iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2014

Abstract: On the face of upcoming energy crisis and increasing pollution, huge efforts have being made throughout the world to find out environment friendly as well as cost-effective fuels as an alternative to petroleum derived fuels. Fatty acid methyl esters also called as biodiesels derived from edible as well as non edible vegetable oils by transesterification process have come up as promising alternative to substitute diesel fuels due to their biodegradability and better-quality exhaust gas emissions. The scope of the present study is to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of multi-cylinder diesel engine using Garcinia Indica (Kokam) oil and Rice bran oil methyl esters as fuels. Different blends of biodiesel with petroleum based diesel were studied. The results show an appreciable reduction in emission level when compared with petroleum based diesel and also concluded that biodiesels obtained from Kokam oil and Rice bran oil could be used effectively as an alternative fuels in existing diesel engines without any engine hardware modifications. Keywords: Biodiesel, Diesel Engine, Garcinia Indica, Rice bran oil.

[1]. M. Mohibbe Azam_, Amtul Waris, N.M. Nahar, Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India, Biomass and Bioenergy 29 (2005), 293–302.
[2]. T Venkateswara Rao, G Prabhakara Rao and K Hema Chandra Reddy, Performance and emission analysis of Pongamia, jatropha and neem methyl Esters as biodiesel in a C.I engine, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Robotics Research, Vol. 2, No. 3, July 2013.
[3]. A.E. Atabani, A.S.Silitonga, H.C.Ong, T.M.I.Mahlia, H.H.Masjuki, Irfan AnjumBadruddin, H.Fayaz, Non-edible vegetable oils: a critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 18, (2013).
[4]. Lin Lin, Dong, Dong Ying, Sumpun Chaitep, Saritporn Vittayapadung, Biodiesel production from crude rice bran oil and properties as fuel, Applied Energy 86 (2009), 681–688.
[5]. Anand Kumar Pandey and M R Nandgaonkar, Experimental investigation of the effect of esterified karanja oil biodiesel on performance, emission and engine wear of a Military 160hp Turbocharged CIDI Engine, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2011 ,Vol III, July 6 - 8, 2011, London, U.K.

Abstract: The ammonia absorption refrigerator is a cost effective means of refrigeration that is particularly relevant to indigent tropical and sub-tropical nations[6]. An energy audit of the various enthalpy changes that occur in the various components of this system is here with conducted using real time data, typical operational temperatures and pressures with a view to establishing the relationship between the predicted theoretical heat release in the absorber section of this refrigerator and the actual observed heat release in the absorber. Such analysis reveals a most remarkable discrepancy between the theoretical enthalpy and the empirically determined enthalpy, amounting to as much as 50% above the predicted heat release (6.16078 KW vs. 11.617 KW). Various possible molecular mechanisms that might account for this "energy gap " are briefly discussed.

Keywords: Absorber Section Enthalpy, Ammonia Absorption Absorber Analysis. Missing amount of enthalpy in absorber.

[1] Cengela, Y.A. and Boles, M.A. (2011) Thermodynamics – an engineering approach (7thedition), McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, NY. Pages: 305-306.
[2] Cengelb, Y.A. and Boles, M.A. (2011) Thermodynamics – an engineering approach (7thedition), McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, NY. Pages: 633-635.
[3] Burghhardta, M.D. (1982) Engineering Thermodynamics with applications (2nd edition). Pages: 259-267.
[4] Burghhardtb, M.D. (1982) Engineering Thermodynamics with applications (2nd edition). Page: 547.
[5] Dossat, R.J.(1997) Principles of Refrigeration(4th edition), Pearson Education, Inc. Pages: 469-472.

Abstract: Cryogenic engines are commonly used in rockets for launching geosynchronous class satellites. The thrust chamber of cryogenic engines is generally of double walled construction. A high conductivity copper alloy is usually selected for the inner wall in regions of high heat flux and for other regions stainless steel is chosen. The failure of a thrust chamber is due to low cycle fatigue, creep of the inner wall, and thermal ratcheting. Present work deals with the study of different plasticity models for the cyclic stress analysis of a double walled cryogenic rocket engine thrust chamber. The work is done using ANSYS (Version 15) finite element code. Different plasticity models used for a simple cubic block showed that a combination of Chaboche's non linear kinematic hardening model in association with multilinear isotropic hardening and creep models is the best suited for cyclic stress analysis of the chamber. Cu-Cr-Zr-Ti alloy is investigated here as it is used in the inner wall of the thrust chamber. Material properties are taken from literature. A comparison of two dimensional (plane strain) and three dimensional cross section of thrust chamber is done. Cyclic life of the chamber is calculated from the cyclic stress-strain graph obtained from above analyses.
Keywords: Creep, cyclic stress-strain, high temperature, low cycle fatigue,Chaboche model, ratchetting

[1] A.K.Asraff, Jomon T. Joseph, F.P.Joshua, Y.V.K.Sadasiva Rao, Elasto-Plastic Stress Analysis & Life Prediction of an Indigenously Designed Cryogenic Rocket Thrust Chamber, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Propulsion for Space Transportation of the XXIst Century, Association Aeronautique et Astronautique de France, May 2002, France.
[2] Sunil S, A.K.Asraff, M.R.Sarathchandra Das, Creep Based Stress Analysis of a Cryogenic Rocket Thrust Chamber, Proceedings of 6th National Conference on Technological Trends, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, November, 2005.
[3] Asraff, A.K., Sunil, S., Muthukumar, R., Ramanathan. T.J, New Concepts in Structural Analysis and Design of Double Walled LPRE Thrust Chambers, Proceedings of 42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Sacremento, USA, 2006.
[4] R.Aparna, A.K.Asraff, D.Kumaresan, R.Muthukumar, Comparison of Creep Constitutive Models of Four Copper Alloys and Creep based structural analysis of a Rocket Engine Combustion Chamber, Procedia Engineering, 55, 45-50, 2013.
[5] A.K.Asraff, S.Sheela, Sumi Sam, S.Savithri, R.Vinayaravi, High Temperature Material Modelling of a Copper Alloy for Structural Integrity Assessment of a Rocket Engine Thrust Chamber, Proceeding of First International Conference on Structural Integrity, ICONS-2014, IGCAR, Kalpakkam, February 4-7th, 2013

Abstract: In the present paper effect of angle of attack on stability derivatives in pitch of delta wing for the attached shock case is been studied. A strip theory is used in which strips at different span-wise locations are independent. This combines with the similitude to give a piston theory. In the present theory, the similitude, and the piston theory have been extended to a flat wing with straight leading edges. The linear dependence of the stiffness derivative is seen for all parameters of the present study, however for higher angle of attack the non-linearity in the stiffness derivative is observed; since at very high angle of attack the flow separation will take place. It is also, observed that when angle of attack is small the variation in the stiffness and damping derivative in pitch remains in the range around thirty to thirty six percent, later for higher angles of attack, namely ten to twenty five degrees this variation in the stiffness and damping derivatives is in the range from ten to fifteen percent; and for angles of attack beyond twenty five degrees it remains independent of angle of attack in spite of variations in the Mach number and angles of attack. When the stiffness and damping derivatives are considered for h = 0.6 which; is also happens to be the center of pressure and for some cases the aerodynamic center the independency with angle of attack has been observed. The present theory is valid for large angle of incidence and Mach number. The present theory is simpler than both Lui and Hui and Hui et al and brings out explicit dependence of the stability derivatives on the similarity parameter. The present theory is not valid for a detached shock case. Future research can be done by taking into account the effects of shock motion, viscosity, wave reflections and the real gas effects.

Keywords: angle of attack, delta wing, Hypersonic flow, pitching derivatives, Piston theory

[1]. Pike. J, "The pressure on flat and anhydral delta wings with attached shock waves", The Aeronautical Quarterly, November 1972, XXIII, Part 4, pp. 253-262.
[2]. Hui, W.H., "Stability of Oscillating Wedges and Caret Wings in Hypersonic and Supersonic Flows", AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, Aug. 1969, pp.1524-1530.
[3]. Carrier, G.F. 1949, "The oscillating Wedge in Supersonic stream", Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 150-152, March.
[4]. Hui, W. H., "Supersonic/hypersonic flow past on oscillating flat plate at high angles of attack", ZAMP, Vol. 29, 1978, pp. 414-427.
[5]. Hui, W. H., "Supersonic and hypersonic flow with attached shock waves over delta wings", Proc of Royal Society, London, 1971, A. 325, pp. 251-268.

Abstract: The performance of a solar pond greenhouse heating system was investigated. The performance was monitored by continuous measurements of both the salt and temperature profiles. Two simple heat exchangers were used one to extract the trapped heat from the lower convective zone and the other to dissipate heat into the greenhouse. It was found that over the period of operation of the integrated system both temperature and salt gradients nearly unchanged. The effect of wind on the system's performance was studied by introducing a net of a plastic ropes to serve as wind brakes. Furthermore, the effect of heat removal (extraction) on the salt profiles was not significant. Finally, the obtained data were in good agreement with previously obtained numerical data.

Keywords: Convective zone, Energy, Greenhouse, Heat exchanger, Solar pond, Solar radiation

[1] J. R. Hull, C. E. Nilson and P. Golding, Salinity Gradient Solar Pond (CRC, Press, Inc,1989).
[2] C.F. Koot, The Steady State Salt Gradient Solar Pond, Solar Energy Journal, 23, 1979, 37-45.
[3] H. Tabor, Solar Pond, Solar Energy Journal, 27, 1981, 181- 194.
[4] S.A. Shah, T. H. Short and R. P Fynn, Modeling and Testing A salt Gradient Solar Pond in Northeast Ohio, Solar Energy Journal, 27, 1981, 393- 401.
[5] F. Banat, A study of Carnalite Salt Gradient Solar Pond, M.Sc. thesis, University of Jordan, 1990.
[6] A. El-Baz, Performance of the Salinity Solar pond in Jordan, M.Sc. thesis, University of Jordan, 1993.

Abstract: Static and thermal analysis of isotropic rectangular plate made up of various materials with various types of load applications and different boundary conditions is analysed in this research. Both numerical and by finite element formulation are carried out in the analysis and the FEM formulation is done in the analysis section of the ANSYS package. In this study, flat rectangular plates without cut-out which can be assumed as prefect platesand plates with a central rectangular cut-out that is considered as imperfect plates which are made up of steel, aluminium and invar materials are analysed. Finally comparison has been done between the results obtained from numerical analysis and ANSYS results for isotropic rectangular plate without cut-out. A study on the structural properties such as deflections and thermal behaviour of different materials has been conducted during the analysis which will be helpful in various fields of engineering.

Keywords: ANSYS, Boundary conditions, Deflections, Isotropic rectangular plate, Static analysis, Thermal analysis

[1] Weicheng Cui, Yongjun Wang, PrebenTerndrup Pedersen "Strength of ship plates under combined loading". Elsevier Science Ltd- 2001.
[2] JeomKee Paik, JuHye Park, Bong Ju Kim "Analysis of the Elastic Large Deflection Behavior for Metal Plates under Nonuniformly Distributed Lateral Pressure with In-Plane Loads". Journal of Applied Mathematics, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2012.
[3] Vanam B. C. L, Rajyalakshmi M, Inala R "Static analysis of an isotropic rectangular plate using finite element analysis".Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research- 2012.
[4] William L. Ko "Mechanical- and Thermal-Buckling behavior of Rectangular Plates with Different Central Cutouts".National Aeronautics and Space Administration- 1998.
[5] K. C. Deshmukh, M. V. Khandait, S. D. Warbhe, V. S. Kulkarni "Thermal stresses in a simply supported plate with thermal bending moments".International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics- 2010.

Abstract: The paperpresents experimental investigation studies that were conducted under varying Resistance spot welding parameters such as electrode force, welding current and welding time in order to establish their influence on spot weld quality. The quality characteristics are shear tensile strength and direct tensile strength of the spot welded joint has been considered. The process parameters were optimized to improve the nugget quality characteristics. The approach is based on Taguchi method, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to study the performance characteristics in RSW process.The experimental data was extracted as per the the pattern of L9 Orthogonal Array(OA).The data was analysed by using the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio to get optimum level of spot welding parameters combination.Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and F- test has been used for determining most significant parameters affecting the spot weld quality characteristics. Confirmation tests with optimal levels of RSW process parameters are conducted to validate the test results. Experimental results have shown that the responses in RSWprocess can be improved significantly through this approach.

Key words: Resistance spot welding (RSW), Orthogonal Array (OA), S/N ratio, ANOVA, Tensile strength.

[1.] Khanna, Sanjeev K; He, Canlong and Agrawal, Hari N., Residual Stress Measurement inSpot Welds and the Effect of Fatigue Loading on Redistribution of Stresses Using HighSensitivity Moiré Interferometry, ASME Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology,vol. 123, 2001, pp.132-138.
[2.] E. P. Degarmo, J. T. Black, and R. A. Kohser, Materials and Processes in Manufacturing. New York: Macmillian Publishing Company, 1988.
[3.] J. Lantz, ―Principles of Resistance Welding—Weld Heads, Electrodes and Quality‖, Welding Design and Fabrication, April, (2000), pp. 46–9.
[4.] J. Lantz, ―Principles of Resistance Welding‖, Welding Design and Fabrication, February, (2000), pp. 46–49.
[5.] B. Irwing, ―Extending Resistance Welding Electrode Life‖, Welding Research, November, (2001), pp. 58–64.
[6.] K. S. Yeung, and P.H. Thornton, ―Transient Thermal Analysis of Spot Welding Electrodes‖, Welding Research, January, (1999), pp. 1–6.

Abstract: In this Paper we discussed the unsteady magneto hydro dynamic flow of an electrically conducting viscous incompressible non-Newtonian Bingham fluid through a porous medium bounded by two parallel nonconducting porous plates with heat transfer considering the hall current effects into account. The fluid is driven by a uniform pressure gradient parallel to the channel plates and the entire flow field is subjected to a uniform magnetic field of strength Ho with the normal to the boundaries in the transverse xz-plane. An external uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plates and the fluid motion is subjected to a uniform suction and injection. The lower plate is stationary and the upper plate moves with a constant velocity and the two plates are kept at different but constant temperatures. Numerical solutions are obtained for the governing momentum and energy equations taking the Joule and viscous dissipations into consideration. The effects of the Hall term, the parameter describing the non-Newtonian behaviour, and the velocity of suction and injection on both the velocity and temperature distributions is studied.
Keywords: Hall effects, unsteady flows, non-Newtonian flows, porous medium, Heat transfer, uniform suction and injection.

[1]. Abo-El-Dahab. E.M.H., "Effect of Hall Currents on Some Magneto hydro dynamic Flow Problems", Master‟s Thesis, Department
of Maths, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt, 1993.
[2]. Alpher. R.A., "Heat transfer in magneto hydro dynamic flow between parallel plates", International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer,
Vol. 3 (1961), p. 108.
[3]. Antia. M., "Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers", Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1991.
[4]. Bird. R.B., G.C. Dai, B.J. Yarusso, "The rheology and flow of visco-plastic materials", Review of Chemical Engineering., Vol. 1
(1983), pp. 36–69.
[5]. Chamkha. A.J., "Hydro magnetic two-phase flow in a channel", International Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 33 (3) (1995),
pp. 437–446.

Abstract: Drying is a technique to preserve agriculture and fish products in order to raise their value or transform them into storable or marketable items. Drying is still carried out in the traditional manner of spreading the product on the ground in the open air or, as in the cereal industry, through the use of dryers operated with conventional fuels. Main objective of this project is to design and develop solar dryer to test thermal performance for crop and fish drying. The dryer is a green house type design for multi crop drying. The economic cost of the dryer is very much affordable for poor farmers. The dryer developed can be used as substitute to electrical and mechanical dryers in semi urban and rural areas of India for drying various agri-crops and fishes. It is estimated that agri-crops and fishes obtained from the solar dryer of high quality fetching more market price for the farmers.

Keywords: Solar Dryer, Optimization, Fabrication of dome, Crop Dryer, Thermal Efficiency

[1]. Ferreira, A.G., Maia, C.B., Cortez, M.F.B., Valle, R.M., 2008. Technical feasibility assessment of a solar chimney for food drying. Solar Energy
[2]. Forson, F. K., Nazha,M. A. A.& Rajakaruna, H. (2007).Modelling and experimental studies on a mixed- mode natural convection solar crop-dryer. Solar Energy,81, 346–357.
[3]. Gallali, Y.M., Abujnah, Y.S., Bannani, F.K., 2000. Preservation of fruits and vegetables using solar dryer: a comparative study of natural and solar drying, III: chemical analysis and sensory evaluation data of the dried samples (grapes, figs, tomatoes and onions). Renewable Energy19 (1–2), 203–212.
[4]. Hossain, M. A., J. L. Woods, and B. K. Bala. 2007. Single-layer drying characteristics and color kinetics of red chillis. Food Science and Technology, 42 (11): 1367-1375

Abstract: At the contact interfaces of solid-solid, we talk about real contact versus a perfect contact when after loading; there is a big difference between the real contact area and the nominal contact area. The objective is usually to obtain perfectly smooth surfaces. The work done in this paper is to study the heat transfer between two solids imperfect contact. For this, we used the numerical simulation by the fluent code release ( 6.2.16 ) . It should be noted that the determination of the criteria and mechanisms of heat transfer depends strongly on the thermal contact resistance TCR which is produced by the imperfection of the solid-solid contact. The objective of this study was to minimize the TCR to improve the passage of heat flow in the contact interface. To do this, we set up two analytical and numerical solutions to calculate the temperature and the amount of heat flow, to study the influence of the evolution of the contact area due to the progressive loading of the heat flux and the thermal contact resistance.

Keys words: Interface, loading, thermal contact resistance« TCR », contact surface.

[1]. M.Belghali- Adil « étude de l'effet de la distribution des aspérités de surface sur la résistance thermique de contact métalliques pressées ».Thèse de doctorat, école polytechnique de l'université de Nantes, 1995.
[2]. C. Larzabal. « approche fractales des effets de la rugosité dans le contact thermique des surfaces métalliques accolés ». Thèse de doctorat, école polytechnique de l'université de Nantes, 2000.
[3]. A. Assefraoui. « Étude optique, mécanique et thermique simultanée et sous pression d'écrasement, de la résistance thermique et des microdéformations Aluminium-Saphir. Comparaison avec un modèle prédictif ». Thèse de doctorat, école polytechnique de l'université de Nantes, 1995.
[4]. Mc Waid T. et Marschal E. « A comparison of elastic and plastic contact models for the prediction of thermal contact conductance". Warme und Stoffubertragung , 28, p: 441-448; 1993.
[5]. Cordier.H « étude expérimentale des résistances thermique de contact. Influence de la pression » Anales de physique, Fév.1961.

Abstract: The object of this study to analysis of airfoil S809 blade with optimized condition and prepare 3D modeling when using Blade Element-momentum theory and Computational Fluid Dynamic theory. The Standard Airfoil Data using to optimized the blade parameter like twisting angle and chord length. The aerodynamic study and pressure contour study on blade with CFD and FEM analysis, but the systematic term of Euler's Equation, forces magnitude and direction and the velocity attack to the blade is to be a 4 degree of angle of attack. A blade acts much like an airplane wing, when the wind flow through blade and the pressure generation factor work to lifting the the blade. The Pressure gradient in upper and lower surface of blade is different which is cause the aerodynamic structure of blade. The simulation of wind turbine with large eddy and the equation use like Reynold-Average, Navier-Stokes and Direct Numerical Simulation.

[1]. Ravi Anant Kishore, Thibaud Coudron, Shashank Priya "Small-scale wind energy portable turbine (SWEPT)" United States , 2013.
[2]. Kim B, Kim J, Kikuyama K, Rooij V, Lee Y 3D numerical prediction of horizontal axis wind turbine power characteristics of the scales delft university T40/500 model, the fifth JSME-KSME fluids engineering conference, Japan.
[3]. Mandas N, Cambuli F, Carcangiu CE, Numerical prediction of horizontal axis wind turbine flow, European wind energy conference, Athens, Grecce.
[4]. Mr. Monir Chandrala , Prof. Abhishek Choubey and Prof. Bharat Gupta, 2012, Aerodynamic Analysis Of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade, International Journal of Engineering Research and Application, Vol. 2, Issue 6, Nov.-Dec. 2012, pp. 1244-1248.
[5]. Ansys CFD tutorial.