iosr-JECE   Volume-12 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2017

Abstract: Distributed networks are formulated to create a large network in heterogeneous manner to provide higher service offering in internet of things. In the distributed network, devices are connected in a dynamic manner to exchange data with each other for controlling or exchange of data. In the communication approach, data are exchanged among each other at a random fashion between different devices. In the exchange of information energy dissipation are encountered at each node level. Wherein the conventional models clustering approach were suggested to achieve optimal resource utilization, the dynamic node behavior in the network gives a synchronized behavior in the network resulting in higher energy dissipation. To overcome this issue in this paper, a new energy conservation model for a randomly distributed network is developed, and a new scheduling approach is defined to have minimum energy dissipation in communication approach for internet of thing applications.

Keywords: Energy dissipation, scheduling scheme, energy consideration, MAC approach

[1] Sathish Kumar, Mukesh A Zaveri, "Hierarchical Clustering for Dynamic and Heterogeneous Internet of Things", Procedia
Computer Science 93 ( 2016 ) 276 – 282.
[2] C. Wang , C. Jiang , Y. Liu , X.Y. Li , S. Tang , Aggregation capacity of wireless sensor networks: Extended network case, IEEE
Trans. Comput. 63 (6) (2014) 1351–1364 .
[3] V.C. Gungor , G.P. Hancke , Industrial wireless sensor networks: Challenges, design principles, and technical approaches, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electr. 56 (10) (2009) 4258–4265 .
[4] J. Niu , L. Cheng , Y. Gu , L. Shu , S.K. Das , R3e: Reliable reactive routing enhancement for wireless sensor networks, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Inform. 10 (1) (2014) 784–794 .
[5] R. Roman , J. Lopez , Integrating wireless sensor networks and the internet: A security analysis, Internet Res. 19 (2) (2009) 246–
259.

Abstract: Photonic Crystal Fibre (PCF) has zero dispersion at 1.55μm wavelength compared to the standard single mode fibre (18ps/nm/km) and also sometimes negative dispersion occurs for the telecommunication wavelength range of 1.2 to 1.8μm wavelength such as the effects of air holes. The PCF design parameters on the effective index, effective mode area (9.021 μm2, confinement losses (0.0082 dB/m), and birefringence have been carefully investigated for the telecommunication wavelength range of 1.2 to 1.8μm wavelength.

Keywords: Photonic Crystal Fibres, confinement losses, Chromatic dispersion

[1] NielsAsger Mortensen and Jacob Riis Folkenberg, "Low-loss criterion and effective area considerations for photonic crystal fibres,"
J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt., vol. 5, pp. 163–167, 2003.
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423. Bibcode:1970ApPhL..17..423K. doi:10.1063/1.1653255.
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Abstract: Efficient conversion of solar light into electricity is being investigated since long time past. Recent research on solar cell is motivated in a new direction with the use of dichalcogenide materials. We have studied here metal-dichalcogenide MoSe2 solar cell. Design parameters are optimized to achieve maximum efficiency, better current density, high photo-voltage and improved fill factor

Keywords: Chalcogenide, ITO layer, Back Surface Field, conversion efficiency, Shockley Queisser.

[1] E.L. Williams, G.E. Jabbour, Q. Wang, S.E. Shaheen, D.S. Ginley, E.A. Schiff, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 223504 (2005).
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[3] A.R. Middya, E.A. Schiff, A.R. Middya, J. Lyou, N. Kopidakis, S. Rane, P. Rao, Q. Yuan, K. Zhu, Electroabsorption and Transport Measurements and Modeling Research in Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells, Final Technical Report, 24 March 1998–15.
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[5] P.J. Alet, S. Palacin, P. Roca, I. Cabarrocas, B. Kalache, M. Firon, R. Bettignies, Eur. J. Appl. Phys. 36, 231 (2006)..

Abstract:In this paper, we have focused on the ZigBee wireless technology, various topologies of ZigBee technology and design of ZigBee Transmitter chip using Verilog HDL programming language. Introduction of wireless interface devices increased the demand for low-data-rate and short-range wireless networking systems. Thus, the new communication protocol ZigBee was developed for wireless transmission. This paper presents the ZigBee transmitter for MAC layer according to the IEEE 802.15.4 standard..................

Keywords: ZigBee, MAC layer, Verilog HDL, CRC.

[1]. Khalifa. O, Islam. MDR and Khan. S, "Cyclic redundancy encoder for error detection in communication channels", RF and Microwave Conference, 2004.
[2]. Matloff .N, "Cyclic redundancy checking", Department of Computer Science, University of California, 2001.
[3]. Rafidah Ahmad, Othman Sidek, Wan Md. Hafizi Wan Hassin, Shukri Korakkottil Kunhi Mohd, and Abdullah Sanusi Husain, "Verilog-Based design and implementation of Design Tansmitter for ZigBee Applications", International Journal of Emerging Sciences, 723-724, December 2011, ISSN: 2222-4254, © IJES.
[4]. Rahmani.E, "ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4", University of Tehran, 2005.
[5]. Shuaib.K, Alnuaimi.M, Boulmalf.M, Jawhar.I, Sallabi.F and Lakas.A, "Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4:Experimental and simulation results", Journal of Communications, 2, 4(2007): 29-37..

Abstract: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. In developed countries, among one in eight women develop breast cancer at some stage of their life. Early diagnosis of breast cancer plays a very important role in treatment of the disease. With the goal of identifying genes that are more correlated with the prognosis of breast cancer. An algorithm based on Trapezoidal and Rayleigh distributions. Property is used for the detection of the cancer tumors...............

Keywords: Tumors, Rayleigh distribution texture, Segmentation, Fuzzy Logic

[1]. Mohammad Aslam. C, Dr. Satya Narayana. D, Dr. Padma Priya. K, Segmentation of RumexObtusifolius using Simple Trapezoidal and Rayleigh distributions., Unpublished.
[2]. Ajay NageshBasavanhally, ShridarGanesan, Shannon Agner, James Peter Monaco, Michael D. Feldman, John E. Tomaszewski, GyanBhanot and AnantMadabhushi, Computerized Image-Based Detection and Grading of Lymphocytic Infiltration in HER2+ Breast Cancer Histopathology, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 57, no. 3, pp.642-653, march 2010.
[3]. O.P.Verma, Vein Jain and RajiniGumber, Simple Fuzzy Rule Based Edge Detection, J Inf Process Syst, Vol.9, No.4, pp.575-591, December 2013.
[4]. Santosh Hiremath, Valentyn A. Tolpekin, Gerie van der Heijden, Alfred Stein, Segmentation of Rumex obtusifoliususing Gaussian Markov random fields, Machine Vision and Applications (2013) 24:845–854, Springer.
[5]. Jung LengFoo, GoMiyano, ThomLobe, EliotWiner,Tumor segmentation from computed tomography image data using a probabilistic pixel selection approach, Computers in Biology and Medicine 41 (2011) 56–65, ELSEVIER..

Abstract: Due to continually emerging demands of multimedia and internet services, in current years broadband wireless communication has gained attention. Wireless Communication mainly facing the main tasks of availability of resources like Bandwidth and transmission power, and also suffering from the problems of channel damages like fading and interference. Those problems can be avoided by using the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) techniques...............

Keywords: MIMO, OFDM, STBC, WIMAX, BER

[1]. G.L. Stuber, J.R. Barry, S.W. McLaughlin, Ye Li, M.A. Ingram and T.G. Pratt, "Broadband MIMO-OFDM wireless communications," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 92, No. 2, pp. 271 -294,
[2]. DIG-COMM-BARRY LEEMESSERSCHMITT], Digital Communication: Third Edition, by John R. Barry, Edward A. Lee, and David G. Messerschmitt.
[3]. Shailesh Shankhi, K.Satya Prasad, "Performance Analysis of Channel Estimation Based on MMSE Equalizer in OFDM System", International Journal of Advanced Innovative Research, Vol. 2 Issue 8, ISSN: 2278-7844, pp. no.-155-159.
[4]. H. Jiang and P. A. Wilford, "A hierarchical modulation for upgrading digital broadcasting systems," IEEE Transaction on Broadcasting, vol. 51, pp. 222-229, June 2005.
[5]. P. W. Wolniansky, G. J. Foschini, G. D. Golden and R. A. Valenzuela, "V-BLAST: an architecture for realizing very high data rates over the rich- scattering wireless channel," In Proceeding of International symposium on Signals, Systems and Electronics, pp. 259-300, October 1998..

Abstract: A simple digital communication virtual tool, DigiComm, is introduced. This tool visualizes the transmission of binary data in different channels using frequency-shift keying (FSK) and accessing the shared media via frequency-division multiple access (FDMA). The transmitter part generates binary data, and modulates the frequencies of both carriers ofeach channel. The signals of each channel with noise added are distinguished from each other using bandpass filters (BPF) at the receiver, and converted to binary data by counting the zero crossings at the receiver part.............

Keywords: Frequency shift keying (FSK); frequency division multiple access (FDMA); modulation; noise; digital communication system; simulation; visualization; bit error rate (BER); MATLAB; graphical user interface (GUI); signal- to-noise ratio (SNR).

[1]. L.Sevgi and C. Göknar, "An Intelligent Balance between Numerical and Physical Experimentation," IEEE Potentials Magazine, 23, 4, October/November 2004, pp. 40-44.
[2]. L. Sevgi, "Virtual Tools/Labs in Electrical Engineering Education," ELEKTRIK, Turkish J. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 14, 1, March 2006, pp. 113-127.
[3]. L. Sevgi, "A Ray Shooting Visualization MATLAB Package for Two-Dimensional Ground wave Propagation Simulations," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 46, 4, August 2004, pp. 140-145.
[4]. L. B. Felsen, F. Akleman, and L. Sevgi, "Wave Propagation Inside a Two-dimensional Perfectly Conducting Parallel Plate Waveguide: Hybrid Ray-Mode Techniques and Their Visualisations," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 46, 6, December 2004, pp. 69-89.
[5]. L. Sevgi and Ç. Uluışık, "A MATLAB-Based Visualization Package for Planar Arrays of Isotropic Radiators," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine,47, 1, February 2005, pp. 156-163..

Abstract: This paper aims to develop energy efficient solution for transmission in WSN. Sensors works on battery powered cells which is difficult to replace again and again due to excessive use of power while being active all the time. For time synchronization in the transmission of the data from several nodes to its intended destination CoAP architecture is developed using NS2 along with that, developed architecture has been evaluated in the form of energy efficient model called as EECoAP protocol.

Keywords: Time Synchronization, WSN, CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol), EECoAP (Energy Efficient CoAP).

[1]. Noor Zaman , Azween B Abdullah, "Energy Optimization through Position Responsive Routing Protocol (PRRP) in Wireless Sensor Network", International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 5, September 2012.
[2]. Mehdi Kalantari , Mark Shayman, "Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks".
[3]. B.Baranidharan, B.Shanthi, "A Survey on Energy Efficient Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks", International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)Volume 11– No.10, December 2010.
[4]. Amjad K, Abu- Baker, "Energy –Efficient routing in cluster based wireless sensor Networks: Optimization and analysis", Jordan journal of Electrical Engineering volume 2 2016.
[5]. Shashidhar Rao Gandham, Milind Dawande, Ravi Prakash, S. Venkatesan, "Energy Efficient Schemes for Wireless Sensor
Networks with Multiple Mobile Base Stations.

Abstract: Detection and tracking of moving objects is an important topic of research in the field of video surveillance. Most of the existing video surveillance cameras are stationary and the tracking algorithms are developed for the same. In recent times, the applications are not confined to stationary cameras. There is a lot of technological improvement in surveillance videos and there is a high requirement of tracking a moving object in non stationary cameras. A new calibration procedure for effectively tracking moving objects in non stationary cameras is presented in this paper. The procedure is adapted to Gaussian Mixture Model and Mean Shift Algorithms. Results show that the calibration procedure presented in this paper is best suited for all tracking algorithms.

Keywords: Non stationary surveillance videos, GMM, MSA.

[1]. Rogers, Y., Sharp, H. and Preece, J.J. (2011) Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction (3rd ed.). John Wiley and
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Abstract: The image may be corrupted with noise during the process of image acquisition or transmission. Denosing is the process of removing the noise from the corrupted image. Denoising of the image ia an important step in the image restoration process. This paper describes two efficient denoising techniques, wavelet transformation and Principal Component analysis using Local Pixel Grouping. The wavelet transformation is the technique in which the input signal is divided into multiple scales or sub-bands which contains different time frequency components...............

Keywords: Local Pixel Grouping(LPG), Peak Signal to noise ratio(PSNR), Principal Component Analysis(PCA), Thresholding, Wavelet transformation

[1]. R. C .Gonzalez, R.E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, second edition., Prentice- Hall,EnglewoodCliffs, NJ, 2002.
[2]. Sameer Khedkar, Kalyani Akant and Milind M. Khanapurkar, "Image denoising using wavelet transform" – IJRET Journal, vol-5, 2016.
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Abstract: In this paper, design and simulation of constant k, m derived and composite filter is presented. The filters are designed at 2GHz.The filters are simulated in ansoft designer. The insertion loss of all the filters are observed and compared.

Keywords: constant k, m derived, composite filter

[1]. Devendra K. Misrea, "Radio-Frequency And Microwave Communication Circuits, Analysis And Design" (student edition, A wiley-interscience Publication)
[2]. Hong, Jia-Sheng and Lanchester, "Microstrip Filters for RF / Microwave Applications" (M.J (2001) John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
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Abstract:Digital systems have a prominent role in everyday life that we refer to the present technological period as the digital age. The signals in most present day electronic digital systems use just two discrete values and are therefore said to be binary. Discrete elements of information are represented with group of bits called binary codes. The conversion from and to binary, octal, and hexadecimal plays an important role in digital computers. In this paper, an innovative method is introduced for solving number base conversions using LabVIEW.............

Keywords: LabVIEW, Octal, Hexadecimal, For loop, Shift Register

[1]. Nelson Raja joseph, Jaganathan Planichamy, Domnic Sandanam, "Variable Length Integer codes based on radix number system
[2]. conversion", Electronics Letters, Year :2016, Volume :52, Issue :16, pages: 1385-1387.
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[4]. its binary form", IET Opto Electronics, Year: 2012, Volume :6, Issue :5, pages: 223-229.
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Abstract: The reversible logic has received great attention in last few years due to their ability to reduce the power dissipation which is the main requirement in low power VLSI design. Multipliers are widely used in DSP for calculation of FFT, convolution, to perform MAC operation, and in microprocessors to perform ALU related operations. This paper proposes a 16X16 reversible multiplier using Toffoli gate Full adder which can multiply two 16-bit numbers. It is based on the two concepts............

Keywords: Reversible Logic, Reversible Gate, Power Dissipation, Garbage

[1]. Nagamani A N, Ashwin S, Vinod Kumar Agrawal, " Design of Optimized Reversible Binary and BCD Adders", International Conference on VLSI Systems, Architecture, Technology and Applications (VLSI-SATA), Journal of Research and Development, pp.124-129, 2015.
[2]. R. Landuer, "Irreversibility and heat generation in the computing process", IBM, J. Res. Develop., Vol. 5 , pp. 261-269, 1961.
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[5]. Kai-Wen Cheng and Chien-Cheng Tseng, "Quantum full adder and subtractor", Electronics Letters, Vol. 38(22), pp. 1343- 1348, 2002

Abstract: In the present day communication systems, especially for Submarine applications, a compact antenna is needed to communicate with Satellites. For communicating with Satellites, the compact antenna must have circular polarization characteristics, positive gain at ± 45o points of the main beam and the main beam position has to be in vertical direction. In this paper, the crossed dipole antenna is proposed, studied its characteristics and limitations for the ultra-high frequency Satellite Communication applications.............

Keywords: Dipole Antenna, Crossed Dipole Antenna, UHF SatelliteCommunication

[1]. Son Xuat Ta, Lkmo park and Richard co. Ziolkowski "Crossed Dipole Antennas: A review", IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine, October 2015.
[2]. Stanley J. Radzevicius, Jeffrey J. Daniels "Significance of crossed dipole antennas for high noise environments" proceedings of the symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems, 2000, the Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society, PP:407-413.
[3]. Y.-F.Wei, B.-H. Sun," Method for Broadening the beam widths of Crossed dipoles for wideband GPS applications", Progress in Electromagnetic Research letters,Vol.12, 31-40, 2009.
[4]. Hug Hung Tran. Son XuatTa. Ikmoparle"Single Feed, Wideband, Circularly polarized, Crossed Bowtie Dipole Antenna for Global Navigation Satellite Systems" Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science, Vol. 14, No.3, September 2014
[5]. Shao – Li Zuo, Qiong – Qiong Liu, and Zhi – ya Zhang " Wideband Dual – Polarized Crossed – Dipole Antenna with parasitical Crossed – Strip for Base Station Applications " Progress In Electromagnetic Research C, Vol.48, 159 – 166, 2014..

Abstract: The next edge mobile innovation which is relied upon to be propelled by 2020 is named as 5G as it is an overhauled form of the current and building up system 4G, generally known as LTE (Long Term Evolution) network. 5G itself will be equipped for intersection the current benchmarks of speed and network. This paper will take a survey in 5G systems having a wide view about the forthcoming future generation which will be in fact touching the genuine statures.................

Keywords: 5G,Nanotechnology, Nanocore,Cloud Computing, Flat IP idea, Beam DivisionMultiple Access

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[3]. Imthiyaz Ali, "5G the Nanocore" International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT), 2(3): 2277-3754, March 5, 2011.

[4]. C.-X. Wang et al., "Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks", IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 122-130, Feb. 2014..

[5]. F. Haider et al., "Spectral efficiency analysis of mobile Femtocell based cellular systems", Proc. IEEE ICCT, pp. 347-351, Sep. 2011.