iosr-JMCE   Volume-13 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2016

Abstract: The present construction methodology for buildings calls for the best aesthetic look, high quality & fast construction, cost effective & innovative touch. India being a developed country massive house building construction is taking place in various parts of the country. Since 30% of Indian population lives in towns and cities hence construction is more in the urban places. Hence one has to think for alternative construction system like pre-engineered steel buildings. India has an installed steel capacity of 35 to 40 million tones & apparent steel consumption is around 27 to 30 million tones. There is a surplus capacity of flat steel products available in India particularly of hot and cold rolled sheets...........

Keywords: Conventional Building, Cost Analysis, Hot and Cold Rolled Sheets, Pre Engineered Buildin

.[1] RANGAWALA, Estimation Costing and Valuation.
[2] B.N.DUTTA, Estimation and Valuation
[3] JOGLAKAR, Material and Labour constants.
[4] IS 1200, Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works. [5] SP27-1987, Hand book of measurement of building works.
[6] R. AGOR, Steel tables.

Abstract: Professional engineers in Pre-engineered buildings (PEB) generally adopt two dimensional (2-D) modeling of frame i.e. plane frame modeling in transverse direction and profess for optimal design using elastic method. In practice, 2-D modeling of main frame is done for transverse frame while in longitudinal direction truss analogy is adopted mainly for analysis of bracing. In 2-D analysis majority of cases only major axis moment is considered and the minor axis moment (having sometimes significant effect on design) is generally ignored. This minor axis moment can be of less magnitude if the bracings are of X type designed as compression as well as tensile members..........

Keywords: 2-D analysis, 3-D analysis, Cross bracing, Minor axis Moments,, Pre-engineered buildings, PEB,.

[1]. AISC, Steel Construction Manual, 14th edition(2011), 13th edition(2005), ASD manual (1989 edition).
[2]. AISC Steel Design Guide Series 25 (2009), Frame Design Using Web-Tapered Members, MBMA/AISC. Compiled by Richard C. Kaehler, Donald W. White, Yoon Duk Kim.
[3]. Newman A., Metal Building Systems, Design and Specifications 2nd edition ( McGraw-Hill Publications 2005)
[4]. IS 800:1984. Indian Standard Code of Practice for General Construction In Steel.
[5]. IS 800:2007. Indian Standard. General Construction in Steel – Code of Practice..

Abstract: Through architecture it's possible to gauge many things about a culture, such as lifestyle, artistic sensibilities and social culture". Residential architecture evolved basically for the need for shelter, to protect people from harsh weather conditions and other disasters. They built these shelters based on the climate, available materials, known techniques, their culture, lifestyle and socio – economic factors. Climate plays a major role in deciding the house forms in a place like the roof forms in a shelter, to an extent the size and volume of spaces, sequence of spaces and material usage too. However it is culture which details out the treatment or articulation of a built form..........

Keywords: Culture, Climate, Tradition, Vernacular architecture

[1]. Engin N, Vural N, Vural S, Sumerkan MR. Climatic effect in the formation of vernacular houses in the Eastern Black Sea region. Building and Environment 2007;42(2):960–9.
[2]. Helena C. Bioclimatism in vernacular architecture. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1998;2(1-2):67–87.
[3]. Manoj Kumar Singh, Sadhan Mahopatra, Atreya M.K. Solar passive features in vernacular architecture of North East India. Building and Environment (2009) ; 44 :878–888.
[4]. Amos Rapoport House form and Culture, published by: Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632 USA.
[5]. Stephen F, Kenney B.S. Cultural Influences on Architecture. M.arch Thesis, December, 1994,Texas Tech University

Abstract: The objective of the research is to minimize the amount of water and electrical energy needed for cooling of the solar panels, especially in hot arid environment. A cooling system has been developed based on water spraying of PV panels. A mathematical model has been used to determine when to start cooling of the PV panels as the temperature of the panels reaches the maximum allowable temperature (MAT). Both models, the heating rate model and the cooling rate model, are validated experimentally. Based on the heating and cooling rate models, it is found that the PV panels yield the highest output energy if cooling of the panels starts when the temperature of the PV panels reaches a maximum allowable temperature (MAT)...........

Keywords: Solar photovoltaic, Water, Temperature, Solar intensity, Exergy, Efficiency.

[1]. Singh GK. Solar power generation by PV (photovoltaic) technology: a review. Energy 2013; 53:1–13. May.
[2]. Tiwari GN, Mishra RK, Solanki SC. Photovoltaic modules and their applications: a review on thermal modelling. Appl Energy 2011; 88(7):2287–304. July.
[3]. Nizˇetic´ S, Cˇoko D, Marasovic´ I. Experimental study on a hybrid energy system with small-and medium-scale applications for mild climates. Energy 2014; 75:379–89.
[4]. Nizˇetic´ S, Duic´ N, Papadopulos AM, Tina GM, Grubišic´-Cˇabo F. Energy efficiency evaluation of a hybrid energy system for building applications in a Mediterranean climate and its feasibility aspect. Energy 2015; 90:1171–9.
[5]. Akbarzadeh A, Wadowski T. Heat-pipe-based cooling systems for photovoltaic cells under concentrated solar radiation. Appl Therm Eng 1996; 16(1):81–7.

Abstract: This research work deals with the implication of modern retailing at not only in Dhaka, Bangladesh but also the whole district in Bangladesh with main objectives to find out technological activity, impact on modern welfare.

Keywords: Stress, Strain, Elasticity, Linear momentum, Moh'r Circle

..............................

Abstract: Chemical analysis of saw dust ash (SDA), maize cob ash (MCA), and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) was performed to verify their pozzolanic activity for use in concrete manufacture. The sum of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 was 75.39%, 77.64%, and 80.23% for SDA, MCA, and SCBA respectively, indicating pozzolanic activity. Cement replacement was done at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% by weight of cement. Workability decreased as cement replacement increases, but increased as cement replacement increases for SCBA. Absorption and compressive strength of 150mmx150mmx150mm cubes cured for 7.........

Keywords: Absorption, Compressive Strength, Concrete, Pozzolanic Cement, Workability

[1]. M. Arikan, Feasibility Analysis of Manufacturing High Performance Ecological Cement in Turkey, Building and Environment, 39, 2004, 1125-1130.
[2]. L. Turanli, B. Uzal, F. Bektas,.Effect of Material Characteristics on the Properties of Blended Cements Containing High Volumes of Natural Pozzolans, Cem. Concr. Res. 34, 2004, 2277-2282.
[3]. . Marthong, Sawdust Ash (SDA) as Partial Replacement of Cement, Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 2, 2012, 1980-1985.
[4]. A. A. Raheem, O. K. Sulaiman, Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement in the Production of Sandcrete Hollow Blocks, Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 3, 2013, 713-721.
[5]. I. O. Obilade, Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement in Concrete, J. Eng. Sci. Inv. 3, 2014, 36-40.

Abstract: The most commonly used fine aggregate in concrete production is river sand. Its extensive mining has led to massive environmental degradation. Volcanic activity in most parts of the world has deposited enormous amounts of pyroclastics especially volcanic tuff and lapilli which can be used to reduce overdependence on river sand. The effects of sand-pyroclastics mixture on workability of fresh concrete, absorption and compressive strength of cured concrete were investigated. Factorial experiments were done with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% sand replacement by weight of sand...............

Keywords: Absorption; Lightweight Concrete; Compressive Strength; Environmental degradation; Volcanic Pyroclastics; Pozzolanic.

[1]. R.D. Barksdale. The aggregate handbook. National Stone Association, Washington D.C. 1991.
[2]. G.M. Kondolf. Hungry water: Effects of dams and gravel mining on river channels. Environ. Manage. 21(4), 1997, 533–551.
[3]. G. Wu, J. de Leeuw, A.K. Skidmore. H.H.T. Prins. Y. Liu. Concurrent monitoring of vessels and water turbidity enhances the strength of evidence in remotely sensed dredging impact assessment. Water Res. 41, 2007, 3271–3280.
[4]. X.X. Lu, S.R Zhang. S.P. Xie, P.K. Ma. Rapid channel incision of the lower Pearl River (China) since the 1990s. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sc. Discuss. 4, 2007, 2205–2227.
[5]. J.V. Mensah . Causes and effects of coastal sand mining in Ghana. Singap. J. Trop. Geogr. 18, 2002, 69–88.

Abstract: Now a days talking about renewable energy is getting more common as long as researches are trying to come up with new ideas and updating previous approaches. One of the most common way to study and planning for increasing efficiency is forecasting demand and available resources. For forecasting different variables, different methods experimented. However, none of the approaches could minimize the forecasting error to the suitable point in renewable energy field such as, irradiation and wind prediction. In this paper one of the most frequent method for forecasting solar radiation were studied and examined which is exponential...........

Keywords: solar radiation, hybrid forecasting, historical data, exponential smoothing, neural network, feedforward.

1] E. Cadenas, O.A. Jaramillo, W. Riverab; Analysis and forecasting of wind velocity in chetumal, quintanaroo, using the single exponential smoothing method, 2010, 925–930.
[2] A. Ahmad , T.N. Anderson, T.T. Lie; Hourly global solar irradiation forecasting for New Zealand, 2015, 1398–1408.
[3] Zibo Dong, Dazhi Yang, Thomas Reindl, Wilfred M. Walsh; Short-term solar irradiance forecasting using exponential smoothing state space model, Volume 55,2013, 1104–1113.
[4] P. Y. Lim and C. V. Nayar; Solar Irradiance and Load Demand Forecasting based on Single Exponential Smoothing Method, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2012.
[5] Yamin Wang, Lei Wu; On practical challenges of decomposition-based hybrid forecasting algorithms for wind speed and solar irradiation,Volume 112, 2016, 208 – 220.

Abstract: An analysis to make the new mechanism design that can climb up a stair is achieved in this paper. Aiming at the functional requirement of climbing the stairs, the dynamics and kinematics during a tri-star wheeled mobile robot's climbing of stairs is studied. To determine the balanced torque and force required for the proposed design, analyses for both rolling and climbing are determined.For both cases, the graphs on the relation of angular displacement and time are determined.............

Keywords: Dynamics analysis, kinematics analysis, mobile robot, stairs climbing ability, tri-star wheel.

[1]. Yi Sun; Yang Yang; Shugen Ma; HuayanPu, "Modeling paddle aided stair-climbing for a mobile robot based on eccentric paddle mechanism", Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference, pp. 4153 – 4158, 2015.
[2]. PattaramonTantichattanont; SzathysSongschon; SathapornLaksanacharoen, "Quasi-static analysis of a leg-wheel hybrid vehicle for enhancing stair climbing ability", Robotics and Biomimetics, 2007. ROBIO 2007.IEEE International Conference, pp. 1601 – 1605, 2007.
[3]. PegnwenXiong; Aiguo Song; PengJi; Xinjing Huang, "Study on ability of a mobile tracked robot for stair-climbing based on static analysis", Cyber Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER), 2015 IEEE International Conference, pp. 1327 - 1332, 2015.
[4]. Jinguo Liu; Yuechao Wang; Shugen Ma; Bin Li, "Analysis of stairs-climbing ability for a tracked reconfigurable modular robot", IEEE International Safety, Security and Rescue Rototics, Workshop, pp.36 - 41, 2005.

Abstract: The Darrieus model was invented by a French engineer named George Jeans Maria Darrieus. He presented his patent in 1931 in the US [1] which included curved and constant section blades, now called Darrieus-H or Giromill. Its boom was won between the 1970s and 1980s, and then was dismissed for various reasons, compared with horizontal axis turbines [2].In particular, vertical axis wind turbines Darrieus type today are being considered as one of the most attractive solutions to be installed on roofs of buildings (auto sustainable buildings), due to its low visual impact, reduced noise emissions and better response to a turbulent flow [3]............

Keywords: Darrieus-H, Testing, Wind Tunnel.

[1]. Darrieus G.J.M.; "Turbine Having its rotating shaft transverse to the flow of the current". US Patent No.1835081; 1931.
[2]. Herbert J. Sutherland, Dale E. Berg, and Thomas D. Ashwill; "A Retrospective of VAWT Technology"; SANDIA REPORT, SAND2012-0304, Unlimited Release, Printed in Albuquerque, California USA, January 2012.
[3]. Francesco Balduzzi, Alessandro Bianchini, Ennio Antonio Carnevale, Lorenzo Ferrari, Sandro Magnani; "Feasibility analysis of a Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine installation in the rooftop of a building"; Applied Energy 97 (2012) 921–929.
[4]. M. El-Samanoudy, A.A.E. Ghorab, Sh.Z. Youssef; Effect of some design parameters on the performance of a Giromill vertical axis wind turbine; Ain Shams Engineering Journal (2010) 1, 85–95.
[5]. South, P. and Rangi, RS.; "Preliminary Tests of a High Speed Vertical Axis Windmill Model", National Research Council of Canada, LTR-LA-74, March 1971.

Abstract: The barriers against the flow or jags can be used, increasing of heat transfer rate. Turbojet blade cooling, heat convertors and solar air heater are the devices that jags used in them. Arrangement and geometry of jags are effective on heat and pressure transfer.In present study the heat transfer at turbojet turbine blades entrance has been studied empirically. The thin and square jags were compared distinctly.The air was imported to the conduit in 10000 to 30000 Reynolds. Three step towards the jags height equal to 10, 20, 40, and 3jags height towards the hydraulic diameter of conduit equal to 0.068. 0.137 And 0.205 were considered and jags were implemented in 90° attack angle. In experimented domain, it was revealed that heat would be increased with reduction of step to jags height ratio and increasing of jags height to hydraulic diameter of conduit ratio.

Keywords: Jag, heat transfer improvement, turbojet, constant heat flux, jag step, jag height.

[1]. j. c. Han, J. S. Park and C. K. Lei, November 1984. "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Blade Cooling Channels With Turbulence Promoters", NASA.
[2]. Gao A., Wenxian Lin A. B., Tao Liu a., Chaofeng Xia., 2006. "Analytical and experimental studies on the thermal performance of cross-corrugated and flat-plate solar air heaters", Applied Energy, Vol. 84, pp. 425–441.
[3]. K. R. Aharwala., B. K. Gandhib., J. S. Sainib., 2008. "Experimental investigation on heat-transfer enhancement due to a gap in an inclined continuous rib arrangement in a rectangular duct of solar air heater", Renewable Energy, Vol. 33, pp. 585–596.
[4]. Han J. C., Glicksman L. R., Rosenow W. M., 1978. "Investigation of heat transfer and friction for rib-roughened surfaces". Int J Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 21, pp. 1143–56.
[5]. J. C. Han., J. S. Park., C. K. Lei., 1985. "Heat Transfer Enhancement in Channels with Turbulence Promoters", ASME J. Eng. Gas Turb, Vol. 107, pp. 628–635..

Abstract: The aim of this article is the evaluation of P-FGM buckling force with simply supported boundry condition by the ABAQUS software. The FGMs are the improved and novel materials that are micro-structurally inhomogeneous and their mechanical properties changes continuously along thickness. Generally these materials made of metal and ceramic composition. The Poison ratio of this plates is constant and supposed that the material properties are changed as a power law function along the plate thickness. The loads are in-plane. The results are compared with analytic results for validation. Then the effect of thickness changing and buckling modes are plotted. Also it can be seen that the behavior of FG plates are similar to Isotropic plates. The results are obtained for the plates of Alminum-Alumina.

Keywords: ABAQUS, Material Index, Buckling, FG plate, Critical buckling load.

[1]. Abrate, Serge. 2008. "Functionally Graded Plates Behave like Homogeneous Plates." Composites part B: engineering Vol. 39 No. 1. 151–58.
[2]. Delale, F. and F. Erdogan. 1983. "The Crack Problem for a Nonhomogeneous Plane." Journal of Applied Mechanics No. 3. 609–14.
[3]. Feldman, E. and J. Aboudi. 1997. "Buckling Analysis of Functionally Graded Plates Subjected to Uniaxial Loading." Composite Structures Vol. 38. No. 1. 29–36.
[4]. Javaheri, R. and M. R. Eslami. 2002. "Buckling of Functionally Graded Plates under In plane Compressive Loading." ZAMM Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics/Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik Vol. 82. No. 4. 277–83.
[5]. Javaheri, R. and MR Eslami. 2002. "Thermal Buckling of Functionally Graded Plates Based on Higher Order Theory." Journal of thermal stresses Vol. 25. No. 7. 603–25.

Abstract: As we know that safety of the vehicle is the first and the fore most thing to be considered in 2-wheelers the safety of the vehicle from accident was understated on two major factors: Directional stability and the Aerodynamic force both are correlated to each other. The former is stability of a moving body or vehicle about an axis which is perpendicular to its direction of motion. Stability of a vehicle concerns itself with the tendency of a vehicle to return to its original direction in relation to the oncoming medium (water, air, road surface, etc.)...............

Keywords: 2-Wheelers, Stability, Tilting Wheel, Aerodynamic Force, Fuel Consumption etc

[1]. Ali Behnood And Fred L Mannering 'The Temporal Stability Of Factors Affecting Driver- Injury Severities In Single-Vehicle Crashes: Some Empirical Evidence' ELSEVIER "Analytic Methods in Accident Research 8 (2015) 7–32"
[2]. http://www.gwinmotor.com/uploadfile/aboutmotor/Aboutgearmotor-English.pdf
[3]. http://robu.in/product/johnson-geared-motor-grade-a-quality-60rpm/
[4]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeadE2acid_battery [5]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATmega328

Abstract: Nowadays, sustainable building is a responsibility within construction and the use of bearing walls made of compressed earth blocks, rammed earth, poured earth, among other earth building techniques, has become more frequent. Nevertheless, generally these structures must be found over foundations that correspond to the conventionally used reinforced concrete. Even though from a sustainable point of view, the use of stone is accepted, within the cases of zones where this material does not exist, it is necessary to develop new ecologic technologies compatible with the elements it sustains...............

Keywords: Poured earth, footing ecologic design, eco architecture

[1] Samani, P., Mendes, A., Leal, V., Guedes, J. M., & Correia, N. (2015). A sustainability assessment of advanced materials for novel housing solutions. Building and Environment, 92, 182-191.
[2] Akinwumi, I. I., Awoyera, P. O., & Bello, O. O. (2015). Indigenous earth building construction technology in Ota, Nigeria. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 14(2), 206-212.
[3] Kailey, A., & Gupta, R. (2016). Current State of Modern Rammed Construction: A Case Study of First Peoples House after Seven Years Exposure. Key Engineering Materials, 666.
[4] Ferrández-García, A., Ibáñez-Forés, V., & Bovea, M. D. (2016). Eco-efficiency analysis of the life cycle of interior partition walls: a comparison of alternative solutions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 649-665.
[5] Samani, P., Leal, V., Mendes, A., & Correia, N. (2016). Comparison of passive cooling techniques in improving thermal comfort of occupants of a pre-fabricated building. Energy and Buildings, 120, 30-44.

Abstract: Aluminum-zirconia based metal matrix composites reinforced with zirconiananoparticles were prepared by powder metallurgy route. The zirconia nanoparticles were doped with yttria. The thermal expansion behaviors of the metal matrix composites with various zirconia contents (5.0; 10.0; 15.0; 20.0; 25.0vol.%) and doping with 8% and 15% yttria were investigated. Results indicated that increasing the yttria doping content improved thestability of zirconia crystallographic phase and avoided tetragonal to monoclinic transformation...............

Keywords: Metalmatrix composites,coefficient of thermal expansion, zirconia, yttria.

[1] A. C. Reddy, Evaluation of mechanical behavior of Al-alloy/SiC metal matrix composites with respect to their constituents using Taguchi techniques, i-manager's Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 1(2), 31-41, 2011.
[2] A. C. Reddy,Evaluation of mechanical behavior of Al-alloy/Al2O3 metal matrix composites with respect to their constituents using Taguchi, International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Applications in Engineering Technology and Sciences, 4(2), 26-30, 2011.
[3] A. C. Reddy, Tensile fracture behavior of 7072/SiCp metal matrix composites fabricated by gravity die casting process, Materials Technology: Advanced Performance Materials, 26(5), 257-262, 2011.
[4] A. C. Reddy, Combined Loading and Micromechanical Analysis of AA5050 Alloy-Silicon Oxide Particle-Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites, 5th International Conference on Modern Materials and Manufacturing, Bangalore, 6-7 December 2013, 373-378

Abstract: The study looked at the potentials of palm kernel shells as coarse aggregates in an asphalt binder course using bitumen modified with zycotherm chemical additive. It also tries to investigate the effects of the modifier on asphalt concrete. All the volumetric and physical properties of the asphalt mixtures were evaluated using Marshall Mix design procedures. PKS percentage rates used were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by weight of the total coarse aggregate size at 4 – 8mm. Seventy five (75) test samples of compacted asphalt mix were prepared, 15 samples for the control mix and 60 samples for the PKS portions..............

Keywords: Marshall Mix Design, Palm Kernel Shells, Binder Course, Coarse Aggregates, Zycotherm Chemical Additive.

[1]. Adewale Olutaiwo And Adeniyi Owolabi (2015); "Investigation Of The Effects Of Partial Replacement Of Coarse Aggregates With Graded Palm Kernel Shells In Asphaltic Binder Course"; British Journal Of Applied Science And Technology; 10(3):1-13,2015 Article No BJAST.18785;ISSN:2251-0843,Science Domain International; Www.Sciencedomain.Org
[2]. A. Shik Bellary And Lokesh Gupta; Laboratory Studies On Warm Bituminous Concrete Mix Prepared Using GGBS As Filler Material And Zycotherm As Additive; International Journal Of Advanced Technology In Engineering And Science Vol. No. 4, Special Issue No. 01 May 2016, Www.Ijates.Com, 1464436765-1841jates.Pdf
[3]. Bamidele I.O Dahunsi, Olufemi.S. Awogboro, Mutiu Akinpolu And Oladipupo S.O Olafusi (2013);Investigation Of The Properties Of Pure Water Sachet Modified Bitumen, Published By The International Institute For Science, Technology And Education (IISTE); Civil And Environmental Research Www.Iiste.Org ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol.3, No.2, 2013
[4]. G.R. Harish And M.N. Shirakumar (2013); Performance Evaluation Of Bituminous Concrete Incorporating Crumb Rubber And Waste Shredded Thermoplastics; IJRET: International Journal Of Research In Engineering Technology; ISSN: 2319.1163/Pissn: 2321-7308

Abstract: A thin shell is a "Three-dimensional spatial structure made up of one or more curved surfaces whose thickness is small compared to their other dimensions". Shells belong to the class of stressed skin structures which, because of their geometry and small flexural rigidity of the skin, tend to carry loads primarily by direct stresses acting in their plane. The shells are subjected to pure membrane state of stress, under appropriate loading and boundary condition the resulting bending and twisting moments are either zero or small which may be neglected...............

Keywords: Edge beam, Funicular shell, Rise, Thickness, Stress contour.

[1]. P. Sivakumar, K. Manjunatha, Harish B. A (2015) "Experimental and FE Analysis of Funicular Shells". International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology, Volume 4, Issue 9, March2015, pp 178-186.
[2]. Harish B. A, N. Venkata Ramana, K. Manjunatha (2015) "Finite Element Analysis of Doubly Curved Thin Concrete Shells". International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology, Volume 4, Issue 5, September2015, pp 48-57.
[3]. K.N.Lakshmikandhan, P.Sivakumar, Linu Theresajose, K.Sivasubramanian, S. R. Balasubramanian, S. Saibabu (2014) "Parametric Study on Development, Testing and Evaluation of Concrete Funicular Shells". International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology, Volume 3, issue 12, June2014. Pp183-191.
[4]. P. Sachithanantham (2012) "Study on Geo-grid Reinforced Shallow Funicular Concrete Shells Subjected to Ultimate Loads". International Journal of Biotech Trends and Technology-Volume 2 Issue 2 Number 2, April 2012. pp 34-46.

Abstract: The success of a construction project depends on the cooperation between the parties involved, namely the building owners, contractors and project planners. Many factors could hinder the implementation of construction projects. The success of carrying out construction projects on time without any obstructions in the implementation is one of the most important goals. Project construction experience obstacles and constraints in implementation is a condition that is very undesirable, because it would be very detrimental to all parties.

Keywords: Constraints, project, contractor, delay.

[1]. Rauzana, A. (2016). The effect of the risk factors on the performance of contractors in Banda Aceh, Indonesia.ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(15), 9496 – 9502.
[2]. Bing, L.,Akintoye, A., Edwards, P. J.,&Hardcastle, C. (2005).The allocation of risk inPPP/PFI construction projects in the UK.International JournalProject Management, 23, 25–35.
[3]. Chitkara, K. K. (2004). Construction project management, planning, scheduling and controlling.New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
[4]. Dikmen, I., &Birgonul, M. T. (2006). A review of international construction research: Ranko Bon's contribution. Journal Construction Management Economic, 24(7), 725-733.

Abstract: Precast technology grows rapidly around the world. One of the frequent topic discussions now is the concrete precast block that can flexibility assemble to form a house quickly. In this topic the test consists of T-shape and L-shape and square shape are used to form columns. The blocks was designed in a way which that it can lock to each other and can form a columns. In this research, a test was carried out to determine the behavior of the columns in nonlinear state at various post-tension forces by applying 4 cyclic loads. The post-tensioning effect on the column behavior was better and lateral displacement reduced in IBS block work system

Keywords: Industrialized Building System (IBS); Block work system; Interlocking component; Lateral displacement

[1] Blismas, N., Wakefield, R., & Hauser, B. 2010. Concrete prefabricated housing via advances in systems technologies: Development of a technology roadmap. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. 17(1): 99-110.
[2] Hamid, Z. A., Kamar, K. A. M., Alshawi, M., Zain, M. Z. M., Ghani, M. K., and Rahim, A. H. A. 2008. Industrialized Building System (IBS) Construction Supply-Chain Strategies of Malaysian Contractors. 2 (1): 1-13. [3] CIDB.September 2007. IBS Digest at Malbex. BS Digest, Special Issues on 24th Malaysian International Building Exposition.19-22. [4] Tam, C. M., Deng, Z. M., and Zeng, S. X. 2002. Evaluation of Construction Methods and Performance for High Rise Public Housing Construction in Hong Kong.Building and Environment. 37(10): 983-991. [5] Zahn, F. A., & GANZ, H. R. 1992. Post-tensioned in buildings. VSL Report Series, 4.

Abstract: Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a well-established machining option for manufacturing geometrically complex or hard material parts that are extremely difficult-to-machine by conventional machining processes. The non-contact machining technique has been continuously evolving from a mere tool and dies making process to a micro-scale application machining alternative attracting a significant amount of research interests. This involves optimization of the process parameters by relating these with the performance measures maximizing the MRR, while minimizing the TWR and yielding the desired SR..............

Keywords: Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), Die-sinking discharge machining , process parameters, Taguchi method.

[1]. J.S. Soni, G. Chakraverti, "Experimental investigation of migration of material during EDM of die Steel (T215Cr12)," 1994. pp.51-58.
[2]. Koshy George, P.K. Philip and Geddam A, "Hardening of surface layers using electrical discharge techniques," Proc. Conf. 11th AIMTDR, IIT, MADRAS, 1981, p. 315.
[3]. A. Gandadhar ,M.S. Shunmugam and P.K Philip, "Surface modification in electro discharge techniques with a powder compact tool electrode," Wear, Vol. 143,No 1,1991, p.45.
[4]. O.A. Abu Zied, "The role of voltage pulse off-time in the electro discharge machined AISI T 1 high- speed steel," J. of Mat Process Technol. 61, 1996, pp.287-291.

Abstract: A re-entry capsule is the portion of a spacecraft which returns to earth following a space flight. In present paper, a fluent analysis is performed on two distinctive models of capsule and temperature contours are outlined. Firstly, the aft end formed in a sharp (slender body) shape forms a shock wave that touches the capsule and high temperatures are formed on the body, Whereas, the aft end is formed in a rounded (blunt body) shape, as this forms a shock wave that doesn't touch the capsule, and the heat is diverged away rather than melting the vehicle body and low temperatures are seen on the body. The capsule model was created in Solid Works, meshing and general post processing was carried out in Ansys fluent 14.0

Keywords: Aerothermodynamics, atmospheric entry, domain, hypersonic re-entry vehicle, topology

[1]. Ferry F.J. Schrijer and Fulvio Scarano and Bas W. van Oudheusden conducted on experiment on Hypersonic Boundary Layer Separation and Reattachment on a Blunted Cone-Flare using Quantitative Infrared Thermography 2003.
[2]. P.Harish, K. Rajagopal, Aerothermodynamic Design optimization of a hypersonic winged re-entry vehicle using CFD, International Journal Of Engineering and Technology, Volume 3-Issue 7
[3]. John D Anderson Computational fluid dynamics (International Editions 1995)
[4]. M.Y.M. Ahmeda N. Q investigated Recent advances in the aerothermodynamics of spiked hypersonic vehicles 2011
[5]. Zonglin Jiang and Yunfeng Liu and Guilai Hanwas conducted on In order to achieve efficient wave drag reduction under non-zero attack angles and avoid the severe aerodynamic heating, a new concept of the Non-ablative Thermal Protection System (NATPS) for hypersonic vehicles. 2011.