iosr-JECE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2015

Abstract: Antenna miniaturization is a critical issue in today's wireless and communication systems. Omnidirectional antennas are useful for applications in wireless communication however these antennas radiate towards the broadside and antennas should protrude from ground for large radiation area. Several techniques to reduce antenna size have been proposed in the recent years. One approach is Metamaterial (MTM) based zeroth-order resonator (ZOR), ZOR antennas with the same physical size present better performance if compared to other techniques. The conventional rectangular patch antenna cannot radiate omni-directionally, despite of structural stability.

[1]. R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Boston, MA: Artech House, 2000.
[2]. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 2005.
[3]. T. P. Wong and K. M. Luk, "A wideband L-probe patch antenna array with wide beamwidth," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 3012–3014, Oct. 2003.
[4]. C. W. Su, S. K. Huang, and C. H. Lee, "CP microstrip antenna with wide beamwidth for GPS band application," Electron. Lett., vol. 43, no. 20, Sep. 2007.
[5]. X. L. Bao and M. J. Ammann, "Dual-frequency dual circularly-polarized patch antenna with wide beamwidth," Electron. Lett., vol. 44, no. 21, pp. 1233–1234, Oct. 2008.
[6]. Z.-S. Duan, S.-B. Qu, Y. Wu, and J.-Q. Zhang, "Wide bandwidth and broad beamwidth microstrip patch antenna," Electron. Lett., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 249–250, Feb. 2009.

Abstract: The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is the most widely used cellular technology in the world. Approximately 800 million people around the world are using GSM for different purposes, but mostly for voice communication and SMS. For GSM, like many other widely used systems, security is crucial. The security involves mechanisms used to protect the different shareholders, like subscribers and service providers. The aspects of security that this report covers are mainly anonymity, authentication and confidentiality. The important aspects of the system that need protection are described, along with the implementation of mechanisms used for the protection. It appears that many of the very valuable aspects of GSM can be attacked. The anonymity of a GSM user is compromised resulting in the attacker being able to observe the time, rate, length, sources or destinations of e g calls.

[1]. Vijaya C, Security, Authentication and access control for mobile communications, http://www.ittc.ku.edu/~rvc/documents/865/865_securityreport.pdf
[2]. Trappe W, Washington L C, Introduction to Cryptography with coding theory, Prentice Hall 2001
[3]. GSM 01.02, European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), European digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM), General description of a GSM Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN), 1997, http://www.etsi.org
[4]. Javier Gozalvez Sempere, An Overview of the GSM System, http://www.comms.eee.strath.ac.uk/~gozalvez/gsm/gsm.html, March 5, 2000
[5]. GSM 02.17 (ETS 300 509): European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), European digital cellular telecommunication system (Phase 2); Subscriber identity modules (SIM), Functional characteristics, http://www.etsi.org

Abstract: This paper presents the preparation of Ti-doped barium ferrite powders BaFe(12−x)TixO19 for (x = 0.32 and x=0.36) nanomaterial using sol-gel route followed by the thermal insulation process and heat-treatment, recently reported by Wangchang Li et.al.,[1]. The pH of the medium and varying 'x' values were the aspects of concentration of our study in this communication. Nanomaterial is synthesized for the value of(x = 0.32 and x=0.36) at 950oC temperature. The phase structure and morphology were analysed by standard XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques.

Keywords: Barium ferrite, sol-gel route, Titanium, Nano ferrites, morphology.

[1]. Wangchang Li , Xiaojing Qiao , Mingyu Li, Ting Liu and Peng H X. La and Co substituted M-type barium ferrites processed by sol–gel combustion synthesis. Materials Research Bulletin 2013; 48: 4449–4453.
[2]. M.M. Costa, G.F.M. Pires Junior, A.S.B. Sombra, "Dielectric and impedance properties‟ Studies of the lead doped (PbO)-Co2Y type hexaferrite (Ba2Co2Fe12O22 (Co2Y))," International Journal of Materials Chemistry and Physics, 123, pp 35–39, 2010.
[3]. Chen Q, Du PY, Huang WY, Jin L, Weng WJ and Han GR. Ferrite with extraordinary electric and dielectric properties prepared from self-combustion technique. Appl Phys Lett 2007; 90: 132907.
[4]. Sun GB, Dong BX, Cao MH, Wei BQ and Hu CW . Hierarchical Dendrite-Like Magnetic Materials of Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3 and Fe with High Performance of Microwave Absorption. Chem Mater 2011; 23: 1587–93.
[5]. Ohkoshi S, Kuroki S, Sakurai S, Matsumoto K, Sato K and Sasaki S.A millimeter-wave absorber based on gallium-substituted epsilon-iron oxide nanomagnets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46: 8392–8395.

Abstract: This work deals with medical image retrieval using Discrete Wavelet Transform. In this the retrieval results from texture feature are analyzed. The color information of an image is represented by the hue, saturation and intensity values. The texture features are determined by calculating the energy, entropy, contrast and correlation values. Discrete Wavelet Transform is applied for analyzing the texture feature. In DWT, Haar wavelet is chosen because it is conceptually simple, fast and memory efficient. The final query ranking is based on the total normalized distance in texture feature. The texture feature of all the data base images are calculated and compared with the same features of the input image. The top 10 images with least difference are retrieved as the output.

Keywords: Discrete wavelet transform, Haar wavelet transform, Texture feature, Hue, Saturation, Intensity, Energy, Entropy, Contrast, Correlation, Local binary pattern.

[1]. Jann-Der Lee and Li-Peng Lou, ―Using Texture and Shape Features To Retrieve Sets of Similar Medical Images‖, Vol 15, No 5, pp. 193 –199, Oct 2003.
[2]. A.Grace Selvarani and Dr. S. Annadurai, ―Medical Image Retrieval using Gabor Wavelet‖, i-manager's Journal on software Engineering, Sept 2006.
[3]. Kovalev, V.A, et. al, 2001, Three-Dimension Texture Analysis of MRI Brain Datasets, In IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 424-433.
[4]. Unay, D., et al, 2008,Medical Image Search and Retrieval using Local Patterns and Kit Feature Points, Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing, San Diego, California, USA, pp. 997-1000.
[5]. Liu Y, Rothfus WE, Kanade T: Content-based 3D neuroradiologic image retrieval preliminary results. Technical Report CMU-RI-TR-98-04, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsgurgh, PA, 1998.

Abstract: CFO (Carrier Frequency Offset) is a major contributor to the ICI (Inter Carrier interference) in OFDM system. ICI destroys the orthogonality between the subcarriers. Frequency synchronization in OFDM must be precise because of the narrowness of the subcarriers used. Basically to get a good performance of OFDM, the CFO should be estimated and compensated. In this paper, the effects of CFO on the SNR in an OFDM system are studied. CFO estimation algorithms are reviewed and discussed. The effect of modifications in the system parameters on estimating and compensating the effect of CFO is analyzed.

Keywords - CFO(Carrier frequency offset),CP(Cyclic Prefix),

[1]. Nishad Praween Kumar, P. Singh, "Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation in OFDM Systems", Proceedings of 2013 IEEE Conference on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT 2013).
[2]. Al-Dweik A.J, Hamila R, Renfors M , "Blind Estimation of Large Carrier Frequency Offset in Wireless OFDM Systems", IEEE Trans. Veh. technol., 2007, 56(2), pp.965-968.
[3]. T.M.Schmidl, D.C.Cox, "Robust frequency and timing synchronization for OFDM", IEEE transactions on communications., 1997, 45(12),pp.1613–1621.
[4]. T. Pollet, M. van Bladel and M. Moeneclaey, "BER Sensitivity of OFDM Systems to Carrier Frequency Offset and Wiener Phase Noise", IEEE Transactions on Communication, pp.191-193, 1995.
[5]. P. H. Moose, "A technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing frequency offset correction," IEEE transactions on communications, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 2908 - 2914, 1994.

Abstract: Teaching-Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) is a novel population based optimization algorithm that has proved to be worthy in solving many multimodal problems in production engineering. In this paper, the application of TLBO is extended to electromagnetics. Non-uniform circular array synthesis is performed using TLBO with amplitude only technique. With the objective of -15dB side love level (SLL). Along with SLL the beam-width is controlled and almost made equal to that of uniform circular array with 10% relaxation. The synthesized radiation pattern for 20, 30, 40 and 50 elements circular array are presented here along with corresponding excitation amplitude as stem plots and convergence plots for both scanned and non-scanned conditions.
Keywords: Circular array, side lobe level, beam scanning, non-scanned beams, TLBO.

[1]. C.A Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 2nd ed. Singapore, John Wiley and Sons (Asia), 2003.
[2]. P. S. R. Chowdary, A. Mallikarjuna Prasad, P. Mallikarjuna Rao, and Jaume Anguera, " Simulation of Radiation Characteristics of Sierpinski Fractal Geometry for Multiband Applications," International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 618-621, 2013.
[3]. Chowdary, P. Satish Rama, et al. "Design and Performance Study of Sierpinski Fractal Based Patch Antennas for Multiband and Miniaturization Characteristics." Wireless Personal Communications: 1-18.
[4]. Chowdary, P. Satish Rama, A. Mallikarjuna Prasad, and P. Mallikarjuna Rao. "Multi Resonant Structures on Microstrip Patch for Broadband Characteristics."Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Frontiers of Intelligent Computing: Theory and Applications (FICTA) 2014. Springer International Publishing, 2015.

Abstract: This work presents the implementation of a trained Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for a certain application. A Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) has been synthesized and implemented on Spartan3 FPGA. The weight matrices and bias has been provided by separate simulation software like MATLAB/Simulink. The implemented network has been verified in Xilinx ISE using Verilog programming language. The device utilization summary illustrates that the implemented perceptron utilizes few slices on FPGA which makes it suitable for large scale implementation. The implementation of FPGA based neural network is verified for a specific application.

Keywords- Artificial Neural Network, FPGA implementation, Multilayer Perceptron(MLP), Verilog.

[1] Makwana, Hardik H, Dharmesh J. Shah, Priyesh P. Gandhi, "FPGA Implementation of Artificial Neural Network.", International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 1, Jan, 2013, pp 672-679 [?], ISSN 2250-2459
[2] Pinjare S. L., Arun Kumar, "Implementation of neural network back propagation training algorithm on FPGA.", International Journal of Computer Applications, Volume 52, Issue 6, August, 2012, pp 1-7, ISSN 0975 – 8887[?]
[3] Lakshmi, K., M. Subadra, "A survey on FPGA based MLP realization for on-chip learning.", International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan, 2013 , pp 1-9, ISSN 2229-5518
[4] Gomperts, Alexander, Abhisek Ukil, Franz Zurfluh, "Development and implementation of parameterized FPGA-based general purpose neural networks for online applications.", Industrial Informatics, IEEE Transactions, Volume 7, Issue 1, Feb, 2011, pp 78-89, ISSN 1551-3203
[5] R.Gadea, J.Cerda, F.Ballester, A.Mocholi, "Artificial Neural Network Implementation on a single FPGA of a Pipelined on-line Backpropagation", IEEE Conference Publication, pp. 225-230, 20-22 Sept, 2000.

Abstract: In this paper we analyse different domino logic full adder circuits by considering area, power consumption and number of transistors as the three main parameters which plays an important role in digital design. We proposed a hybrid logic based domino full adder circuit which provides better performance in the above mentioned three parameters than the existing circuits. The two important applications of full adder 1-bit ALU and 2-bit Comparator of the proposed circuit is also presented. All the circuits are designed and simulated using DSCH and MICROWIND tool.

Keywords: Full adder, Domino logic, Area, power consumption, ALU, and Comparator.

[1]. J. M. Rabaey, A. Chandrakasan, B. Nikolic, "Digital Integrated Circuits- A Design Perspective", 2nd Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2002.
[2]. J. Uyemura, "CMOS Logic Circuit Design", ISBN 0-7923-8452-0, Kluwer, 1999
[3]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_(electronics)..
[4]. D. Wang, M. Yang, W. Cheng, X. Guan, Z. Zhu, and Y. Yang, "Novel low power full adder cells in 180nm CMOS technology", IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA ‟09), May 2009, pp. 430–433.
[5]. S. Wairya, R. K. Nagaria, and S. Tiwari, "Performance Analysis of High Speed Hybrid CMOS Full Adder Circuits for Low Voltage VLSI Design", VLSI Design, 2012, pp. 1-18.
[6]. S. Kang and Y. Leblebici, "CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits, Analysis and Design", 2003, Tata McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA.

Abstract: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation (MCM) technique which seems to be an attractive candidate for fourth generation (4G) wireless communication systems. Peak-to-average Power ratio(PAPR) problem is the major drawback of multicarrier transmission system which leads to power inefficiency.There are various techniques which can be used to reduce PAPR.In this paper Selective mapping technique(SLM) is used to reduce PAPR of coded OFDM signal.

Keywords: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM),Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), Peak-to-Average Power Ratio(PAPR), Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF), Selective Mapping(SLM),Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS).Reed Solomon(RS)

[1]. Inderjeet Kaur," The Minimum PAPR Code for OFDM Systems", World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, ETRI Journal, Volume 28, Number 2, April 2006
[2]. Abdulla A. Abouda," PAPR reduction of OFDM signal using turbo coding and selective mapping", Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Signal Processing Symposium - NORSIG 2004, June 9 - 11, 2004 Espoo, Finland
[3]. Suverna Sengar," Performance improvement in OFDM system by PAPR reduction", Signal & Image Processing:An International Journal (SIPIJ), Vol.3, No.2, April 2012
[4]. Pawan Sharma," Reducing PAPR of OFDM based wireless systems using companding with convolutional codes", International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS), Vol.2, No.6, November 2011
[5]. Victor Cuteanu," PAPR reduction of OFDM signals using multiple symbol representations – Clipping hybrid scheme", Proceedings of SPAMIEC 2011, Cluj-Napoca, Romania,