind-powered turbine generator was estimated using the method that combined the wind generator characteristic and the characteristic of wind at the selected location of operation. Danjawa village is a small community village within Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, which is bounded by latitude of 13o.1 N and longitude 4o.13 E, with elevation of 351m. The shape and scale parameters for the location were evaluated from the twenty years (1991-2010) daily average wind speed data obtained from NIMET. The 2.0 kW (Guangmang) wind-powered generator is characterized by its cut-in wind speed, rated wind speed and furling
wind speed as provided by the manufacturers............

Keywords: Evaluation, Guangmang, Levelised, Polynomial and Wind speed

[1]. Adaramola, M. S., Paul, S.S., and Oyedepo, S. O. (2011) Assessment of electricity generation and energy cost of wind energy
conversion systems in North-central Nigeria. Energy Conversion and Management, 52 (2011)3363-3368)
[2]. Akin Iwayemi, (2008) Nigerian Dual Energy Problems, Policy issues and Challenges, International Association for Energy
Economics, Cleveland , USA. Assessed from www.ieaaa.org 2nd November 2012
[3]. Bala, E. J. (2012) Renewable Energy Resources and Production; paper presented at national workshop of chemical society of
Nigeria, Abuja chapter held at the RMRDC, hall, 28th – 29th March, 2012.
[4]. Baynes, C. G. (1974): The Statistics of Strong Winds for engineering applications. University of Western Ontario Report, BLWT-4- 1974
[5]. CBN, 2012: http://www.cenbank.org/rates/inflrates.asp. Assessed on 2, August 2012

ABSTRACT: Binary mixtures of two non mesogenic compounds Cetostearyl alcohol (CSA) and Ortho Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) are found to exhibit lyotropic mesophases over wide range of concentrations. The Optical, Density and Refractive index studies of the binary mixtures of CSA and H3PO4 exhibit polymorphic mesophases at different temperatures have been studied. The Refractive Index and Density studies of these mixtures are presented in this paper. The Optical Microscopy shows the Polymorphic textures of these binary mixtures showing lyophase is also presented.

Keywords: Density, Optical Microscopy, Polymorphic Mesophase, Refractive Index, Textures

[1]. Benton, W.J & Millar.C.A (1983) J. Phys.Chem 82, 1981.
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[5]. Horvath –Szabo G. Masliyah J.H & Czarnecki H. J.Colloid Interface Sci 242(2002) 247.

ABSTRACT: Cadmium telluride thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis using aqueous solution of cadmium chloride and tellurium tetrachloride of each 0.02 M on pre-heated glass substrate at 3500C. From the resistivity plot two activation energy calculated 380 m eV and 360 m eV at higher temperature and lower temperature region. This indicate that shallow trapping state due to the interstial of cadmium or telluride vacancies are dominates the extrinsic conductivity near the room temperature whereas at higher temperature higher temperature deep traps are appears to be operative. Chemical composition analysis reveals that CdTe thin films have good stoichiometric, n-type semiconductor.

Keywords: Spray pyrolysis, thin films, Electrical properties and chemical analysis

[1]. J. P.Hirde and Y.D. Tembhurkar, "Optical and structural properties of II-VI solid-solution thin films of CdxZn1-xSdeposited by spray pyrolysis."Indi. J. Pure and Appl. Phys28 oct (1990)pp 583-585.
[2]. Y.D. Tembhurkar and J.P.Hirde, "Structural, optical and electrical properties of spray pyrolytically deposited films of copper indium diselenide."Thin Solid Films 215(1992) 65-70.
[3]. Y.D. Tembhurkar and J.P.Hirde, "Electrical properties of spray pyrolytically deposited p-CuInSe2(1-x)S2x solid-solution thin films."ActaCienciaIndiaca Vol. XVIII p4 (1992)239.
[4]. L.B. Valde, "Measurement of resistivity of germanium crystal by four probe method," Proceeding of I.R.E. 420 (1954).
[5]. K.N. Shreekanthan, Kasturi V. Bangera,G.K. Shivkumar& M.G. Mahesha, " Structure and properties of vacuum deposited cadmium telluride thin films." Ind. J. of pure and Appl. Phys. 44 (2006) 705-708.

ABSTRACT: Spray pyrolysis is a simple, inexpensive method. Thin films of ZnTe were prepared by spraying the mixture of aqueous solution of zinc chloride and tellurium tetrachloride of 0.02 M of each. The temperature of the substrate was varied from 3000C to 3750C in the interval of 250C. The optical band gap of ZnTe thin films were obtained as 2.27 eV at optimised temperature 3500C. From the transmission curve it was observed that onset of decrease of transmission toward the lower wavelength size as temperature increase, gives the value of band gap and it is varies from 2.32 eV to 2.27 eV. This indicates the increase of grain size of the films. This shows that formation of polycrystalline thin fims semiconductor. ZnTethin films shows the direct allowed transition.

Keywords: ZnTe thin films, spray pyrolysis, optical study.

[1]. Y.D. Tembhurkar and J.P.Hirde, "Electrical properties of spray pyrolytically deposited p-CuInSe2(1-x)S2x solid-solution thin films",ActaCienciaIndica Vol. XVIII p4 (1992)239.
[2]. Y.D.Tembhurkar, A.S. Meshram and O.P.Chimankar, "Optical and electrical properties of CdS thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis", International Journal of Scientific Research. Volume 3, 2014, pp .30-32, December 2014.5)
[3]. Y.D. Tembhurkar and J.P.Hirde, "Structural, Optical and electrical properties of spray pyrolytically deposited thin films of CuInS2."Bull. Meter Sci.Vol. 16 No. 3 June 1993pp 177-186.
[4]. Y.D. Tembhurkar, A.S. Meshram and O.P. Chimankar, "Study of variation of band gaapenegy and thickness with temperature of CuInTe2 thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis," International Journal of Scientic Research (IJSR) 5 (2016) 11-13.
[5]. Y.D. Tembhurkar, Annealing effect on structural and electrical properties of CuInTe2 thin films," International Journal of Scientific Research (IJSR) 5 (2016) 504-506..

ABSTRACT: Thin films of Sn02 and Sn02:F were prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. The effect of substrate temperature on the electrical transport properties of these films was investigated.Sheet resistance of the Sn02:F films suddenly decreases to 90 % of sheet resistance of undoped films. Conductivity, carrier concentration and Hall mobility is high at optimum temperature 4250C. But at higher temperature, the saturation takes place.

Keywords: Sn02:F thin films, Electrical properties.

[1]. Y.D. Tembhurrkar, S.A.Gaikwad, A.S.Meshram, V.S. Dhabarde and C.M.Dudhe, "Annealing effect on optical band gap of high transparent thin oxide thin films," UGC. Sponsored N. conf. on material characterization and their application organised by AnandNikeham Collage AnandwanWarora on 6th Feb. 2014.
[2]. Y.D. Tembhurkar, "Optical and electrical properties of spray pyrolytically deposited tin oxide thin films," U.G.C. sponsored National Seminor on material preparation and Characterzation: Nano Particles and Future Trends, Organised by S.M.V. Nagpur on 24 Feb. 2013.
[3]. L.B. Valde, "Measurement of resistivity of germanium crystal by four probe method," Proceeding of I.R.E. 420 (1954).
[4]. J.R. Holland, in: Handbook of X-ray,ed.E.F. Kaulble (mc Graw-Hill, New York, 1967) P.18-38.
[5]. J.P. Hirth and K.L. Moazed, in: Physics of thin films, ed.G.Hass and R.E. Thun (Academic Press, Now York, 1967) Vol.4.

ABSTRACT: CuInTe2 thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis by using aqueous solution copper chloride, Indium trichloride and Telluriumtetrachloride of 0.003 M of each. From the XRD diffraction patter, the crystallanity size of the films were calculated from the preferential peak (200) plane found to be maximum at optimised temperature 3500C. XRD study reveals that CuInTe2thin films cubic in nature with preferred orientation along 200 plane.

Keywords: CuInTe2thin films, XRD study.

[1]. Y.D. Tembhurkar and J.P.Hirde, "Electrical properties of spray pyrolytically deposited p-CuInSe2(1-x)S2x solid-solution thin films",ActaCienciaIndica Vol. XVIII p4 (1992)239.
[2]. Y.D.Tembhurkar, A.S. Meshram and O.P.Chimankar, "Optical and electrical properties of CdS thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis", International Journal of Scientific Research. Volume 3, 2014, pp .30-32, December 2014.5) L.B. Valde, "Measurment of resistivity of germanium semiconductor‟s by four-probe method, proceeding of I.R.E. 420 (1954).
[3]. Y.D. Tembhurkar and J.P.Hirde, "Structural, Optical and electrical properties of spray pyrolytically deposited thin films of CuInS2."Bull. Meter Sci.Vol. 16 No. 3 June 1993pp 177-186.
[4]. Y.D. Tembhurkar, A.S. Meshram and O.P. Chimankar, "Study of variation of band gaapenegy and thickness with temperature of CuInTe2 thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis," International Journal of Scientic Research (IJSR) 5 (2016) 11-13.
[5]. Y.D. Tembhurkar"Annealing effect on structural and electrical properties of CuInTe2 thin films," International Journal of Scientific Research (IJSR) 5 (2016) 504-506..

ABSTRACT: In this paper we are exploring the roots from where the concept of dark matter came first. It is an interesting information that search of dark matter was first superfluous and as the problem of mass to light ratio and other observational problems like rotational curves of spiral galaxies start to let group of people of astrophysics to consider again about perception of dark matter. In the following paper we are analyzing those equations which first time bring in the concept like dark matter in the approach.

Keywords: Gravitation, Dark Matter

[1]. F. Zwicky, Helv. Phys. ActaVol. 6(1933) 110.
[2]. O. Chwolson (1924).Astronomische Nachrichten 221: 329. doi:10.1002/asna.19242212003.
[3]. A.Einstein, Science Vol.84(1936)506–507.
[4]. R.Sharma,G.K.Upadhyaya "Study of Dark Matter in Context of Recent Observations and
[5]. Experiments"Lambert Acad. Pub. (2011) see chapter 2 of book for detail calculation.
[6]. M.Roos "Introduction to Cosmology" 3rd Edition John Wiely & Sons ltd. Pub.

ABSTRACT: We presented the main properties of black holes and their evolution from macro to micro black holes. We considered Kruskal-Szekeres diagram representing the evolution of time in the form of hypersurfaces and stressed that the transition between the Universes is connected with the so-called Einstein-Rosen bridge. This fact was used for the consideration of the models of Randall-Sundrum, large extra dimensions and multidimensional theory of relativity for the description of scattering of two particles with the formation of a multidimensional brane space..........

Keywords: Micro black hole, Models of extra dimensions, Cross sections of rotating and non-rotating black holes

[1] P.K. Townsend, Black Holes, arXiv:gr-qc/9707012.
[2] S. B. Giddings and S. D. Thomas, High-energy colliders as black hole factories: The End of short distance physics, Phys. Rev. D. 65 (5): 056010, 2002, arXiv:hep-ph/0106219.
[3] S. Dimopoulos and G. L. Landsberg, Black Holes at the Large Hadron Collider, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (16): 161602, 2001, arXiv:hep-ph/0106295.
[4] Eric Bergshoeff, Ergin Sezgin and Paul Townsend, Supermembranes and eleven-dimensional supergravity, Physics Letters B. 189 (1), 1987, 75–78.
[5] Juan Maldacena, The Large N limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity, Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics,2, 1998, 231–252, arXiv:hep-th/9711200.

ABSTRACT: A novel one step synthesis of gold nanoparticles has been reported at room temperature by utilizing mild yet effective reducing ability of polymer poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP). Conformational changes in the intrinsic chemical structure of the PVP when dissolved in different solvents drastically changes its reducing/capping ability which results in synthesis of different anisotropic size/shaped gold nanoparticles with unique physico-chemical properties. However, stericallystabilized gold nanoparticles show excellent stability under ambient conditions but presence of dye molecules can induce slight aggregation in the colloids and hence gold nanoparticles can be potential candidates for such sensing applications.............

Keywords: Gold Nanoparticles, XRD, Shape controlled Synthesis, Dye sensing, PVP.

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