iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2014

Abstract: This paper presents a new pattern synthesis for linear arrays using modified differential evolution based on harmony search algorithm as an optimization technique. The main objective is to obtain suitable current excitation amplitude and phase distribution for the linear array antenna elements so that it can produce the desired ramp shaped beam radiation pattern. There are many optimization techniques available for beam shaping but a new algorithm can efficiently control both the main lobe shaping and the number of sidelobes which are present in radiation pattern.

[1]. G.S.N. Raju, Antennas and Propagation, Pearson Education, 2005.
[2]. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition, John Willy & sons Inc, New York, 1997.
[3]. R. S. Elliot, Antenna theory and design, Prentice-hall, New York, 1981.
[4]. R. S. Elliot and J. G. Stern, ―A new technique for Shaped Beam Synthesis of Equispaced Arrays,‖ IEEE Trans. Antennas and
Propagation, Vol.AP-32, no. 10, pp. 1129-1133, October 1984.
[5]. R. F. Hyneman and R. M. Johnson, ―A Technique for the Synthesis of Shaped Beam Radiation Patterns with Approximately
Equal-Percentage Ripple,‖ IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-15, no. 6, pp. 736- 743, November. 1967.
[6]. A. Chakraborty, B.N. Das, and G. S. Sanyal, ―Beam Shaping Using Nonlinear Phase Distribution in a Uniformly Spaced Array,‖
IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation., Vol. AP-30, no. 5, pp. 1031-1034, September. 1982

Abstract: This paper describes the Automatic Irrigation based on WSN and Android smart phone for effective water management system. This system focuses on making it possible for the farmers to remotely control and monitor the irrigation system comfortably. However in our research work, we attempt to design the system including the wireless controller via GSM technology. The communication between the sensor (soil moisture) and controller is done with the help of ZigBee module.

[1] Genghuang Yang, Yuliang Liu, Li Zhao, Shigang Cui, "Automatic Irrigation System Based on Wireless Network", 8th IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation ,pp.2120-2125, June 9-11, 2010.
[2] Yunseop Kim, Robert G.Evans, "Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System Using Distributed Wireless Sensor Network", IEEE Transaction on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol.57, pp.1379-1387, No.7, July 2008.
[3] Akshay C, Nitin Karnwal, Ezhilarasi D, "Wireless Sensing and control for Precision Green House Management", 6th International Conference on Sensing Technology(ICST) , pp.52-56,2012.
[4] Zhiyong Lai, Yongli Dai,"An Irrigation System Based on An FPGA", 2nd IEEE International Conference on Instrumentation & Measurement, pp.159-163, 2012..

Abstract: A squashed single-feed circularly-polarized (CP) wide beam microstrip antenna is projected for CNSS application. The antenna is intended by a double-layer arrangement, comprise a round space with two rectangular stubs the length of the width route and a sponging ring accurate more than it. To gather the uplink and downlink band of the scheme, a dual-band circularly polarized antenna should be encouraged and applied. In the meantime, due to the little number of CNSS satellites, the enormous gain of terminal antenna for small altitude is necessary. The third generation message scheme has been formally implement in our saleable.

[1]. Inside GNSS, Compass Beidou Inside GNSS [Online]. Available: http://www.insidegnss.com/compass 2013
[2]. J. Z. Liu, Y. H. Huang, and M. Lei, "Dual-Band Wide-Beam Circularly- Polarized Antenna With Good Gain of Low Elevation Angle," Chinese patent, CN2865037Y.
[3]. C. Kilgus, "Shaped-conical radiation pattern performance of the backfire Quadrafilar helix," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 392–397, 1975.
[4]. O. P. Leisten, "Miniaturized dielectrically-loaded Quadrafilar antenna for global positioning system (GPS)," Electron. Lett., vol. 37, no. 22, pp. 1321–1322, 2001.
[5]. Q. X. Chu, W. Lin, W. X. Lin, and Z. K. Pan, "Assembled dual-band broadband Quadrafilar helix antennas with compact power divider networks for CNSS application," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 516–523, 2013.
[6]. K. P. Yang and K. L. Wong, "Dual-band circularly-polarized square micro strip antenna," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 377–382, 2001.

Abstract: The main objective of the project "Automation of Gas Analyzers at Converter shop in Steel Melt Shop" is to analyze the concentration of CO, CO2, H2 and O2 present in the converter gas at different locations namely Dry Gas Analyzer, Wet Gas Analyzer and Common Wet Gas Analyzer which is released as a result of BLOWING process. The measurement of CO concentration in Dry Gas Analyzer is important for the Gas Recovery, storage and distribution of Gas to different customers for heating of Furnaces. The measurement of CO2 concentration in Dry Gas Analyzer is important to control the entry of air into the system and also for reducing the excessive heat generated in the Gas duct.

[1]. Programmable Logic Controllers by Krishna Kant [2]. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Tutorial, Siemens Schematic S7-200 by Stephen P. Tubbs [3]. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS, SECOND EDITION BY DR R.S. KHANDPUR
[4]. Automating Manufacturing Systems with PLC's, version 4.7, @ 2009; Hugh Jack
[5]. SCADA Systems by Robert Lemos.
[6]. Oxygen Gas Analyzer OXYMAT Manual.

Abstract: Array antennas are popular in radar and communication applications. It is possible to control the pattern characteristics from array antennas very effectively and easily. Array designers used different techniques to produce narrow beams. But it is essential to produce not only narrow beams but also other beam shapes like Square and Cosecant beams. These shaped beams are extremely useful in search, track radars and also for ground mapping.

[1] E.T. Bayliss, "Design of monopulse antenna different patterns with low sidelobes," Bell System Technical Journal, Vol.47, No.5, pp. 623-650, May-Jun1968.
[2] R.L. Haupt," Simultaneous nulling in the sum and difference patterns of a monopulse antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-32, No.5, pp. 486-493, May 1984.
[3] Jama Mohamed and Richard Holden, "Simultaneous Wide Angle Nulling for Difference and Sum Beam Patterns," IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium, Vol. 3, pp.892-895, June 2003.

Abstract: In our proposed system the random noise present in hyper spectral image is removed by means of tensor based decomposition methods. The noises present in hyper spectral images are classified into two categories namely: signal independent noise and signal dependent noise. The noises present in the hyper spectral images have dependence on the noise variance of the signal. The input image is separated into seven different frequency bands and noise is added into some of those bands.

[1]. C.-I. Chang, Hyperspectral Imaging: Techniques for spectral detection and classification. New York, NY, USA: Kluwer, 2003.
[2]. J. M. P. Nascimento and J. M. Bioucas-Dias, "Hyperspectralunmixing based on mixtures of Dirichlet components," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 863–878, Mar. 2012.
[3]. N. Renard and S. Bourennane, "Improvement of target detection methodsbymultiway filtering," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 2407–2417, Aug. 2008.
[4]. R. Archibald and G. Fann, "Feature selection and classification of hyperspectral images with support vector machines," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 674–677, Oct. 2007.
[5]. N. Acito, M. Diani, and G. Corsini, "Signal-dependent noise modeling and model parameter estimation in hyperspectral images," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 2957–2971, Aug. 2011.

Abstract: LTE is the evolution of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). LTE intends to create a new radio-access technology which will provide high data rates, a low latency and a greater spectral efficiency. The downlink physical resource of the LTE is represented as a time-frequency resource grid consisting of multiple Resource Blocks (RB). A scheduler is a key element in the Base Station (BS) and it assigns the time and frequency resources to different users in the cell. In this thesis the Best CQI and Round Robin scheduling algorithms were investigated.

[1]. Tshiteya Dikamba,"Downlink Scheduling in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)", Delft University of Technology, March 2011.
[2]. Jim Zyren, "Over view of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution Physical Layer", Free Scale, July 2007.
[3]. Werner Perndl, "Scheduling Algorithms for UMTS FDD Downlink", July 2001.
[4]. R. Basukala, "Impact of CQI Feedback Rate/Delay on Scheduling Video Streaming Services in LTE Downlink", University of Technology Sydney, December 2007.
[5]. Peter Skov, "Channel-Aware Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling for MBMS in LTE", Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, June 2009.

Abstract: Antenna array synthesis is usually done by controlling amplitude and phase levels or element spacing functions of the array to get the desired characteristics of the radiation pattern. In this paper, design of equispaced linear array of dipoles is presented. A new amplitude distribution is proposed for generation of stair step patterns with zero phase. These patterns are produced from dipole elements using Fourier transform method. The goal of the work is to compensate mutual coupling effects of a linear dipole array. The computed patterns are compared with those of the isotropic elements for different number of elements. The deviation in the patterns of array of isotropic radiators and the array of practical element is found to be minimum. These patterns are used to identify multiple targets moving in different altitudes and different angular regions.
Keywords: Luneburg Lens antenna, Geometrical optics, Dipole elements, Broad beam, Ripples, Fourier Transform method.

[1]. C.A.Balanis, "Antenna Theory Analysis and Design," John Wiley and sons, Inc., United States of America, 1982.
[2]. G.S.N.Raju, "Antennas and Propagation", Pearson Education, 2005.
[3]. W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, "Antenna Theory and Design", John Wiley & Sons Inc., U. S. A.
[4]. Tse-Tong Chia and Wai-Yean Lim, "Design of low profile cylindrical Lune burg lens Antenna" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. 12, No.6,Sec.2009.
[5]. S.Jain and R.Mittra, "Broadband Flat-base Lune burg lens Antenna for wide angle scan" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. June.2014.

Abstract: The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been in use for providing positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) services in many parts of the world. There are several errors that affect the positional accuracy of GPS. Prominent among them are ephemeris errors, satellite and receiver clock errors, multipath errors, signal propagation errors such as ionospheric delay, tropospheric delay, and instrumental biases of the satellite and receiver. In this paper, prominent estimation techniques to characterize various GPS measurement errors are reviewed. The GPS data in the Receiver INdependent EXchange (RINEX) format obtained from a Dual frequency GPS receiver is used in this analysis. Among all the errors, ionospheric delay is found to be the most dominant. However, these delay measurements are affected by the satellite and receiver instrumental biases. The instrumental biases exist as the signals at the two GPS frequencies experience different delays inside the satellite and receiver hardware. For estimation of the instrumental biases Extended Kalman filter(EKF) technique is adopted. The user equivalent range error (UERE) obtained due to all the error sources is of the order of few metres. After accounting for various errors, the estimation accuracy is significantly improved.The positional accuracy of the GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) system is basically dependent on ranging errors and the satellite constellation geometry[1]. The lineof-sight ionospheric measurements derived from the Global Positioning System (GPS) observables are corrupted by the instrumental biases present in both the GPS satellites and the receivers. The instrumental bias and Total Electron Content (TEC) results (Hyderabad GAGAN station (78.47°E, 17.45°N)) obtained using theExtended Kalman filter technique are presented in this paper. In this work the main focus is towards development of an improved error free approach for aircraft navigation. The existing navigation solutions are based on iterative algorithms and require an initial estimate of the receiver position for computing the navigation solution which is not possible in all conditions. Accurate, reliable and cost effective navigation solution algorithms that suit the Indian geographic area and area of application are proposed in this work. A non-iterative point solution approach algorithm computes the navigation solution based on the available satellite positions and pseudorange measurements[3]. The improvement in GPS system has given a feasibility of automated operation of satellite based augmenting system in aircraft navigation can augment GAGAN and improves the positional accuracy of the user. In this paper a communication approach , high, accurate processing using EKF scheme is proposed for GPS aided geo augmented navigation (GAGAN) application. The effectiveness of the proposed approach for higher performance is evaluated under variable conditions.
Key Words: GPS, GAGAN, Error sources, Data processing, Ionospheric delay, EKF,UKF,UERE.

[1]. Suryanarayana Rao, K.N., "GAGAN – The Indian Satellite Based Augmentation System", Indian Journal of Radio & Space
Physics, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 293-302, August 2007.
[2]. G.Sasibhushana Rao, " Error analysis of satellite-based global navigation system over the low-latitude region" CURRENT
SCIENCE,VOL.93,NO.7,10 OCTOBER 2007.
[3]. Dhiraj Sunehra,"Estimation Of Prominent Global Positioning System Measurement Errors For Gagan Applications, edition vol.9,
No.15, European Scientific Journal May 2013.
[4]. Kaplan, E., "Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications," Boston, Artech House, 1996.
[5]. Misra, P., P. Enge, "Global Positioning System – Signals, Measurements, and Performance," 2nd ed.,Lincoln, MA, Ganga-Jamuna
Press, 2006.

Abstract: In this paper a novel Ensemble Empirical Mode decomposition (EEMD) and adaptive filtering is proposed to filter out Gaussian noise and contact noise contained in raw biomedical signals. Real Biomedical signals from the MIT-BIH database are used to validate the performance of the proposed method. It has been observed that original signals can be significantly enhanced by using the proposed method where the contact noise is eliminated while useful features of original signals are kept. The results also show that the proposed method is quite effective to reduce noise from ECG signals and many other biomedical signals with a very small mean square error.
Keywords: Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition; Gaussian noise; Contact noise; NADA; Adaptive filtering.

[1] N. E. Huang, Z. Shen, S. R. Long, M. C. Wu, H. H.Shih, Q. Zheng, N.C. Yen, C. C. Tung, and H. H. Liu. "The Empirical Mode Decomposition and Hilbert Spectrum for Non-linear and Non stationary Time Series Analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society London A., 1998 454,903–995. [URL:http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/454/1971/903.full.pdf+html]
[2] J. Beran, Statistics for Long-Memory Processes, Chapman & Hall, 1994. P. Flandrin G. Rilling and P. Goncalves, "Empirical Mode Decomposition as a filter bank," IEEE Sig. Proc. Lett.Vol.11, no. 2, pp. 112–114, 2004.
[3] Z. Wu and N. E. Huang, "Ensemble empirical mode decomposition: a noise-assisted data analysis method," Advances in Adaptive Data Analysis, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–41, 2009.
[4] Friesen, G.M, Jannett, T.C. Jannett, M.A. Jadallah, S.L. Yates, S.R. Quint, H.T. Nagle "A comparison of the noise sensitivity of nine QRS detection algorithms. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1990, pp. 85–98, vol 37.No.1
[5] K. M. Chang, "Arrhythmia ECG noise reduction by ensemble empirical mode decomposition," Sensors, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 6063–6080, 2010.

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks plays a vital role in monitoring the real time environment using their self-organized nature. The Wireless Sensor Networks are operated by battery power which constrains the overall lifespan of the network. Different clustering methodologies based on hierarchical routing have been a remedy for these power constrained self-organized networks. Many works for balancing the load in terms of energy are contemplated but the load balancing in the Sensor Networks in terms of traffic still remains as a great challenge. In case of densely deployed networks when the traffic level is very high the real time monitored data gets lost due to limited buffer size in the Wireless Sensor Networks. These problems can be fixed by formulating a new routing protocol called Distributed Load Balanced Routing which can overcome the constrains overall network lifespan and the congestion in the Buffer. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks; Gateways; Cluster Heads; Clusters.

[1]. W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 1–10, Maui, HI, USA, January 2000.
[2]. S. Lindsey and C. S. Raghavendra. PEGASIS: power efficient gathering in sensor information systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA, March 2002.
[3]. S. Lindsey, C. S. Raghavendra, and K. Sivalingam. Data gathering in sensor networks using the energy*delay metric. In Proceedings of the IPDPS Workshop on Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, San Francisco, USA, April 2001.
[4]. A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agrawal. TEEN: a protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, San Francisco, USA, April 2001.
[5]. A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agrawal. APTEEN: a hybrid protocol for efficient routing and comprehensive information retrieval in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA, April 2002.

Abstract: Cognitive Radio (CR) is used to access the unused licensed spectrum by the unlicensed users. While accessing the licensed spectrum by CR user's radiation or signals of Cognitive radio users interfere and disturb the licensed user signal. This problem can be rectified by constructing a spectrum mask across the CR users, which eliminates the Out of Band radiation of CR users. In this paper we propose a method to restrict Cognitive Radio signals within the Spectral mask and proposed new techniques for efficient utilization of spectral mask in Cognitive Radio Networks. Our simulation results show that the Out of band radiation is within the spectral mask without reducing the BER and our proposed techniques will reduce the computational complexity in the Network.

Keywords: cognitive Radio, dynamic spectrum access, out of Band radiation, Spectral Mask, Spectral Precoding

[1]. Xiangwei Zhou, Geoffrey Ye Li, and Guolin Sun, " Multiuser Spectral Precoding for OFDM-Based Cognitive Radio Systems" in IEEE Journal On Selected Areas In Communications, Vol. 31, No. 3, March 2013.
[2]. T. Weiss, J. Hillenbrand, A. Krohn, and F. K. Jondral, "Mutual interference in OFDM-based spectrum pooling systems," in Proc. IEEE Veh. Tech. Conf., Milan, Italy, vol. 4, pp. 1873–1877, May 2004.
[3]. H. A. Mahmoud and H. Arslan, "Sidelobe suppression in OFDMbased spectrum sharing systems using adaptive symbol transition," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 133–135, Feb. 2008.
[4]. T. A. Weiss and F. K. Jondral, "Spectrum pooling: an innovative strategy for the enhancement of spectrum efficiency," IEEE Commun. Mag., Radio Commun. Suppl., pp. 8–14, Mar. 2004.
[5]. X. Zhou, G. Y. Li, and G. Sun, "Low-complexity spectrum shaping for OFDM-based cognitive radios," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Commun. And Networking Conf., Cancun, Mexico, pp. 231–235, Mar. 2011.
[6]. X. Zhou, G. Y. Li, and G. Sun, "Low-complexity spectrum shaping for OFDM-based cognitive radio systems," IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 19, pp. 667-670, Oct. 2012.

Abstract: Primary parameters in defining the health condition of the human body are heartbeat, blood pressure and body temperature. Monitoring them all at once is a costly process. In this paper, a low cost and portable method is proposed and implemented to measure heartbeat, blood pressure and temperature from human body using the microcontroller device with LCD output. Heart rate of the subject is measured from the finger using infrared sensors. Blood pressure using wrist band and temperature by temperature sensor. The noisy output signal from the sensors is stripped out of unwanted components with the help of a hardware and then given to micro controller which is displayed on a text based LCD. Furthermore the same information is analyzed by microcontroller and an alert is triggered if those values fall out of the range of predefined threshold limits. This is useful to monitor vital parameters at low cost and trigger an alert to intimate this condition to care takers via message using a GSM modem

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[5]. Arif C.,"Embedded Cardiac Rhythm Analysis and Wireless Transmission (Wi-CARE)," MS Thesis, School of Computing and Software Engineering, Southern Polytechnic State University, Marietta, Georgia, USA, 2004.

Abstract: In this paper, we evaluated the major coding elements/parameters of H.264/AVC and their significant differences with the prior standards. The design parameters of H.264/AVC codec are experimented with and analysed. The influences of the parameters and other coding elements on scalable bitstream and their level of adaptation over multi-channel networks are also evaluated. Objective and real-time analysis are employed in the evaluation. To enhance the flexibility and robustness of codec adaptation over heterogeneous networks, Qp Constraint Algorithm is developed that reveals bits reduction up to 100kbits depending on the current bitrates. The usage of slice groups is implemented and the result shows that, the implementation of slice groups can support flexible adaptation and data protection. We also propose and experimentally evaluate methods for multi-channels adaptation.

Key-Words: Coding Elements, H.264/AVC, Scalability, Adaptation, Evaluation

[1] T Wiegand, GJ Sullivan, G Bjontegaard, A Luthra. Overview of the H. 264/AVC video coding standard, Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on. 13 (2003) 560-576.
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Abstract: This work offers a method for the visual-based navigation of a mobile robot in indoor environments, using a single omni-directional camera. The geometry of the catadioptric sensor and the method used to obtain a bird's eye (orthographic) view of the ground plane are presented. This picture evocatively abridges the solution to steering problems, by eliminating any perspective effects.

[1]. R.C. Arkin, ―Motor Schema-Based Mobile Robot Navigation: An Approach to Programming by Behavior,‖ Proc. 1987 IEEE Int'l Conf. Robotics and Automation, pp. 264-271, 1987.
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