iosr-JDMS   Volume-25 ~ Issue-6 ~ June 2026

Abstract: This review aims to explore how daily routines can maintain and enhance the cosmetic appearance of tooth shade without compromising oral health, and to compare natural and chemical whitening agents across different application methods. Emerging concerns in literature persist with the biological consequences of intrinsic (internal) and extrinsic (external) whitening treatments, and both high-concentration peroxide agents and abrasive whitening toothpastes. The reported biological concerns include transient or sustained reductions in the surface microhardness of the tooth enamel, increased surface coarseness of the tooth enamel, increased susceptibility to enamel erosion, and dentine.....

Keywords: abrasive whitening, whitening agents, tooth enamel, Intrinsic stain, Extrinsic stain, Sensitivity, Microhardness, CCP-ACP (Casein phosphopeptides-amorphous calcium phosphate)

[1]. Carey, C. M. (2014). Tooth Whitening: What We Now Know. Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice, 14(14), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebdp.2014.02.006
[2]. Hao, D. (2025, February 25). How to Whiten Teeth Without Damaging Your Tooth Enamel. Jsdentallab.com; JS Dental Lab. https://jsdentallab.com/blogs/news/blog-news-whiten-teeth-without-enamel-damage
[3]. Jamwal, N., Rao, A., Shenoy, R., Pai, M., Ks, A., & Br, A. (2022, March 8). Effect of whitening toothpaste on surface roughness and microhardness of human teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000research.com. https://f1000research.com/articles/11-22/v3
[4]. Joiner, A. (2006). The bleaching of teeth: A review of the literature. Journal of Dentistry, 34(7), 412–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2006.02.002
[5]. Joiner, A. (2010). Whitening toothpastes: A review of the literature. Journal of Dentistry, 38, e17–e24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2010.05.017

Abstract: Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder, of unknown aetiology affecting multiple systems, and characterized by non-caseating granulomas. It is characterized by a complex interplay of genetics, environmental exposures and aberrant immunologic response. The diagnosis of this condition is challenging because of its mimicry of tuberculosis, and other granulomatous disorders. It often involves multisystem involvement for a specific diagnosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is the commonest type of sarcoidosis......

[1]. Spagnolo P, Grunewald J, du Bois RM, Richeldi L. Sarcoidosis. Lancet. 2013;382(9903):1155–67. (The Lancet)
[2]. Truong J, Ashurst J. A Case Report of Pulmoary Sarcoidosis: an uncommon cause of chest pain. Clin Pract cases Emerg Med. 2020 Nov; 4(4):645-648. doi: 10.5811/cpcem. 2020.7.48310. PMTD: 33217298; PMCID: PMC7676790.
[3]. Loscalzo J, Fauci AS, Kasper DC, Hauser S, Longo D, James LJ. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 21st edition. McGraw Hill Education. USA. Pgs. 2829-2832.
[4]. Ma Y, Gal A, Koss M. Reprint of: The pathology of pulmonary sarcoidosis: update. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2018 Sep;35(5):324-333. doi: 10.1053/j.semdp.2018.09.001. Epub 2018 Sep 24. PMID: 30262157.

Abstract: Objective: To propose a reliable method for improving the activation of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device in situations where standard crimp activation does not yield satisfactory results. Materials and Methods: A 0.25 mm ligature wire and a bird beak plier are required to effectively secure the push rod. Results: Wrapping multiple coils of ligature wire around the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device successfully enhanced its activation, generating higher force levels and exceeding the limitations of traditional crimp activation methods. Conclusion: This approach offers clinicians a reliable, simple, economical, and time-saving method for achieving effective supplemental activation of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device, leading to favorable clinical outcomes.

[1]. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics. 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2019. p. 162-165.
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[4]. E. A. Gunay, T. Arun, and D. Nalbantgil, “Evaluation of the immediate dentofacial changes in late adolescent patients treated with the Forsus FRD,” European Journal of Dentistry, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 423–432, 2011.
[5]. G. Jones, P. H. Buschang, K. B. Kim, and D. R. Oliver, “Class II non-extraction patients treated with the forsus fatigue resistant device versus intermaxillary elastics,” The Angle Orthodontist, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 332–338, 2008.

Abstract: Implantation of blastocyst other than normal endometrial lining of the uterine cavity is known as ectopic pregnancy.1 • Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies are a rare form of extrauterine pregnancies. Its incidence has been increased due to increase in number of cesarean deliveries. It has a threat for maternal hemorrhage and mortality.

[1]. Cunningham F, Leveno KJ, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, Spong CY, Casey BM. eds. Williams Obstetrics, 26e. McGraw Hill .
[2]. Brancazio S, Saramago I, Goodnight W, McGinty K. Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy.

Abstract: Restoration of endodontically treated teeth with extensive coronal loss remains a clinical challenge due to reduced structural support and altered biomechanical behavior. Conventional post-and-core restorations, although widely practiced, may require additional removal of radicular dentin and increase the risk of root fracture. Endocrowns have been proposed as a conservative alternative that utilizes the pulp chamber for retention while relying on adhesive bonding for stability.........

Keywords: Endocrown, CAD-CAM, adhesive dentistry, endodontically treated tooth, conservative rehabilitation

[1]. AlDabeeb DS, Alakeel NS, Al Jfshar RM, Alkhalid TK. Endocrowns: Indications, Preparation Techniques, and Material Selection. Cureus. 2023;15:e49947. doi:10.7759/cureus.49947.
[2]. Wazurkar S, Patel A, Mahapatra J, Nadgouda M, Pawar L. Endocrown: A Conservative Approach in the Management of Endodontically Treated Teeth. Cureus. 2024;16(5):e60686. doi:10.7759/cureus.60686.
[3]. Nodehi D, Moraditalab A, Shafiee S, Sekandari S, Ahrari F. Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Premolars Reconstructed by Traditional Casting and CAD-CAM Milling Post and Cores. Int J Dent. 2022;2022:6736303. doi:10.1155/2022/6736303.
[4]. Ciobanu P, Manziuc MM, Buduru SD, Dudea D. Endocrowns - a literature review. Med Pharm Rep. 2023;96(4):358-367. doi:10.15386/mpr-2581.
[5]. Pissis P. Fabrication of a metal-free ceramic restoration utilizing the monobloc technique. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent. 1995;7(5):83-94.

Abstract: Background Incisional hernia is a common complication following abdominal surgery; however, its occurrence in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) presents unique challenges due to ascites, malnutrition, coagulopathy, portal hypertension, and impaired wound healing. Emergency presentation with bowel obstruction or strangulation is uncommon but carries significant morbidity and mortality......

Keywords: Chronic liver disease; Cirrhosis; Child–Pugh B; Incisional hernia; Obstructed hernia; Richter’s hernia; Bowel perforation; Emergency laparotomy; Portal hypertension; Ascites

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Abstract: Glaucoma remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with sub-Saharan Africa experiencing a disproportionate burden due to limited access to eye care and late diagnosis This study assessed the levels of awareness and knowledge of glaucoma among medical students in South-East Nigeria, evaluated their understanding of risk factors, and examined barriers to screening. We employed a cross-sectional survey design targeting 337 medical students aged 18 to 40 years from Abia State University and Gregory University.......

Keywords Awareness of Glaucoma Among Medical Students in South-East Nigeria: High Awareness but Persistent Misconceptions

[1]. F Kyari, MM Abdull, A Bastawrous, et al. (2013) Epidemiology of glaucoma in sub-saharan Africa: prevalence, incidence and risk factors. Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology.
[2]. O Olawoye, A Azuara-Blanco, VF Chan, et al. (2022) A review to populate a proposed cost-effectiveness analysis of glaucoma screening in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ophthalmic Epidemiology.
[3]. F Kyari, C Gilbert, K Blanchet, et al. (2017) Improving services for glaucoma care in Nigeria: implications for policy and programmes to achieve universal health coverage. British Journal of Ophthalmology.
[4]. AF Smith, G Negretti, A Mascaro, D Bokre, et al. (2018) Glaucoma control strategies in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of the clinical and health economic evidence. Ophthalmic Epidemiology.
[5]. O Onyia, E Achigbu, I Ejiakor, N Uche, K Onyia, et al. (2026) Aware ness and care journey of Glaucoma patients attending three referral hospitals in South-East Nigeria: Implications for public health intervention. International Ophthalmology.

Abstract: Background: Microwave ablation (MWA) has become a minimally invasive treatment option for the management of solid tumors in patients unsuitable for surgical resection. MWA is superior in energy delivery, with larger and more consistent ablation zones and less sensitivity to the heat-sink effect, particularly in the vicinity of vascular structures. The success of the technology lies mainly on the compatibility and performance of the microwave generator and electrode system. Objective: To assess the clinical performance, safety, and usability of a microwave generator and electrode system in real world tumor ablation....

Keywords: Microwave ablation (MWA) System, Lateral Double Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor (LDMOS), Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

[1]. Bianco V, Valentino M, Pirone D, Miccio L, Memmolo P, Brancato V, Coppola L, Smaldone G, D’Aiuto M, Mossetti G, Salvatore M. Classifying breast cancer and fibroadenoma tissue biopsies from paraffined stain-free slides by fractal biomarkers in Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal. 2024 Dec 1;24:225-36.
[2]. Patel A. Benign vs malignant tumors. JAMA oncology. 2020 Sep 1;6(9):1488-.
[3]. Viktorsson K, Rieckmann T, Fleischmann M, Diefenhardt M, Hehlgans S, Rödel F. Advances in molecular targeted therapies to increase efficacy of (chemo) radiation therapy. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie. 2023 Dec;199(12):1091-109.
[4]. Daly RJ, Scott AM, Klein O, Ernst M. Enhancing therapeutic anti-cancer responses by combining immune checkpoint and tyrosine kinase inhibition. Molecular cancer. 2022 Sep 29;21(1):189.
[5]. Amini A, Ricotti G, Malcovati P, Bonizzoni E. High-Voltage TX/RX Switches for Efficient Sensor Interfaces Across Various Technologies in Ultrasound Imaging and Beyond: A Review. IEEE Access. 2025 Jul 25.

Abstract: Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, insulin resistance, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein...

Keywords: PCOS, PAPP-A, Interleukin-18, HOMA-IR, AMH, LH/FSH ratio.

[1]. Bozdag G, Mumusoglu S, Zengin D, Karabulut E, Yildiz BO. The prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(12):2841-2855. PMID: 27664216.
[2]. Deswal R, Narwal V, Dang A, Pundir CS. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief systematic review. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2020;13(4):261-271. PMID: 33664798.
[3]. Azziz R, Carmina E, Chen Z, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016; 2:16057.
[4]. Teede HJ, Misso ML, Costello MF, et al. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of PCOS. Hum Reprod. 2018;33(9):1602-1618.
[5]. Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications. Endocr Rev. 1997;18(6):774-800.

Abstract: Background: Aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms of the distal radial artery are uncommon vascular lesions that may mimic benign soft-tissue swellings of the wrist. Their accurate characterisation is critical becauseuntreated lesions risk thrombosis, distal embolisation, ischaemia, and rupture. Multimodality imaging — high- resolution ultrasound with colour Doppler complemented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) — providesboth haemodynamic information and superior soft-tissue delineation to guide surgical planning. Case Presentation: A 35-year-old patient presented with a gradually enlarging, mildly pulsatile swelling over the volar aspect of the...

Keywords: Pseudoaneurysm; Radial Artery; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Multimodality Imaging.

[1]. Saad NE, Saad WE, Davies MG, Waldman DL, Fultz PJ, Rubens DJ. Pseudoaneurysms and the role of minimally invasive techniques in their management. Radiographics. 2005 Oct;25 Suppl 1:S173-89.
[2]. Mahmoud MZ, Al-Saadi M, Abuderman A, Alzimami KS, Alkhorayef M, Almagli B, et al. “To-and-fro” waveform in the diagnosis of arterial pseudoaneurysms. World J Radiol. 2015 May 28;7(5):89-99.
[3]. Sueyoshi E, Sakamoto I, Nakashima K, Minami K, Hayashi K. Visceral and peripheral arterial pseudoaneurysms. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005 Sep;185(3):741-9.
[4]. Prakash B, Mukhopadhyay S, Singodia P, Shah MM. Radial Artery Pseudoaneurysm Following Cardiac Catheterization: A Case Report. Cureus. 2021 Nov 5;13(11):e19284.
[5]. Henry JC, Franz RW. Pseudoaneurysms of the Peripheral Arteries. Int J Angiol. 2019 Mar;28(1):20-24.