iosr-JMCE   Volume-13 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2016

Abstract: Energy is the spine of any country's domestic lifeline, progress and security. The vital force behind all development and urbanization across the globe in all sectors is essentially dependent on energy which may be renewable or non renewable. There is wide option of power generation available, ranging as per the nation need, as immediate, short term and long term. It is pertinent for any country to meet its instantaneous and interim growing power obligation through technologies utilizing non-renewable natural resources like fossil fuel, with a clear perception that it is a major source of pollution, has direct impact on environment, human and animal life and that the nature reserve is going to be exhausted some time in future. Hence it is prudent and imperative to tread the path of development by utilizing renewable resource of energy produced from the force of water, wind, tide, sun's rays and biomass..........

Keywords: Renewable, Hydroelectric, Hydropower, Sustainable, Environmental, Clean energy

[1]. Jose, Z., Hydro Power Vision - A New Chapter for America's 1st Renewable Electric Source, U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/GO-102016-4869, July 2016. [2]. Ban Ki Moon, 2011, "U.N. Secretary-General: Renewables Can End Energy and Poverty". Renewable Energy World. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2011/08/u-n-secretary-general-renewables-can-end-energy-poverty.html
[3]. Howard S. Peavy, Donald R. Rowe, George Tchobanoglous, Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill International Editions, 1985, Civil Engineering Series.
[4]. International Hydropower Association [iha], https://www.hydropower.org/country-profiles, Report 2015, downloaded on 06.10.2016.
[5]. Andrew Finn, Wilson Center, Environmental Change and Security Programs, Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars, New Security Beat November 20, 2015.

Abstract: The heat transfer is an important aspect to be studied especially in power plants, chemical industries, process plants, air conditioning and automotive industries. The conventional liquids such as distilled water, glycols and mineral oils are very often used as heat transfer fluids. It is proposed to compare the experimental heat transfer and friction factor of nanofluids of three different concentrations with the correlations available, the heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of the same CuO nanofluids will be investigated by inserting twisted tape and helical inserts in the tube. The influence of nanoparticle concentration, mass flow rate and the twist ratio of the tape..........

Keywords: Nanofluid, heat transfer, twisted tapes and helical inserts

[1]. Rohrer, H., The Nanoworld: Chances and Challenges. Microelectronics Enginerring., vol.32, 1996, pp.5-14.
[2]. Eastman, J.A., Phillpot, S.R., Choi, S.U.S., and Keblinski, P., Thermal Transport in Nanofluids, Annual Review of Materials Research., vol.34, 2004, pp. 219-246.
[3]. Reay, D.A., Compact heat exchangers, enhancement and heat pump, International Journal of Refrigeration, vol. 25, 2002, pp.460-470.
[4]. Kays, W.H. & London, A.L, Compact Heat Exchangers, 3rd edition, 1984, McGrawHil.
[5]. 5.Shah,R.K.,Sekulic, D.P., Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design, 1st Edition, 2003, John Wiley & Sons.Inc.

Abstract: Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic(CFRP) materials of the aircraft can absorb water, which could decrease the adhesion strength of these materials and cause their volumes to change with variation in internal stress. Therefore, it is necessary to study the changes of the characteristics in the extreme environments in order to identify the environmental impact of CFRP. In this study, we evaluated the properties of CFRP by the tensile test and bending test as specified in ASTM standard. After the fabrication of the CFRP specimen directly by using a water bath to set the environmental temperature and humidity, specimens were soaked in distilled water at 75 ℃, for one week, two weeks and three weeks respectively. Mechanical Characteristics of CFRP were observed through Tensile test and Bending test

Keywords: High temperature, strength reduction, temperature chamber, tensile strength

[1] H. J. Shin, The Strength Evaluation and Nondestructive Testing of Carbon Fiber Composites, Jeonju University, Republic of Korea, MA, 2013.

[2] J. H. Kim, The Tensile Characteristic of Carbon and Silica Reinforced Composites Under Elevated Temperature, Journal of the Korean Society for Composite Materials, 16(3), 2003, 49-57.

[3] P. Cappa, K. McConnel and L. Zachary, A Temperature Calibration of a Temperature/Strain Transducer based on Two Strain Gauges, International Journal of the Strain, 29(4), 1993, 135-138.

[4] J. O. Lee, J. S. Lee and K. S. Cho, The Analysis of Failure Mechanism during Tensile of CFRP, Journal of the Korean Society for Composite Materials, 5(2), 1992, 11-23.

[5] S. K. Lee, S. K. Oh and K. W. Nam, A Study on the Fracture Behavior of CFRP in Tensile and Fracture Toughness Tests by Acoustic Emission, Journal of The Korea Society for Nondestructive Testing, 15(1), 1995, 277-290.

Abstract: In January 2010, 81 towers had failed at Aswan, Egypt as a result of high intensity wind (HIW). The wind speed reached a value of 200 Km/h., and the pressure induced from this wind was 193 Kg/m2, which is strongly higher than the design values. The economic drawbacks from the interruption of the electrical network are huge. Thus, the study of the modes of failure, the causes of failure of these towers is essential. The lessons drawn from this disaster leads to the necessity to evaluate the design wind speed and the requirement of mitigate the (HIW) effects. This paper examines the feasibility of employing Nonlinear Pushover Analysis, to capture the failure mode and the determination of the full capacity of transmission towers under the effect of the wind loads, consequently predict the structures response under HIW.............

Keywords: Transmission Tower (T.T) Failure, High Intensity Wind (H.I.W), nonlinear static Pushover (NSP).

[1]. ASCE Manual 74, American Society of Civil Engineering, USA, 2001. "Guidelines for electrical transmission line structural loading," June 2001 Draft revision, ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice, ASCE, Reston, VA
[2]. Design standard for H.V overhead transmission lines, Arab Republic of Egypt, Ministry of energy and electricity, 1988.
[3]. Sudhan Banik, Hanping Hong, and Gregory A. Kopp "Assessment of Structural Capacity Of An Overhead Power Transmission Line Tower Under Wind Loading, " Milano, Italy, July, 20-24 2008.
[4]. Baskaran, K., Jeneevan, Jayasinghe and Hettiarachchi "Strength Assessment Of Steel Towers, " The University of Moratuwa, Civil Engineering Research for Industry – 2011.
[5]. Shakeel Ahmad and Md. Ehtesham Ansari, "Response Of Transmission Tower Subjected To Tornado Loads, " The Seventh Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, November 8-12, 2009, Taipei, Taiwan.

Abstract: The use of fly ash in concrete is limited due to its low early strength of fly ash concrete. To eliminate this problem studies have been conducted on accelerating the pozzolanic properties of fly ash. The pozzolanic property of fly ash can be improved by various types of activations namely, thermal activation, mechanical activation and chemical activation. Thermal activation by heating and mechanical activation by grinding requires costly equipment and energy Compared to this chemical activation is cheap and easy. In addition to that fine aggregate is partially replaced with M-sand in various proportions. Many researchers have carried out studies on micro structural development of strength with chemical activation. Calcium oxide and sodium silicate are used in 1:8 ratios for activating fly ash in the project study. The main objective of the research was to study the compressive strength, split tensile and flexural strength behavior of concrete using chemically activated fly ash at 20% replacement of cement with water binder ratio 0.45 and also replacement of fine aggregates using M-sand by 10%, 20% & 30%. The results were compared with ordinary cement concrete and activated fly ash concrete...........

Keywords: Alkali Activated Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Manufactured Sand, ozzolanic, Split Tensile Strength

[1]. P. Arjunan, M.R.Silsbee, and D.M.Roy, Chemical Activation of Low Calcium Fly Ash Part : II Effect Of Mineral Composition On Alkali Activation, International Ash Utilization Symposium, Centre for applied Energy Research , University of Kentucky, #106.

[2]. Palaskar Satish Muralidhar, Strength Characteristics of Fly Ash Activated Concrete, International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, 3(4), 2015.

[3]. A.Fernandez-Jimenez, A. Palomo and M. Criado, Microstructure development of alkali-activated fly ash cement: a descriptive model, Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 2005, 1204 – 1209.

[4]. F. Blanco, M.P. Garcia, J. Ayala, G. Mayoral and M.A. Garcia, The effect of mechanically and chemically activated fly ashes on mortar properties, Fuel 85, 2006, 2018–2026.

[5]. Alexandre Silva de Vargas, Denise C.C. Dal Molin, Antônio C.F. Vilela , Felipe José da Silva, Bruno Pavão and Hugo Veit, The

Abstract: This paper presents new technique to develop the precast concrete beam column connection to be capable of mobilizing the beam`s negative moment and relieve percent of the direct reaction from column corbel to be direct transfer to the column core. This was achieved by providing twice additional new detail; the first new reinforcement details in the structural topping above the beam column connection to increase the capability of the beam section in negative zone. The second new modification is steel base plate between the column corbel and beam to shift the component of the beam reaction to the column core in trial to relief the direct column corbel reaction............

Keywords: Precast concrete, Beam column connection, Partial continuity, Simple support.

[1]. PCI Manual for the Design of Hollow Core Slabs, Precast/Pre-stressed Concrete Institute (PCI) [Chapter 5], American Concrete Institute ACI 224.1R-93, and others.
[2]. ACI 224.3R-95 "Joints in Concrete Construction", American Concrete Institute, Chicago, reapproved 2001.
[3]. ACI 116R-00 Cement and Concrete Terminology, Manual of Concrete Practice Part 1, American Concrete Institute, Chicago, 2004
[4]. ASTM C 920-86, Standard Guide for Use of Elastomeric Joint Sealants, Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 04.07.
[5]. ACI 503R-93 (Reapproved 1998)—Use of Epoxy Compounds with Concrete

Abstract: The bubble formation phenomenon in two-phase gas/liquid systems happens in several hydraulic
components, for example, valves and centrifugal pumps. This is a common occurrence, leading to a drop in
hydraulic performance, reduction of equipment efficiency, possible damage to the structure of pump and valve
components. In addition, it causes high vibration and noise and solid surface erosion. Previously published
works show that acoustic emission (AE) techniques can be used for monitoring and detectingcavitation bubble
formation and burst...........

Keywords: Acoustic Emission, bubble formation, boiling.

[1]. Addali A. Monitoring gas void fraction in two-phase flow with Acoustic Emission. Cranfield University; 2010.
[2]. Elforjani M M. Observations and Location of Acoustic Emissions for a Naturally Degrading Rolling Element Thrust Bearing. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention. 2008; Volume 8(4): p. 370.
[3]. Alhashan T, Elforjani M, Addali A, Teixeira J. Monitoring of Bubble Formation during the Boiling Process Using Acoustic Emission Signals. International Journal of Engineering Research & Science (IJOER). 2016; 2(4): 66–72.
[4]. Benes P, Uher M. Identification of liquid boiling by acoustic emission. 2009; (1): 1396–1401.
[5]. Alfayez L, Mba D, Dyson G. Detection of incipient cavitation and the best efficiency point of a centrifugal pump using Acoustic Emission. 2004; : 407–414.

Abstract: This paper present the comparative equivalent static and time history analysis of elevated encased composite column water tank is during earthquake. The RCC column staging of elevated water tank can be replace by a encases composite column staging water tank, because the RCC water tank developed the cracks during earthquake, result in loss of their of strength and stiffness, so increase performance of elevated water tank during earthquake to study the behavior of composite elevated water tank. Therefore the parametric study on mathematical model of six water tank are create in ETABS software...........

Keywords: Elevated encased composite column water tank, Static analysis, time history analysis, ETABS software. draft code part II IS 1893:2002.

[1]. S.K. Jain, U.S. Sameer , " Seismic design of frame staging for elevated water tanks", International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 6,June 2014.
[2]. Nitish A. Mohite, "Comparative Analysis of RCC and Steel-Concrete-Composite (B+G+11 Storey) Building", International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, Volume 5 Issue 10,October 2015.
[3]. IITK-GSDMA guideline for seismic design of liquid storage water tank.
[4]. IS 3370: (Part II)-1965 code of practice for concrete structures for storage of liquid part ii reinforced concrete structures.
[5]. IS 1893:2002 criteria for earthquake resistant design of structure.

Abstract: The use of Lagrange equations allow dynamical systems to be modeled as an assemblage of discrete masses connected by mass-less elements. The solution obtained is exact for such systems, but when a continuous system is modeled as having discrete masses connected by mass-less elements the results become approximate. The lumping of masses of a continuous system introduces an error in the system's mass distribution. This error can be redressed by redistributing the masses but an alternative solution will be making a corresponding modification in the systems' stiffness matrix. This was achieved by formulating the force equilibrium equations of discrete elements of a propped cantilever beam such systems under free longitudinal vibration using the Hamilton's principle and the principle of virtual work and the inherent forces causing vibration obtained..............

[1]. Ahmad Z and Campbell J (2013), Development of Two-dimensional Solver Code for Hybrid Model of Energy absorbing system. International Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol 8 (13) pp 510 – 525
[2]. Beaurepaire P and Schueller G. I. (2011) Modelling of the Variability of fatigue Crack growth using cohesive zone element, Engineering Fracture Mechanics Vol 78 Issue 12 pp 2399-2413 Elsevier
[3]. Benaroya H and Nagurka M. L (2010) Mechanical Vibration: Analysis, Uncertainties and Control 3rd Edition CRC Press Taylor and Frances Group USA
[4]. Blake R. E (2010) Basic Vibration Theory:Harris' shock and Vibration Handbook 6th Edition, McGraw Hill, New York
[5]. Ezeokpube G. C. (2002) Dynamic Response of Frames with stiffened joints subjected to lateral loads using the stiffness method, Unpublished M.Eng Thesis UNN

Abstract: Within the last few years there has been a rapid increase in the utilisation of aluminium silicon alloys, particularly in the aerospace structures, automobiles industries and military application, due to their high strength to weight ratio, high wear resistance, low density, and low coefficient of thermal expansions, excellent corrosion & wear resistance and ease of fabrication at reasonable cost. Because of their excellent cast ability it is possible to produce reliable castings, even in complex shapes, in which the minimum mechanical properties obtained in poorly fed sections are higher than in castings made from higher strength but lower cast ability alloys................

[1]. Dissertation of Ravi Shankar Raman in year 2011 for "to Study of Microstructure and mechanical properties of lead based silicon Aluminium alloy".
[2]. Jing li, Zhong-ping zhang, Qing sun, Chun-Wang li, and Rong-sui li a modified method to estimate fatigue parameters of wrought aluminium alloys, july 31, 2010).
[3]. A.Kara Karaaslan, I. Kaya and H. Atapek , Effect of aging temperature and of retrogression treatment time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of alloy 7075 , Metal Science and Heat Treatment Vol. 49, Nos. 9 – 10, 2007.
[4]. Kouichi Maruyama, Mayumi Suzuki, and Hiroyuki Sato,Creep strength of magnesium-based alloys, vol. 42, 2008.
[5]. I. N. Fridlyander,1 O. E. Grushko,1 and L. M. Sheveleva1, Heat hardened alloy v1341 for cold pressing of sheets, Vol. 46, Nos. 9 – 10, 2004

Abstract: This paper presented a simplified approach for quantifying the multi-criteria used in road projects prioritization in the developing countries considering the local conditions such as environmental, socio-economic conditions, local characteristics and materials resources. The study scope includes three stages; engineering studies, economic analysis, and quantifying the multi-criteria. Forty three road sections were selected in four governorates in Upper Egypt; Fayoum, Menia, Assuit and Sohag to cover agricultural and desert rural roads. The chosen roads also covered different land uses activities such as industrial, development and agricultural areas. The considered criteria included governorates roads priorities,................

Keywords: Road Priority, Multi-Criteria, Quantifying, Socio-Economic Evaluation

[1] Gannon, Colin and Zhi Liu (1997), "Poverty and Transport." TWU discussion papers, TWU-30, World Bank, Washington, DC.
[2] Van de Walle (2008), "Impact Evaluation of Rural Road Projects," September 2008, World Bank, 1818 H ST, NW, Washington, DC 20433.
[3] Van de Walle, Dominique (2002), "Choosing Rural Road Investments to Help Reduce Poverty," World Development, 30(4):575-589.
[4] Rodrigo Archondo-Callao (2004), "The Road Economic Decision Model (RED) for the Economic Evaluation of Low Volume Roads" SSATP Working Paper No. 78, World Bank.
[5] World Bank (2006), "Impact Evaluation and the Project Cycle," Doing Impact Evaluation Series No. 1, Thematic Group on Poverty Analysis, Monitoring and Impact Evaluation, PREM.
[6] S.A. Dewan and R.E. Smith (2002), "Estimating IRI from Pavement Distresses to Calculate Vehicle Operating Costs for the Cities and Counties of San Francisco Bay Area." Transportation Research Record 1816, Transportation Research Board; Washington, DC. p. 65-72.

Abstract: Our environment gets polluted day by day due to the disposal of sewage and industrial waste without proper treatment in a totally unscientific way. Environmental Engineering is concerned with all types of pollution and Industrial waste treatment is the core area under the present study. Dairy industry is one among the highly offensive waste generating areas which increases the pollution rate of the total environment. Dairy industry requires 2.5 to 4litres of water per litre of milk process which comes out as waste water. Various studies revealed that dairy waste water treatment is a complicated one. Waste water from dairy processing units contains dissolved sugars, proteins and fats which are organic in nature and biodegradable which liberates gases, causes taste and odour, and creates color and turbidity.............

Keywords: Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, dairy, Efficiency, Effluent Treatment Plant

[1]. A.S. Kolhe et.al; ―Effluent of Dairy Technology‖, International Research Journal, ISSN-0974-2832 Vol. II, Issue-5 (Nov.08-Jan.09)
[2]. Bharati S. Shete and N. P. Shinkar, ―Comparative Study of Various Treatments for Dairy Industry Wastewater‖, IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) e-ISSN: Vol. 3, Issue 8 (August. 2013), ||V4|| PP 42-47
[3]. Bharati S. Shete and N. P. Shinkar, ―Dairy Industry Wastewater Sources, Characteristics & its Effects on Environment‖, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.3, No.5 (December 2013)
[4]. BIS, Indian Standard 8682- 1977, Guide for Treatment and Disposal of Effluents of Dairy Industry, Third Reprint August 1998)

[5]. Dipali H. Chaiudhari and R.M. Dhoble, ―Performance Evaluation of Effluent Treatment Plant of Dairy Industry‖, Current World Environment Vol. 5(2), 373-378 (2010)

Abstract: Fatigue of materials is one of the failures that has occurred frequently and has been studied rather extensively. Such failures in metals may be induced either by large- scale hysteric heating which causes the metal to soften, or by fatigue crack initiation and propagation of final failure. The aim of the project work is to study experimentally the fatigue behaviour on materials under various surface finishes subjected to repeated cyclic loading. Totally eighteen specimens were tested for two types of materials such as Brass and En-24 in the fatigue testing machine by varying load (100 kgf , 125 kgf & 150kgf ) and surface roughness of the materials ( Ra= 2 μm , 1.5 μm & 0.8 μm ).The stress – life data (S-N) curves for those two materials are drawn and compared . It concludes the increase in the surface roughness increases the fatigue life by 22 %...............

Keywords: Fatigue behaviour, Surface roughness, SN curve, Brass, EN-24

[1]. A.F. Madayag, (1969), Metal fatigue: Theory and Design. John Wiley& sons.
[2]. Coffin, L.F. (1973). Fatigue at high temperatures, In: Fatigue at high temperatures, ASTM STP 520, pp. 5-43.
[3]. Osgood, C.C. (1982) Fatigue design -2ndedition, Pergamon press.
[4]. Bannantine, Julie, Comer, Jess, Handrock, James (1990) Fundamentals of metal fatigue analysis, Prentice Hall.
[5]. D.Callister, (1994), Materials science and Engineering-An introduction. 3rd ed. William John Wiley & sons.

Abstract: TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding and MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding are well known welding techniques, that are being used in industries in the current age. Aluminium is the most commonly used material in all industries. Aluminium is the second material in case of annual consumption after steel. Pure aluminium melts at 6600C and its alloys melts at slightly lower temperature. The crystal structure of aluminium is FCC and it is very ductile material. In this paper, the study is done to find out the best welding technique (TIG or MIG) for the aluminium alloy. The comparison is done on the basis of microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joint of TIG and MIG welding on aluminium alloy 6062. It was observed that MIG welding has better tensile strength, hardness, impact strength and microstructure compared to TIG welding for the used aluminium alloy.

Keywords: Aluminium alloy, AA-6062, Microstructure, MIG, TIG

[1] Patton, W. J. "The science and practice of welding. 4th ed." Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, pp. 111, 1967.
[2] Ghosh, A. and Mallik, A.K. "Manufacturing Science, 23rd ed." Eastern western press pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, pp. 319, 2005.
[3] R.R. Ambriz and V. Mayagoitia "Welding of Aluminum Alloys" Recent Trends in Processing and Degradation of Aluminium Alloys, Prof. Zaki Ahmad (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/18757, 2011.
[4] Balasubramanian, V. Ravisankar, V. Reddy, M. G. "Effect of pulsed current welding on mechanical properties of high strength aluminium alloy" International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 36(3):254-262, March 2008.

Abstract: In the context of advanced technology scientists and engineers use complex mechanics and control engineering to make power machines which can do human like work on large scale in mass production or intricate work like neural surgeries in medicine. This necessity has fueled the science of robotics and hence continuous research is being done in this field and recently incorporating other areas like biotechnology, genetics, nanotechnology, aerodynamics etc. to improve human lives in future. Robots find their application everywhere varying from space, military, medicine, domestic to manufacturing industries. The Crawler robot is a very popular project in these fields. Thus a lot of work is being done on this robot.

Keywords: Design, Stress Analysis, Robot, Control Systems, Embedded technology, RF Technology

[1]. Modeling and Control of an Under-Actuated Miniature Crawler Robot, by Jizhong Xiao.
[2]. Crawler Robot by Akiya Kamimura.
[3]. Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control - 3rd edition, by John J. Craig.
[4]. Robotics: Modelling, Planning and Control-1st ed. 2009 Edition, by Bruno Siciliano.
[5]. Fundamentals of Machine Theory and Mechanisms by Antonio Simón Mata.

Abstract: With the existing push in the direction of sustainable, clean sources of power, it is no surprise that solar power has become one of the most popular alternative energy sources. Free and available everywhere, the power of the sun can be employed to power everything like cell phones and motors. The sun's energy is usually harvested through solar panels that are made up of photovoltaic cells. These cells can convert the sun's power into electricity that can be used for a number of purposes. For private use, a handheld solar hybrid charger can be employed to recharge little device for instance a DC fan, a cell phone, or a camera. This project consists of Microcontroller based control unit that continuously monitors and controls the DC voltage of the battery. This live voltage value gets display on Alpha Numeric LCD display in real time..............

Keywords: Air compressor, Solar panel, Battery tank, Microcontroller circuit, Alpha Numeric LCD

[1] M. Li. C. J. Sun, R. Z. Wang, W. D. Cai, Development of No Valve Solar Ice Maker, Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 865–872
[2] M. Pons, J.J. Guillemiont, Design of an experimental solar-powered, solid-adsorption ice maker, Trans. ASME, J. Solar Energy Eng. 108 (4) (1986) 332–337.
[3] M. Li, R.Z. Wang, Y.X. Xu, J.Y. Wu, A.O. Dieng, Experimental study on dynamic performance analysis of a flat-plate solar solid-adsorption refrigeration for ice maker, Renew. Energy 27 (2002) 211–221
[4] Mrs. O. Hemalatha,Mr. S. Irfan Sadaq,Solar Based air Copmressor for Inflating Tyres, P-ISSN :2320-334x.volume II, Issue 5 ver.IV pp-29-33.
[5] Antonio Luque, Steven Hegedus, Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, 2ndedition by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., pp. 1014-1072, 2011.

Abstract: Road traffic injuries are a major cause of death and disability globally, with a disproportionate number occurring in developing countries. With the increase in urbanization and mobilization road safety has become a threat to vulnerable road user groups, children in particular. It is important to note the percentage of children under 15 killed in road crashes in developing countries is currently almost three times higher than that in highly motorized industrialized countries. In developing country like Bangladesh, this problem is degrading with increasing number of road accident deaths due to growth in population, motorization and urbanization. In Bangladesh, each year at least 3000 people are reported to be killed in road accidents of which 21 percent are children under 16 years of age................

Keywords: Child Road Safety; Road Safety Education; Developing countries; Traffic injury

[1]. ADB. (1996). Road Safety Guidelines for the Asian and Pacific Region. Manila: ADB.
[2]. ALLAN QUIMBY, "Teaching children in developing countries to be safe road users", TRL Limited (International Division), UK
[3]. BRTA. (2002). Road Safety Education for Children and Adult Pedestrians in Rural Areas . Dhaka: IMCT
[4]. DaCoTA. (2013, March 14). Children in Road Traffic. Retrieved January 05, 2016, from European Commission Directorate General for Mobility and Transport:www.dacota-project.eu
[5]. ESTHER MALINI, D. J. VICTOR, "Road safety education for children", Karunya Institute of Technology,Coimbatore&Indian Institute of Technology, Madras