iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-August 2014

Abstract:Image segmentation plays a very crucial role in computer vision. Computational methods based on JSEG algorithm is used to provide the classification and characterization along with artificial neural networks for pattern recognition. It is possible to run simulations and carry out analyses of the performance of JSEG image segmentation algorithm and artificial neural networks in terms of computational time. A Simulink is created in Matlab software using Neural Network toolbox in order to study the performance of the system. In this paper, four windows of size 9*9, 17*17, 33*33 and 65*65 has been used. Then the corresponding performance of these windows is compared with ANN in terms of their computational time.

Keywords: ANN, JSEG, spatial segmentation, bottom up, neurons.

[1]. Y.LIU,X.ZHOU,"Automatic texture segmentation for texture-based image retrieval". In: International Multimedia Modelling Conference, 10, Prodeedings .IEEE Computer Society, 285-290 (2004)
[2]. J. CHEN, T.N. PAPPAS, A. MOJSILOVIC, B. ROGOWITZ, "Adaptive image segmentation based on color and texture". In: International Conference on Image Processing, v. 3, 777-780 (2002)
[3]. P.R. HILL, "Wavelet based texture analysis and segmentation for image retrieval and fusion".PhD (Thesis) – University of Bristol, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (2002)
[4]. N.R. Pal, S.K. Pal. "A Review On Image Segmentation Techniques". Pattern Recognition,26(9): 1227-1294 (1993)
[5]. Z. Zhu, Y. Wang, and G. Jiang, "Statistical Image Modeling for Semantic Segmentation", ", IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, 777-782 (2010)

Abstract: Image Fusion is a technique that integrates complementary information from multiple images such that the fused image is more suitable for processing tasks. This paper presents three image fusion techniques. Principal Component analysis is a well known scheme for feature extraction and dimension reduction and is used for image fusion. The discrete cosine transform (DCT) based methods of image fusion are more suitable and time saving in real time systems using DCT based standards of still image or video. The third method used is BWT. Wavelet coefficients at different decomposition levels are fused using absolute maximum fusion rule. Two important properties wavelet symmetry and linear phase are present in BWT. These are able to preserve edge information and hence reduce the distortion in the fused image.

Keywords: BWT, Aperture, fusion algorithms, multifocus

[1]. Ujwal Patil, Uma Mudengudi, "Image Fusion using hierarchical PCA", 2011.
[2]. Om Prakash, Richa Srivastava, Ashish Khare "biorthogonal wavelet transform based image fusion using absolute maximum fusion rule",2013.
[3]. E.Waltz, "The principles of image and spatial data fusion," Ch.4 in Handbook of Multisensor Data fusion, D.L.Hall and J. Llians,CRC press, June 2001.
[4]. S.Gupta, K.Ramesh and E.Blash, "Mutual Information Metric Evaluation for PET/MRI Image Fusion," IEEE NAECON conf.,July 2008.
[5]. Maruthi R.,Sankarasubramanian K., "Multi Focus Image Fusion Based On The Information Level In The Regions Of The Images",Journal of Theoretical andApplied Information Technology, 2007.

Abstract: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) has recently emerged in optical communication to support high data transmission rates over the dispersive channels. The OFDM technique provides combat to the various limitations such as chromatic dispersion, modal dispersion etc. existing in optical communication system. In order to achieve the improved performance of optical OFDM system, the effect of parameters related to laser source and optical fiber and nonlinearities of Mach-Zehnder Modulator(MZM) etc. must be considered in detail. Despite many advantages of OFDM technique, it has major drawbacks of high peak-to-average power ratio, sensitivity to carrier frequency offset and phase noise. This paper presents optical-OFDM system design for both single mode and multimode fibers along with the analysis of different modelling parameters and various performance parameters like Bit Error Rate (BER), Q factor etc. Further, effect of MZM nonlinearities on the system performance is also considered.

Keywords: Optical OFDM (O-OFDM), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM), Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), Intersymbol Interference (ISI), Bit Error Rate (BER).

[1] H. Bulow, Fred Buchali, and Axel Klekamp, "Electronic Dispersion Compensation," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 26, no. 1, Jan. 1, 2008.
[2] J. Armstrong, "OFDM for Optical Communication," J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 189-204, 2009.
[3] A. Garcia Armada, "Understanding the effects of phase noise in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)"IEEE Trans. Broadcasting vol. 47, pp. 153-159, 2001.
[4] S.L. Jansen, "Optical OFDM, a hype or is it for real?," presented at ECOC, 2008.
[5] W. Shieh, Y. Xingwen, M. Yiran, and Y. Qi, "Coherent Optical OFDM: Has its time come?[Invited]," J. Opt. Netw., vol. 7, pp. 234-255, 2008.

Abstract: Design is important factor of any product as it reflects the intellectual and technical capabilities of a society and it in turns satisfies the particular customer or its user. Today all countries are known for their products and new technologies and inventions. Designs involve not only the product designs but even the structures that add value to the developing state of the state, nation or country. To make a product successful, it is necessary that it should be developed under technical expertise and it takes insight into the user experience, understanding of business objectives, and informed intuition to guide the way. This paper gives a review on the various challenges and failure that the designer faces in the whole product cycle i.e. from the thinking of a design to its final product and some overcome ideas that can help the user to identify its product. It's very important to convey the actual design which is thought according to the need of the user whose specifications can be fixed according to the survey done for that particular product.

Keywords: Industrial Product Design, Design Challenges, Engineering Design, Design Failure.

[1] Deniz DENİZ, "Sustainability and Environmental Issues in Industrial Product Design" Izmir Institute of Technology, Turkey September, 2002.
[2] "Design as a Strategy for a Developing Economy", IDC, IIT Bombay 1989 (updated 2009)
[3] Kah-Hin Chai, Member, IEEE, and Yan Xin, Student Member, IEEE "The Application of New Product Development Tools in Industry: The Case of Singapore" IEEE Transactions On Engineering Management, Vol. 53, No. 4, November 2006 543
[4] V Popovic "Product Evaluation Methods and Their Applications" School of Architecture, Interior and Industrial Design, Queensland University of Technology GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Australia
[5] "Design Product Evaluation Criteria Handbook" Office of Project Development Procedures 3/15/2013

Abstract: A system for controlling electrical appliances using power line communication and monitoring data. Control messages are sent over Wi-Fi network from Wi-Fi device to personal computer which then couples the message to power line using micro controller with serial port interface. Power lines which are present in all infrastructures are used as physical media to transmit data over 220/50Hz signal to control electrical appliances and to monitor. Here we are monitoring temperature. The data from the micro controller is coupled onto power line using power line communication modem and DSSS( direct sequence spread spectrum ) modulation technique is employed to transmit data. The receiver unit consists of PLC modem, micro controller and can be connected in any power line network. The receiver unit controls the flow of electricity to the socket.

Keywords: PLC, DSSS, Wi-Fi, open source

[1]. Karthik Shivaram;Nikhil Rajendra;Kavi Mahesh,;Balasubramanya murthy K N;,"power line communication based automation system using handheld Wi-Fi device." Consumer Electronics (ISCE), IEEE 2012,doi:10.1109/ISCE.2012.6241707
[2]. Wong,E.M.C "A phone-based remote controller for home and office automation" consumer electronics , IEEE transactions on, vol.40, no.1 pp.28-34, February 1994.doi:10.1109/30.273654
[3]. Coskun,I; Ardam,H; "A remote controller for home and office appliances by telephone" consumer electronics , IEEE transactions on, vol.44,no.4,pp-1291-1297 November 1998.doi: 10.1109/30.735829
[4]. Koyuncu ,B; "PC remote control of appliances by using telephone lines" consumer electronics , IEEE transactions on, vol.41, no.1 pp.201-209,February1995.doi: 10.1109/30.370328
[5]. Zhang X; Sun J; Zhou L; "Development of an internet Home Automation system using Java and Dynamic DNS service" Sixth international conference on parallel and distributed computing, applications and technology.0-7695-2405-2/05.

Abstract: Fading is a major impairment when transmitting a signal in wireless communication channel. It is cause by multipath propagation. That is signals from different paths can constructively or destructively interfere with each other. Thus, it becomes very necessary to reduce this effect, to transmit the signal effectively to the receiver. This paper examines fading and it various types. Different techniques being employed to reduce the effect of fading using Diversity, rake receiver and equalization are also discussed. Keywords: Diversity, Equalization, Fading, Multipath Propagation, Rake receiver

[1]. J. Beasley, G. Miller, Textbook on modern Electronic Communication Eight Editions. pp 736 -739, 2008.
[2]. J.J. Popoola, Simulation of Hata's Equation for Signal Fading Mitigation. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology available via http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.htm. 2009.
[3]. M. Karim, M. Sarraf, Textbook on W-CDMA and CDMA 2000 for 3G Mobile Networks, Mc Graw - Hill, 2002.
[4]. S. Nitika , S. Deepak, Diversity: A Fading Reduction Technique, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Volume 2, Issue 6, ISSN: 2277 128X, 2012. Research Paper Available online at: www.ijarcsse.com.
[5]. W. Pravin, S.L. Badjate , Diversity Techniques for wireless Communication, International journal of advance research in Engineering & Technology.(IJARET),volume 4, issue 2, march – april 2013 pp 144 - -160.
[6]. M. Simon, M. Alouini , Digital Communications over Fading Channels: A Unified Approach to Performance Analysis (New York: John Wiley. 2000.

Abstract: The growth of portable wireless communication devices has pushed designers to design miniature size micro strip patch antenna as it offers advantages of polarisation diversity, light weight, low manufacturing cost and high reliability. This paper presents the design and simulation of inset edge fed 2X2 MIMO Elliptical shaped micro strip patch antenna at 5GHz frequency for Wi-Fi/802.11a Network. The result of 2X2 MIMO Antenna has been compared with 1X2 Antenna and simple elliptical shaped micro strip patch antenna. High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software has been used to compare and analyze the performances of antennas in term of return loss and gain and radiation pattern. It has been found that the though return loss and gain of antenna marginally improved but 2x2 MIMO antenna provides high degree of isolation

Key-words: 2x2 Elliptical shaped micro strip patch antenna, bandwidth, isolation, WLAN

[1]. Zakir Ali, Vinod Kumar and Shahanaz Ayub, " E Shaped Microstrip Antenna on Rogers Substrate for WLAN applications" proceeding of IEEE, pp342-345, October 2011.
[2]. Sanjeev Sharma, Bharat Bhusan, " Pefromance comparison of Micro strip Antennas with different shapes"International Journal of u- and v- service, science and technology, vol6, no.3 June 2013.
[3]. Amit Agarwal, D Vakula, "Design of Elliptical Microstrip Antenna using ANN", PIERS proceedings, Suzhou, China, September 12-16, 2011.
[4]. Kumprasert, N., "Theoretical study of dual-resonant frequency and circular polarization of elliptical microstrip antennas" , IEEE AP-S International Symposium, Vol. 2, 1015-1020, July 2000.
[5]. Jagdish. M. Rathod, "Comparative Study of Micro strip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication Application‟‟, International journal of innovation, Management and Technology, Vol 1, No.2, 2010.

Abstract: Due to the availability of multiple sensing units on a single radio board of the modern VANET nodes, some sensor networks need to handle heterogeneous traffic within the same application. This numerous traffic may have completely different priorities in terms of transmission rate, required throughput, packet loss, etc. Because of the multi-hop transmission characteristic of this prioritized heterogeneous traffic, incidence of congestion is extremely common and unless handled effectively, it may thwart the appliance objectives. To address this challenge, in this work we propose a Prioritized Oriented Congestion Control Protocol (PCCP) which performs hop-by-hop rate adjustment controlling the congestion and ensures efficient rate for the prioritized diverse traffic. This protocol conjointly might be applied for healthcare infrastructure. We exploit cross layer approach to perform the congestion control. Our protocol uses intra-queue priorities along with weighted fair queuing for ensuring feasible transmission rates & throughput of nodal data. It also guarantees efficient link utilization by using dynamic transmission rate adjustment. In this work we present detailed analysis and simulation results with the description of our protocol to demonstrate its effectiveness in handling prioritized traffic in Bluetooth enabled VANET.
Keywords: Congestion, scheduler, sensor, VANET, Bluetooth, hop

[1] S.Sridevi, M.Usha & G. Pauline Amertha Lithurin,`` Priority Based Congestion Control For Heterogeneous Traffic In Multipath Wireless Sensor Networks", 2012 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI -2012), Jan. 10 – 12, 2012, Coimbatore, INDIA
[2] Muhammad Mostafa Monowar, Md. Obaidur Rahman, Al-Sakib Khan Pathan, and Choong Seon Hong Congestion Control "Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Handling Prioritized Heterogeneous Traffic"Proceeding of the 5th annual international conference on mobile and unbiquitors systems computing, networking and sevices. ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering) ICST, Brussels, Belgium, Belgium ©2008 ISBN: 978-963-9799-27-1
[3] Cheng Tien Ee, Ruzena Bajcsy "Congestion control and fairness for many-to-one networks routing in Sensor," in proceedings of the ACM SenSys, November 2004
[4] Muhammad Mostafa Monowar, Md. Obaidur Rahman and Choong Seon Hong, "Multipath congestion control for heterogeneous traffic in wireless sensor networks," in proceedings of ACM SenSys,2008,
[5] Mohamad Yusof Darus and Kamalrulnizam Abu Bakar, "Congestion Control Algorithm In Vanets" World Applied Sciences Journal 21 (7): 1057-1061, 2013 ISSN 1818-4952

Abstract: The circular polarization has some advantages over linear polarization. For example, if it is desirable to obtain a greater immunity to reflections of the radio signal caused by obstacles, one alternative is to use antennas that radiate in circular polarization. For the bands of VHF (Very High Frequency) and UHF (Ultra High Frequency), in this case the most commonly used antenna is the Helical Antenna. To evaluate the electrical characteristics of this type of antennas, we must use a different procedure from that employed for linear polarization antennas. This article will show that, without some additional care, the achievement of parameters such as radiation pattern and gain will present some distortion, thus not depicting the actual electrical behavior of the antenna. In this sense, here it is provided a guide to the effective realization of measures in circular polarization antennas with emphasis on the Helical Antenna. Keywords: Helical Antennas, Circular Polarization, Gain, Radiation Pattern

[1]. E. R. Vale and J. C. R. Dal Bello, Correction of Measurements in Circular Polarized Antennas, IOSR Journal of Electronics and
Communications Engineering,vol. 9, issue 4, july 2014.
[2]. Kraus and Carver, Electromagnetics (New York: Mc Graw Hill, 1965).
[3]. J. D. Kraus, Characteristics of Helical Antennas Radiating in the Axial Mode, Journal of Applied Physics, v19, jan 1947, 87-96.

[4]. J. D. Kraus, The Helical Antenna, Proceedings of the IRE, March 1949, 263-272.
[5]. I. Inagaki and Sekiguchi, An Investigation of the Array of Circular-Loop Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-19, no4, July 1971.
[6]. Lindsay and J. E. Junior, A Circular Loop Antenna with Nonuniform Current Distribution, IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, July 1960, 439-441.

Abstract: In the design of wireless communication links between two sites, issues of range, that is, how far the transmitted signal would go given certain transmission parameters, and the throughput of such link, are of great concern to the radio engineer such that several loss factors militating against the strength of the transmitted signal as it travels through the medium to the receiver were given holistic consideration in this work. Major loss factors like antenna feeder loss, antenna mismatch loss, propagation path loss, signal polarization loss, multipath propagation loss, obstruction loss and diffraction loss were discussed. Efforts at reducing the presence and effects of these losses on transmitted signal in a radio link would greatly enhance the efficiency of the transmission system.

Keywords: Radio link budgeting, signal power loss, transmitted power, receiver sensitivity, antenna, propagation.

[1]. Racom, Ray – Microwave Link, Link Calculation http://www.racom.eu/eng/products/m/ray/calcul.html
[2]. Ian P., Link Budget, http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/propagation/path-loss/link-budget-calculation-formula-equation.php
[3]. Stoehr M. (2011), Radio Link-Budget Calculations for ISM-RF Products, Mxim Integrated, http://www.maximintegrated.com/an5142
[4]. Shamanna P. (2013), "Simple Link Budget Estimation and Performance Measurements of Microchip 2.4 GHz Radio Modules", Microchip Technology Inc.,
[5]. Tranzeo, Wireless Link Budget Analysis – How to Calculate Budget for your Wireless Network, Tranzeo Wireless Technologies Inc., Pitt Meadow, BC, Canada.

Abstract: Validation of analog IP's at high frequency is performed on a test board. For proper validation of IP's, it is very necessary to characterize the transmission line in such a manner that how much amount of signal is received at the destination & how much amount of losses introduce the transmission line. This paper proposed, Fixture free characterization of transmission line mounted on test board, based on advanced SOLT calibration performed on test dummy structure (ISS).Extraction of RLGC parameters, attenuation constant and phase constant of transmission line in very simple manner. Advanced probes technology minimizes insertion and return losses at high frequency which introduce by the adopters. Fixture free characterization minimizes phase delays produced by the adopters. Keywords: thetransmission line, SOLT Calibration, Test dummy structure (ISS), ACP GS probes

[1]. Xiaoning Ye "De-embedding Errors due to Inaccurate Test Fixture characterization" IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine-Volume 1-Quarter 4, 2012.
[2]. In-fixture measurements using vector network analyzers, Agilent Application Note AN1287-9.
[3]. Kazuki MAEDA , Kengo IOKIBE , Yoshitaka TOYOTA , Ryuji KOGA " De-embedding of Board Parasitic with T-parameters for S-parameters of Integrated Circuits on PCB-Examinations in One-port Measurements-".
[4]. Hongya Xu, Erich Kasper "A De-embedding Procedure for One-port Active mm-Wave Devices" IEEE 2010.
[5]. Supreetha Rao Aroor, Rashaunda M. Henderson "Loss Performance of Planar Interconnects on FR-4 up to 67 GHz" IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology. Volume 3, No. 12, December 2013.

Abstract: Image degradation generally occurs due to transmission channel error, camera misfocus, atmospheric turbulence, relative object-camera motion, etc. Such degradations are unavoidable while a scene is captured through a camera. As degraded images are having less scientific values, restoration of such images is extremely essential in many practical applications. Visual information transmitted in the form of digital images is becoming a major method of communication in the modern age, but the image obtained after transmission is often corrupted with noise. The received image needs processing before it can be used in applications. Image denoising involves the manipulation of the image data to produce a visually high quality image. Salt & pepper (Impulse) noise and the additive white Gaussian noise and blurredness are the types of noise that occur during transmission and capturing. To remove these types of noise we have many filters like mean filter, median filter, inverse filter, wiener filter. No single filter can remove both type of noise. In this paper, attempts have been made to recover images from their degraded observations. Various degradations including, Gaussian noise and salt-n-pepper has been considered, and to recover the image hybrid filter approach has been proposed.

Keywords: Image Denoising, Salt & pepper noise, Gaussian noise, Pseudo inverse filter, Weiner filter

[1]. Castleman Kenneth R,"Digital Image Processing", Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1979
[2]. Matlab 6.1,"Image Processing Toolbox" http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/images/images.shtml
[3]. Yousef Hawwar and Ali Reza, "Spatially Adaptive Multiplicative Noise Image Denoising Technique", IEEE Transaction On Image Processing, December 2002, Vol.11, No. 12.
[4]. Matlab 6.1, "Matlab", http://www.mathworks.com/, May 2001.
[5]. Matlab 6.1, "Matlab", http://www.mathworks.com/, May 2001.

Abstract: In many applications moving object detection is important task. For detection of moving object this paper proposes a hardware solution based on background subtraction algorithm. It is implemented on FPGA.For this following are executed. 1)Image is captured by camera and stored in PC. 2)Both current and background images are sent to FPGA by serial communication 3).Background subtraction is done to obtain moving object.4)Position of moving object is located on FPGA.

Index Terms: background subtraction, motion detection

[1]. C. Sanchez-Ferreira, J.Y.Mori, and C.H.Lianos, "Background Subtraction Algorithm for Moving Object detection in FPGA" , Programmable Logic(SPL),2012 viii southern conference on digital object Identifier:10:1109/SPL.2012,P-P 1-6
[2]. Marek Wójcikowski,Robert Zaglewski,and Bogdan Pankiewicz "FPGA-Based Real-Time Implementation of Detection algorithm for Automatic Traffic Surveillance Sensor etwork"
[3]. R. Hartenstein, "Why we need reconfigurable computing education",1st International Workshop on Reconfigurable Computing Education,WRCE2006, Germany, 2006.
[4]. Y. Zhou and Y. Tan, Gpu-based parallel particle swarm optimization,Proc. IEEE Int. Congress on Evolutionary Computation, pp. 1493-1500, 2009.
[5]. L. Veronese and R. Krohling, Swarms's flight: Accelerating the particlesusing c-cuda, Proc. IEEE Int. Congress on Evolutionary Computation,pp. 3264-3270, Norway, 2009.