iosr-JDMS   Volume-25 ~ Issue-4 ~ April 2026

Abstract: Background: Pneumonia is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality among the elderly worldwide and ranks as the fourth leading cause of death in this age group, as well as the leading cause of death from infectious diseases. Although it can affect all age groups, older adults are particularly vulnerable due to age-related physiological decline, comorbidities, and weakened immunity, especially in developing countries. Epidemiological evidence highlights that community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a significant health burden both globally......

Keywords: Elderly pneumonia; Community Acquired Pneumonia [CAP]; Streptococcus pneumonia

[1]. Vanjare PH, Kangogopal G, Wilson BP, Viggeswarpu S. Clinical Profile And Predictors Of Mortality In The Elderly With Community-Acquired Pneumonia At A Tertiary Care Hospital In South India. CHRISMED Journal Of Health And Research. 2020;7(1):2028.
[2]. Eshwara VK, Mukhopadhyay C, Rello J. Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia In Adults: An Update. Indian J Med Res. 2020 Apr;151(4):287-302.
[3]. Prina E, Ranzani OT, Torres A. Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Lancet. 2015 Sep 12;386(9998):1097-108.
[4]. Stupka JE, Mortensen EM, Anzueto A, Restrepo MI. Community Acquired Pneumonia In Elderly Patients. Aging Health. 2009;5(6):763 74.
[5]. Osman M, Manosuthi W, Kaewkungwal J, Silachamroon U, Mansanguan C, Kamolratanakul S, Et Al. Etiology, Clinical Course, And Outcomes Of Pneumonia In The Elderly: A Retrospective And Prospective Cohort Study In Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021 May 3;104(6):2009-16

Abstract: Background: Temporal bone fractures (TBF) are significant injuries associated with neurotological complications such as facial nerve palsy, hearing loss, tinnitus, and dizziness. These sequelae can substantially impact long-term quality of life but are often under-evaluated.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of ENT, Katihar Medical.....

Key Words: Temporal bone fracture, facial palsy, hearing loss, quality of life, tinnitus, dizziness

[1]. Honeybrook, A.; Patki, A.; Chapurin, N.; Woodard, C. Hearing And Mortality Outcomes Following Temporal Bone Fractures. Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10, 281–285. [Crossref] [Pubmed]
[2]. Kanona, H.; Anderson, C.; Lambert, A.; Al-Abdulwahed, R.; O’Byrne, L.; Vakharia, N.; Motter, D.; Offiah, C.; Adams, A.; Seymour, K.; Et Al. A Large Case Series Of Temporal Bone Fractures At A UK Major Trauma Centre With An Evidence-Based Management Protocol. J. Laryngol. Otol. 2020, 134, 205–212. [Crossref] [Pubmed]
[3]. Johnson, F.; Semaan, M.T.; Megerian, C.A. Temporal Bone Fracture: Evaluation And Management In The Modern Era. Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am. 2008, 41, 597–618. [Crossref] [Pubmed]
[4]. Travis, L.W.; Stalnaker, R.L.; Melvin, J.W. Impact Trauma Of The Human Temporal Bone. J. Trauma 1977, 17, 761–766. [Crossref] [Pubmed]
[5]. Ishman, S.L.; Friedland, D.R. Temporal Bone Fractures: Traditional Classification And Clinical Relevance. Laryngoscope 2004, 114, 1734–1741. [Crossref]

Abstract: Background: The impact of tinnitus on daily life varies widely, ranging from mild inconvenience to persistent and distressing symptoms. Cochlear function depends on adequate vascular supply and optimal neural integrity. Vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in myelin synthesis and neural function. Therefore, evaluating the association between vitamin B12 deficiency and tinnitus may help identify potentially modifiable factors to improve patient outcomes and quality of life......

Key Word: Idiopathic tinnitus, vitamin B12, audiological profile, tinnitus severity index, quality of life

[1]. Worrall D, Cosetti M. Tinnitus And Hyperacusis. In: Flint P Et Al Editors. Cummings Otolaryngology Head And Neck Surgery.7th Ed. Vol 3; Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021:2328-41.
[2]. Mcferran D, Philips J. Tinnitus And Hyperacusis. In: Watkinson J C, Clarke R W, Editors. Scott-Brown’s Otorhinolaryngology Head And Neck Surgery. 8th Ed. Vol 2; Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2018:753-74.
[3]. H J H. Epidemiology Of Tinnitus. Tinnitus: Theory And Management.2004:16-41.
[4]. Hazarika P, Nayak, Balakrishnan. Tinnitus.Textbook Of Ear, Nose, Throat And Head & Neck Surgery. 3th Ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers;110-113.
[5]. Shore S E, Roberts L E, Langguth B. Maladaptive Plasticity In Tinnitus- Triggers, Mechanisms And Treatment. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2016 Mar;12(3):150-60..

Abstract: Objective: Reflex epilepsies are characterized by seizures consistently triggered by specific stimuli. Writing-induced epilepsy is a rare form of reflex epilepsy. Case presentation: We report a 16-year-old right-handed girl with no relevant medical history who presented with stereotyped involuntary movements of the right upper limb exclusively triggered by handwriting. The episodes consisted.......

[1]. Wolf P. Reflex Epilepsies. Handbook Of Clinical Neurology. 2012;107:373–388.
[2]. Tassinari CA, Rubboli G, Et Al. Writing Epilepsy: A Neurophysiological, Neuropsychological And Neuroimaging Study. Epilepsy Behav. 2005;6(3):389–395.
[3]. Striano P, Et Al. Praxis-Induced Reflex Seizures Mainly Precipitated By Writing. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2016;6:57–60.
[4]. Engel J Jr, Et Al. Reflex Epilepsies And Reflex Seizures. Epilepsia. 2018;59(Suppl 1):4–13.
[5]. Kellinghaus C, Kotagal P. Reflex Seizures And Task-Specific Epilepsies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015;15:26.

Abstract: Résumé Introduction. La lésion de Dieulafoy, cette petite anomalie vasculaire qui peut provoquer des hémorragies digestives impressionnantes, on la cherche habituellement dans l'estomac. Mais parfois, elle se cache ailleurs. Nous rapportons un cas de localisation jéjunale chez un patient âgé, fragile, sous anticoagulant, chez qui le diagnostic a longtemps résisté. Observation. Un homme de 87 ans, sous Rivaroxaban pour une cardiopathie rythmique, est admis pour des mélénas....

[1]. Surgery, Gastroenterology And Oncology. Combined Endoscopic Hemostasis In Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Caused By A Minimal Dieulafoy Lesion Of The Duodenal Bulb: A Case Report And A Literature Review. 2025;30(3). [Citations :1]
[2]. Nakamura M, Yamamura T, Maeda K, Et Al. Clinical Characteristics Of Dieulafoy's Lesion In The Small Bowel Diagnosed And Treated By Double-Balloon Endoscopy. BMC Gastroenterology. 2023;23:1-9. [Citations :2][Citations :6]
[3]. Canadian Association Of Gastroenterology. New Clinical Practice Guideline For The Endoscopic Management Of Nonvariceal, Nonpeptic Ulcer Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. 2025. [Citations :3]
[4]. Rivera-Rosa J, Ramos-Márquez R, Rodriguez-Ramos R, Martin-Ortiz J. S3694 Revealing The Hidden Culprit: Dieulafoy Lesion As A Cause Of Life-Threatening Gastrointestinal Bleeding In A Patient On Chronic Anticoagulation Therapy. The American Journal Of Gastroenterology. 2024;119(10S):S2430. [Citations :4]
[5]. Aabdi B, Kharrasse G, Zazour A, Et Al. Clinical, Endoscopic And Therapeutic Features Of Bleeding Dieulafoy's Lesions: Case Series And Literature Review. BMJ Open Gastroenterology. 2024;11(1):E001299. [Citations :5]

Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis remains a major public health challenge in developing countries, particularly in Bangladesh, where pulmonary tuberculosis continues to contribute significantly to the overall disease burden. Dental surgeons are at increased occupational risk because most dental procedures involve close contact with the patient’s respiratory tract and the generation of aerosols...

Keywords: Pulmonary tuberculosis; Occupational awareness; Preventive practices; Dental surgeons; Bangladesh.

[1]. World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2025. Geneva: WHO; 2025. Available From: WHO Global TB Report 2025
[2]. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis: Fact Sheet. Geneva: WHO; 2025. Available From: WHO TB Fact Sheet 2025
[3]. World Health Organization. WHO Policy Brief On Tuberculosis Among Populations At High Risk And People In Vulnerable Situations. Geneva: WHO; 2025. Available From: WHO TB High-Risk Policy Brief
[4]. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis In South-East Asia Region (Including Bangladesh). Geneva: WHO; 2025. Available From: WHO TB In Bangladesh / SEAR Region Page
[5]. Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (CDC). Tuberculosis Overview Fact Sheet. Atlanta: CDC; 2025. Available From: CDC Global TB Overview Fact Sheet

Abstract: Background: Placental laterality, determined by second-trimester ultrasonography, has been proposed as a marker for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Lateral placentation is hypothesized to compromise uteroplacental perfusion through suboptimal trophoblastic invasion, potentially predisposing to hypertensive disorders and fetal compromise. However, its utility as an independent predictor of adverse fetal outcomes remains incompletely characterized...

Keywords: Placenta; Fetal Outcome; Pre-Eclampsia; Ultrasonography, Prenatal, Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension

[1]. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Jassir FB, Say L, Chou D, Mathers C, Et Al. National, Regional, And Worldwide Estimates Of Stillbirth Rates In 2015, With Trends From 2000: A Systematic Analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4(2):E98–108.
[2]. Poon LC, Nicolaides KH. Early Prediction Of Preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2014;2014:297397.
[3]. Burton GJ, Jauniaux E. Pathophysiology Of Placental-Derived Fetal Growth Restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218 (2S): S745–61.
[4]. Kakkar T, Singh V, Razdan R, Digra SK, Gupta A, Kakkar M. Placental Laterality As A Predictor For Development Of Preeclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2013 Mar;63(1):22-5.
Doi: 10.1007/S13224-012-0241-X. Epub 2012 Sep 27. PMID: 24431595; PMCID: PMC3650149.
[5]. Browne VA, Toledo-Jaldin L, Davila RD, Lopez LP, Yamashiro H, Cioffi-Ragan D, Et Al. High-End Arteriolar Resistance Limits Uterine Artery Blood Flow And Restricts Fetal Growth In Preeclampsia And Gestational Hypertension At High Altitude. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011;300(5):R1221–9.

Abstract: Background: Benign ovarian tumors are common in women of reproductive age, with mature cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst) being the most frequent benign ovarian neoplasm encountered during pregnancy. Although often asymptomatic, dermoid cysts may lead to complications such as torsion, rupture, or infection due to anatomical and hormonal changes of pregnancy....

Keywords: Dermoid cyst, Pregnancy, Ovarian torsion, Ultrasonography, Laparoscopic cystectomy, Maternal outcomes

[1]. Shbeeb, Hawraa & Homam, Huma. (2025). Management Of A Twisted Ovarian Dermoid Cyst In Early Pregnancy: A Case Report. Genesis Journal Of Surgery And Medicine. 1. 1-6. 10.52793/Gjsm.2022.1(2)-6.
[2]. Lal, P., Nanda, S. R., & Ruhi, K. (2025). Management Of Bilateral Dermoid Cysts With Bilateral Torsion During The First Trimester Of Pregnancy: A Rare Case Report. Cureus, 17(1), E76992. Https://Doi.Org/10.7759/Cureus.76992
[3]. Williams Textbook Of Obstetric And Gynaecology

Abstract: Background: Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies (CSEP), a type of ectopic gestation that occurs when an embryo implants into a woman's uterus inside her old scar from a previous cesarean delivery, is both very rare and has serious implications to a woman's health if left untreated. As more women undergo a cesarean section each year, the number of CSEPs will increase which could create potential risks associated with blood loss, a ruptured uterus or problems related to infertility....

Keywords: Cesarean scar pregnancy; Ectopic pregnancy; Methotrexate; Laparotomy; Dilatation and evacuation; Fertility preservation

[1]. Larsen JV, Solomon MH. Pregnancy In A Uterine Scar Sacculus—An Unusual Cause Of Postabortal Hemorrhage. S Afr Med J. 1978;53:142–143.
[2]. Seow KM, Huang LW, Lin YH, Lin MY, Tsai YL, Hwang JL. Cesarean Scar Pregnancy: Issues In Management. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004;23(3):247–253.
[3]. Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A. Unforeseen Consequences Of The Increasing Rate Of Cesarean Deliveries: Early Placenta Accreta And Cesarean Scar Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207(1):14–29.
[4]. Rotas MA, Haberman S, Levgur M. Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancies: Etiology, Diagnosis, And Management. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(6):1373–1381.
[5]. Jurkovic D, Hillaby K, Woelfer B, Lawrence A, Salim R, Elson CJ. First-Trimester Diagnosis And Management Of Pregnancies Implanted Into The Lower Uterine Segment Cesarean Section Scar. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;21(3):220–227.

Abstract: Background: Genodermatosis are hereditary skin anomalies which can be grouped into three categories: chromosomal, single gene, and multi factorial. Most genodermatoses show single gene or mendelian inheritance. The most frequent genodermatoses differ from one country to another and are affected by several factors such as endogamy and the place of residence. Objectives: to study the frequency and clinical profile of different genodermatoses among Libyan patients who attended our genodermatoses clinic for diagnosis or management. Our case series study included genodermatosis patients who attended to genodermatosis clinic in Tripoli Central Hospital Between 2013 -2020....

Keywords: Genodermatosis, Ichthyosis, Xeroderma.

[1]. Pandhi D. Current Status Of Genodermatoses : An Indian Perspective . Indian J Dermatol Venereal Leprol . 2015 ;81 :7-9.
[2]. Sybert VP . Genetic Skin Disorders . New York :Oxford University Press . 2017:1 .
[3]. Stojanovic S , Krstic A ,Poljack M, Cvijetic O. Frequency Estimation Of The Gene Alleles For Genodematoses In The Population Of Vojvodina . Med Pregl 2000;35:15-27.
[4]. Akiyama M, Shimizu It (2008) An Update On Molecular Aspect Of The Non- Syndromic Ichthyosis . Exp Dermatol 17:373.382.
[5]. Giovanna JJ, Robinson –Bostom L. Ichthyosis :Etiology , Diagnosis , And Management . Am J Clin Dermatol 2003 ;4(2):81-95.

Abstract: Background: Fatty liver disease is increasingly associated with metabolic, haematological, and coagulation abnormalities. Objective: To evaluate the association of Prothrombin Time (PT), International Normalized Ratio (INR), glycaemic indices (HbA1c), and haematological parameters with ultrasonographic grades of fatty liver disease. Methods: This prospective observational study included 103 patients. Demographic data, haematological indices, coagulation profile, and glycaemic parameters were analyzed and correlated with fatty liver grading. Results: Majority of patients were aged....

Keywords: Fatty liver, PT, INR, HbA1c, platelet count, TLC, Ultrasonography

[1]. Ahmed IA, Mikail MA, Mustafa MR, Ibrahim M, Othman R. Lifestyle Interventions For Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2019 Nov;26(7):1519-1524. Doi: 10.1016/J.Sjbs.2018.12.016. Epub 2019 Jan 3. PMID: 31762620; PMCID: PMC6864195.
[2]. Hernaez R, Clark JM. Diagnostic Accuracy And Reliability Of Ultrasonography For The Detection Of Fatty Liver: A Meta-Analysis. Hepatology. 2011 Sep 2;54(3):1082-1090. Doi: 10.1002/Hep.24452. PMID: 21618575; PMCID: PMC4197002.
[3]. Lisman T, Tripodi A. The Concept Of Rebalanced Hemostasis In Patients With Liver Disease: Communication From The ISTH SSC Working Group On Hemostatic Management Of Patients With Liver Disease. J Thromb Haemost. 2021 Apr;19(4):1116-1122. Doi: 10.1111/Jth.15239. PMID: 33792172; PMCID: PMC8252070.
[4]. Peck-Radosavljevic M. Thrombocytopenia In Chronic Liver Disease. Liver Int. 2017 Jun;37(6):778-793. Doi: 10.1111/Liv.13317. Epub 2016 Dec 27. PMID: 27860293.
[5]. Miyake T, Hiasa Y. Glycemic Control Is Associated With Histological Findings Of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Diabetes Metab J. 2024 May;48(3):440-448. Doi: 10.4093/Dmj.2023.0200. Epub 2024 Feb 2. PMID: 38310878; PMCID: PMC11140399.

Abstract: Instrument separation is a recognized procedural complication encountered during root canal treatment and may impede adequate cleaning and shaping of the root canal system. Successful management depends on several factors including canal anatomy, location of the fragment, visibility, and clinician expertise. This case report describes the endodontic management of a mandibular premolar with two roots in which a fractured endodontic instrument was encountered in the buccal canal during biomechanical preparation. Using magnification and ultrasonic techniques, the separated instrument was successfully retrieved....

Keywords: Separated instrument, fractured file retrieval, mandibular premolar, ultrasonic technique, endodontic complication.

[1]. Madarati AA, Watts DC, Qualtrough AJ. Factors Contributing To The Separation Of Endodontic Files. Br Dent J. 2008;204(5):241-245.
[2]. Suter B, Lussi A, Sequeira P. Probability Of Removing Fractured Instruments From Root Canals. Int Endod J. 2005;38(2):112-123.
[3]. Mcguigan MB, Louca C, Duncan HF. Clinical Decision-Making After Endodontic Instrument Fracture. Br Dent J. 2013;214(8):395-400.
[4]. Ruddle CJ. Nonsurgical Retreatment. J Endod. 2004;30(12):827-845.

Abstract: Background: The maxillary sinuses have a close anatomical relationship with dental and maxillofacial structures, with the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) serving as a major vascular contributor. The PSAA exhibits variable anatomical courses, most commonly intraosseous, and inadvertent injury during surgical procedures may result in complications such as excessive hemorrhage, sinus membrane perforation, and delayed healing. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables accurate visualization of the PSAA, facilitating precise assessment of its location and course. Therefore,the study aimed to evaluate the anatomical location and radiographic characteristics of the PSAA using previously acquired maxillary CBCT scans.....

Keywords: Posterior superior alveolar artery, maxillary sinus, cone-beam computed tomography, anatomical variations, maxillary sinus septa, surgical planning.

[1]. Testori, T.; Weinstein, T.; Taschieri, S.; Wallace, S.S. Risk Factors In Lateral Window Sinus Elevation Surgery. Periodontol. 2000 2019, 81, 91-123
[2]. Ang KY, Ang KL, Ngeow WC. The Prevalence And Location Of The Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery In The Maxillary Sinus Wall: A Preliminary Computed-Cone Beam Study. Saudi Dent J. 2022; 34:629-35
[3]. Waingade M, Salunkhe S, Medikeri R. Assessment Of Position Of Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery In Relation To Maxillary Sinus Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. J Orofac Sci. 2021; 13:105-13.
[4]. Güncü GN, Yildirim YD, Wang HL, Tözüm TF. Location Of Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery And Evaluation Of Maxillary Sinus Anatomy With Computerized Tomography: A Clinical Study. Clin Oral Implants Research. 2011; 22:1164-1167
[5]. Tassoker M. Cone Beam CT Evaluation Of Maxillary Sinus And Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery. Selcuk Dental Journal. 2022;9(1):191-9.

Abstract: Aim: To study the age group, gender and histomorphological spectrum of HEPATIC LESIONS in a tertiary care centre. Materials And Methods: A total of 110 biopsies, Excision specimens were received in the Department of Pathology in Govt. Stanley Medical college over a period of two years were studied using routine histopathological stains and Immunohistochemistry was done as and when required. Age, gender, site and histological entities were noted and analysed.....

Keywords: Hepatic lesions, Histomorphology, neoplastic, non neoplastic

[1]. Chawla N And Sunila S. Spectrum Of Histopathological Findings In Liver Biopsy. Indian Med Gaz. 2013: 363-67.
[2]. Spectrum Of Hepatic Lesions-A Histopathological Study Of Liver Biopsies. Murgod, Doshi And Dombale .IP Journal Of Diagnostic Pathology And Oncology 4 (2019) 200– 203
[3]. Akther J, Khanam N, Rao S: Clinico Epidemiological Profile Of Hydatid Diseases In Central India, A Retrospective And Prospective Study. Int J Biol Med Res. 2011, 2:603-6.
[4]. Agrawal NS, Iqbal M.B, Patil AA, Karia KM, Kumar H. Study To Evaluate The Spectrum Of Hepatic Lesions In Liver Biopsies In A Tertiary Care Hospital. Annals Of Pathology And Laboratory Medicine. 2018; 5(3): 228-33
[5]. Study To Evaluate The Histopathological Spectrum Of Hepatic Lesions In Liver Biopsies In A Tertiary Care Hospital. Neekita Shriram Agrawal, M. Banyameen Iqbal Et Al. Annals Of Pathology And Laboratory Medicine, Vol. 5, Issue 3, March, 2018