iosr-JECE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2015

Abstract: Wireless local area network (WLAN) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access(WiMAX) has been widely applied in mobile devices such as intelligent phones and handheld computers. For miniaturizing the wireless communication system the antenna which is being used must also be small enough to be placed inside the system. So microstrip antennas are becoming very popular in the field of mobile,radar,WiMAX,WiFi,LTE system, satellite,UWB etc .This paper presents a comparative study of microstrip patch antenna for WLAN and WiMAX application with changes in length and width of the patch, variety of substrates, feed techniques and slots.

[1]. Xu-bao Sun, Mao-yong Cao, Jian-jun Hao, Yin-jing Guo,"A rectangular slot antenna with improved bandwidth", International Journal of Electronics andCommunications ,Vol.66,pp 465– 466 , 2012
[2]. Ameelia Roseline, K. Malathi,"Compact dual-band patch antenna using spiral shaped electromagnetic bandgap structures for high speed wireless networks", International Journal of Electronics andCommunications,vol.66, pp. 963– 968 2012
[3]. Kaushik Mandala, Partha Pratim Sarkar,"A compact high gain microstrip antenna for wireless applications" International Journal of Electronics and Communications,vol .67, pp. 1010– 1014 ,2013
[4]. Barun Mazumdara, Ujjal Chakrabortyb, Aritra bhowmikc, S.K.Chowdhuryd, "Design of Compact Printed Antenna forWiMAX & WLAN Applications ,Procedia Technology,vol.4, pp. 87 – 91, 2012

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) comprise of nodes, which are particularly used for sensing and data collection purposes, and they use the wireless medium for data exchange. These sensor nodes are typically battery-powered and thus face the problem of limited lifetime, due to the finite number of charging and discharging cycles of batteries. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols in WSNs have to be properly designed so as to ensure the efficient utilization of the wireless medium by the nodes in the network. The performance of the network can be improved by minimizing the energy consumption of the nodes, reducing the latency and increasing the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). This paper studies the impact of packet sizes on the above parameters of the network, so as to identify the optimum packet size for obtaining sustained network performance.

Keywords: Energy consumption, Medium Access Control, Packet size, Wireless Sensor Network.

[1]. I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, "A survey on sensor networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 8, pp. 102–114, 2002.
[2]. G. Anastasi, M. Conti, M. Di Francesco, and A. Passarella, "How to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks," Mobile Ad Hoc and Pervasive Communications, American Scientific Publishers.
[3]. I. Demirkol, C. Ersoy, and F. Alagoz, "MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a survey," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 115-121, April 2006.
[4]. IEEE 802.11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, 1999.
[5]. I. Joe, "Optimal packet length with energy efficiency for wireless sensor networks," IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 3, pp. 2955-2957, 2005.
[6]. Y. Sankarasubramaniam, I. F. Akyildiz, and S. W. McLaughlin, "Energy efficiency based packet size optimization in wireless sensor networks," in Proc. Of International Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications, pp. 1-8, 2003.

Abstract: LTE/LTE-A is the standard for next generation wireless communications which provides high data rates of 1 Gbps. LTE-A is an extension of LTE providing five times higher bandwidth compared to LTE. Release 10 LTE-A is backward compatible with Release 8 LTE making it a highly dissolvable system. Traditional system models in LTE used the 3GPP spatial channel model where the parameters have to be changed at the backend which is a slightly complex process. In this paper, a new approach for the modeling of LTE/LTE-A systems in the downlink is done where the physical signals and physical channels are generated and plotted onto the specified indices. This is much easier compared to the models used traditionally.

Keywords: 3GPP, LTE, LTE-A, LTE system toolbox, Physical frame structure

[1]. J. P. Niu, D. W. Lee, T. Su, Geoffrey Y. Li, and Yusun Fu, "Joint Transmission Mode Selection and Scheduling in LTE Downlink
MIMO Systems", IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, Vol. 3, pp. 173-176, April 2014.
[2]. J. P. Niu, D. W. Lee, T. Su, Geoffrey Y. Li, and X. F. Ren, "User classification and scheduling in LTE downlink systems with
heterogeneous user mobilities", IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 12, pp. 6205-6213, December 2013.
[3]. J. P. Niu, D. W. Lee, T. Su, Geoffrey Y. Li, and X. F. Ren, "Scheduling exploiting frequency and multi-user diversity in LTE
Downlink Systems", IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 4, pp. 1843–1849, April 2013.
[4]. J. C. Ikuno, M. Wrulich, and M. Rupp, "System level simulation of LTE networks", IEEE 71st Vehicular Technology Conference
(Spring), Vol. 71, pp. 1-5. May 2010.
[5]. LTE System Toolbox, The Mathworks, Inc., January 2015.

Abstract: Particle swarm optimization technique is a soft computing approach that can be used in variety of engineering applications. In this paper the optimization technique viz., PSO is used in detection of defective element in space borne planar array. Detection of defective element in a space borne application requires optimized approach A calibration system can be used in satellite itself but in case of any failure, calibration can also be defective. So the good solution will be location of failing element from external data and optimization scheme can be used for the detection. PSO is used as a optimization tool that detects the defective element using
power values that are being, received.
Keywords: PSO, IE3D, Planar-array (PA), Cost-function.

[1]. J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, "Particle swarm optimization," in Proc.IEEE Int. Conf. Neural Networks, vol. IV, Perth, Australia, Jan. 1995,pp. 1942–1948.
[2]. X. Hu, Y. Shi, and R. Eberhart, "Recent advances in particle swarm," in Proc. CEC2004 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, vol. 1, 19–23 June 2004, pp. 90–97.
[3]. Raghavendra V. Kulkarni, Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy," Particle swarm optimization in wireless sensor network: A survey" Systems, Man, Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, IEEE Transactions vol 41, page 262-267, March 2011
[4]. S. Mishra, B, K, Panigrahi, M. Tripathy, A hybrid adaptive-bacterial-foraging and feedback linearization scheme based d-statcom ,International Conference on Power SystemTechnology,PowerCon,Volume1, Issue , 21-24,Nov.2004 Vol.1 ,Page(s):275-280
[5]. J.A.Rodriguez ,F.Ares ,Finding defective elements in planar array using genetic algorithm", Progress in Electromagnetic Research , PIER 29,,2000, pages25-37.

Abstract: The performance of a Broadband Power Line Communication Network (BPLCN) can be enhanced by using efficient bit loading and power allocation techniques. In this paper, maximization of raw bit rate with optimum allocation of power available for transmission using greedy bit loading is performed in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) BPLCN. The performance of bit loading technique is subject to the influence of system parameters such as the load conditions of the power line network, power available for transmission and target error probability. The major focus of this paper is to study the effect of these parameters on the raw bit rates obtained using bit loading. The results simulated using MATLAB are reported and analyzed.

Keywords: Bit Loading , Optimisation, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Power Allocation ,Power Line Communication

[1] A. Majumder and J. Caffery Jr., "Power line communications: An overview," IEEE Potentials, vol. 23, no. 4, Oct-Nov 2004, pp. 4–
8, doi: 10.1109/MP.2004.1343222.
[2] Amarsingh, A, H. Latchman, D.Yang H.Latchman, "Narrowband Power Line Communications: Enabling the Smart Grid", IEEE
Potentials Magazine , vol. 33, January 2014, pp 16-21, doi: 10.1109/MPOT.2013.2249691.
[3] Y. H. Ma, P. L. So and E. Gunawan, "Performance analysis of OFDM systems for broadband power line communications under
impulsive noise and multipath effects,‛ IEEE Transactions Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 674- 682, April 2005.
[4] S. E. Nader, M. Afrasiabi, "Simple bit loading algorithm for OFDM based systems", IET Communications, vol. 1, June 2007,pp
312-316, doi: 10.1049/iet-com:20060401.
[5] M. A. Tunc¸, E. Perrins, and L. Lampe, "The effect of LPTV channel adaptation on the performance of broadband PLC for smart
grid," IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications, Oct 2011, pp 167-171, doi:
10.1109/SmartGridComm.2011.6102311.

Abstract: In this paper, one of the most important aspect of the Cognitive Radio i.e. Spectrum Sensing is considered. A new technique based on Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antennas is proposed for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio. This paper shows the results which prove that the use of MIMO antennas increases the "Probability of Detection" and decreases the "Probability of Missed Detection" of the target. Thus, this technique increases the chance to exploit spectrum resources more efficiently, so that spectrum scarcity problem is alleviated.

Keywords: Cognitive Radio (CR), Probability of Detection (Pd ), Probability of Missed Detection (Pm), Primary User (PU), Secondary User (SU).

[1]. FCC, Spectrum Policy Task Force, ET Docket 02-135, Nov. 2002
[2]. FCC, Spectrum policy task force report, ET Docket No. 02–380 and No. 04–186, Sep. 2010
[3]. Budiarjo et al., Cognitive Radio Dynamic Access Techniques ,Wireless Personal Communications, Springer (2008) 45:293–324
[4]. S.Kumar et al., Cognitive Radio Concept and Challenges in Dynamic Spectrum Access for Future Generation Wireless Communication Systems , Wireless Personal Communication , Springer , 2011(59):525-535
[5]. Hrishikesh Venkataraman , Gabriel-Miro Muntean ―Cognitive Radio and its Application for Next Generation Cellular and Wireless Networks‖,Springer, 2012

Abstract: In this paper, single and hybrid amplifier configurations are implemented with FRA, SOA and EDFA amplifiersfor 160 channel DWDM systems at 10 Gbps& 25 GHz frequency spacing for L-band. These configurations are transmitted and measured over different distances for 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240 km. The performance of single and hybrid optical amplifiers evaluated in terms of gain, output power, BER, eye height and Q factor.

[1]. Simranjit Singh and R. S. Kaler, "Novel Optical Flat-Gain Hybrid Amplifier forDense Wavelength Division Multiplexed
System",IEEEPhotonics Technology Letters, Vol. 26, No. 2, January 15, 2014, pp. 173-176.
[2]. HariBhagwan, TarunGulati and Bharat Rawat, "Evaluation of optical amplifiers", International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622, Volume 2, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2012, pp. 663-667.
[3]. M. M. J. Martini, C. E. S. Castellani, M. J. Pontes, M. R. N. Ribeiro and H. J. Kalinowski, "Multi-pump optimization for
Raman+EDFA hybrid amplifiers under pump residual recycling", IEEE MTT-S International Microwave & Optoelectronics
Conference, 2009, pp. 117-121.
[4]. V. Bobrovs, S. Olonkins, A. Alsevska, L. Gegere and G. Ivanovs, "Comparative performance of Raman-SOA and Raman- EDFA
hybrid optical amplifiers in DWDM transmission systems", International Journal of Physical Sciences,Vol. 8(39), pp. 1898-1906,
23 October, 2013.
[5]. J. H. Lee, Y. M. Chang, Y. G. Han, H. Chung, S. H. Kim and S. B. Lee, "Experimental performance comparison for a variety of
single pump, highly efficient, dispersion compensating Raman/EDFA hybrid amplifiers",Optical Fiber Communication Conference,
Volume 4,6-11 March 2005.

Abstract: PIC microcontroller & PC based gas sensing system is presented in this project. The analysis presented here depends on thin film metal oxide gas sensors TGS 822, TGS 813, TGS 2600, MQ6 and MQ7. The differences in the steady state performance among their sensors are used for improving their selectivity and sensitivity, while the combination of gas sensors permits success in gas classification problems. In the presented approach the gas sensors are embedded into a chamber with a heating system. Different types of gases are used, such as, Methane,

[1]. Imon Morsi, "A Microcontroller Based on Multi Sensors Data Fusion and Artificial Intelligent Technique for Gas Identification" The 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON)
[2]. Santiago Marco, Arturo Ortega, Antonio Pardo, and Josep Samitier, "Gas Identification with tin Oxide sensor Array and self- Organizing, Maps: Adaptive correction of sensor drifts. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurements. Vol. 47, No.1, February 1998.
[3]. Jan Zakrzewski, Wieslaw Domanski, Petros chaitas, and Theodore laopoulos, "Improving Sensitivity and Selectivity of Gas Sensors by Temperature Variation", IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 55 No.1. February 2006.

Abstract: The main objective is to create an interface that allows a person to drive a robot in water and capturing the view through a night camera (360 degrees). Mobile robotic platforms are becoming more and more popular, both in scientific research and in commercial settings. Robotic systems are useful for going places or performing tasks that are not suitable for humans to do. Robots are often able to precisely perform complicated or dangerous tasks with little or no human involvement. However, before a mobile robotic platform is able to be deployed, it must have a way of identifying where it is in relation to objects and obstacles around it. Often, this is being performed by using a visual system, such as a camera.

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Abstract: Every company has its prime aim to Growth. With the changing times increase in competition has become their core competencies and has a competitive edge over others. Business matrices like Net sales, Profit (%) after tax,Total Income (Capitalization), Total Expenditures and level of satisfaction of the customers are important indicators representing the stand of companies in the market. A comparative analysis of the major telecom providers like Bharti AirtelLimited, Tata Communications Limited, Idea Cellular Limited, Reliance Communications Limited,Vodafone India Limited and Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)and in India has been presented in this paper on the basis of secondary data which includes last five year Profit (%) after tax, Total Income and Total Expenditures.

[1]. IBEF 2008, http://www.ibef.org/artdispview.aspx?in
[2]. Gartner 2006, http://www.gartner.com/DisplayDocument?doc_cd=138416.
[3]. Annual Report 2013-14
[4]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNL
[5]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtel
[6]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone

Abstract: We propose a full adder (FA) circuit and compare its performance metrics with the performance metrics of 13 other 1-bit FA circuits reported till date. In comparison with all 13, 1-bit adder cell architectures, the proposed 1-bit adder cell architecture (labelled AL-31) is better by 10% in power delay product (PDP) over one of the 13 other cell architectures (labelled TGA), when used in a 32-bit ripple carry adder (RCA) benchmark circuit. But the TGA cell is having best PDP among all the 14, 1-bit cell architectures, when simulated standalone. To calculate the PDP parameter, the performance metrics under consideration are worst-case delay, and worst-case power.

[1] Alain Guyot, Bertrand Hochet, and Jean-Michel Muller, "A way to build efficient, carry-skip adders", IEEE Trans. on Computers, Vol. C-36, no. 10, pp. 1144-1152, October, 1987.
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[5] D. Radhakrishnan, "A New Low Power CMOS Full Adder", IEEE Malaysia International Conf. on Communications and IEEE Asia Pacific International Symp. on Consumer Electronics, Malaysia, vol. 2, pp. 154-157, Nov. 1999.