iosr-JDMS   Volume-24 ~ Issue-1 ~ January 2025

Abstract: Background: Midline brain structures are critical for normal morphogenesis and function of the fetal brain. However, it is a diagnosis of congenital anomaly of midline brain structures. Job Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the role of 2D versus 4D ultrasound in the diagnosis of midline structures of the fetal brain in the second trimester of pregnancy. Patients and methods: 200 pregnant women in the second trimester [18–22 weeks] were selected. They are evaluated clinically to check the well-being of the woman and fetus. Then an examination of the midline stricture of the fetal brain is carried out using two- and four-dimensional ultrasound, which aims to find any abnormalities in the midline structure of the fetal brain. Both scans were compared with postnatal transcranial ultrasound......

Key Words: Two Dimensions; Four Dimensions; Midline Structure of the Fetal Brain; After birth; Transcranial Ultrasound.

[1] Hoekzema E, Barba-Müller E, Pozzobon C, Picado M, Lucco Aspects. Rom J Embryole Morphol. 2015;56[2]:393-400. Pmid: 26193204.
[2] F, García-García D, Soliva Jc, Tobeña A, Desco M, Crone Ea, Ballesteros A, Carmona S, Vilarroya O. Pregnancy Causes Long-Term Changes In Human Brain Structure. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20[2]:287-296. Doi: 10.1038/Nn.4458.
[3] Renna Md, Pisani P, Conversano F, Perrone E, Casciaro E, Renzo Gc, Paola Md, Perrone A, Casciaro S: Sonographic Markers For Early Diagnosis Of Fetal Malformations. Radio J World. October 28, 2013; 5[10]:356-71. Doi: 10.4329/Wjr.V5.I10.356.
[4] Morrison S. Group Genetic Counseling: An Alternative Service Delivery Model In A High-Risk Prenatal Screening Population. Prenatal Diagnosis 2017 Nov;37[11]:1112-1119. Doi: 10.1002/Pd.5149.
[5] Eyüboğlu I, Dinç G. Fetal Us And Mri In Detecting Craniospinal Anomalies With Postnatal Correlation: A Singlecenter Experience. Turkish J Med Sci. 2021 Jun 28;51[3]:1211-1219. Doi: 10.3906/Sag-2011-122.

Abstract: Babies have very small vitamin K reserves at birth. They are at risk of continuous bleeding if they do not have enough vitamin K to generate hemostasis. Internal or external hemorrhages can occur, including in the brain, at any time up to 6 months of age. Our aim is to remind you of the importance of taking vitamin K in newborns, and the clinical variability of the manifestations of not taking vitamin K. We report the case of a newborn at 10 days of age who had presented with exophthalmos since birth, and whose reason for consultation was a retro-orbital hematoma.........

[1] Https://Www.Sciencedirect.Com/Science/Article/Abs/Pii/S0929693x17302543#Preview-Section-References
[2] M.F. Deblay Et Al.Transplacental Vitamin K Prevents Haemorrhagic Disease Of Infant Of Epileptic Mother Lancet (1982)
[3] Townsend Cw. The Hemorrhagic Disease Of The Newborn. Arch Pediatr 1894; 11:559–65.
[4] Sutor Ah. Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding In Infants And Children. Semin Thromb Hemost 1995 ; 21(3) :317–29. [5] Jrrgensen Fs, Felding P, Vinther S, Andersen Ge Vitamin K To Neonates Peroral Versus Intramuscular Administration. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991 ; 80:304–7.

Abstract: Background: Fungal keratitis is a serious concern for ocular morbidity in developing country like India. It can lead to a variety of ocular complications, a major proportion of which is preventable with early intervention. As the treatment requires usage of topical medications for prolonged periods, the cost factors, socioeconomic and educational status of patients play a major role in the management and recovery. Materials and Methods: A study of 30 cases of fungal corneal ulcers was conducted in our hospital. A detailed history was taken and complete ocular and systemic examination was done.....

Key Word: Fungal Keratitis; Corneal ulcer; Natamycin; Topical Antifungals

[1] Srinivasan M, Gonzales Ca, George C, Cevallos V, Mascarenhas Jm, Asokan B, Et Al Epidemiology And Aetiological Diagnosis Of Corneal Ulceration In Madurai, South India Br J Ophthalmol.
[2] Vemuganti Gk, Garg P, Gopinathan U, Naduvilath Tj, John Rk, Buddi R, Et Al Evaluation Of Agent And Host Factors In Progression Of Mycotic Keratitis: A Histologic And Microbiologic Study Of 167 Corneal Buttons Ophthalmology. 2002;109:1538–46
[3] Bharathi Mj, Ramakrishnan R, Vasu S, Meenakshi R, Palaniappan R. Epidemiological Characteristics And Laboratory Diagnosis Of Fungal Keratitis. A Three-Year Study Indian J Ophthalmol. 2003;51:315
[4] Chang Hy, Chodosh J. Diagnostic And Therapeutic Considerations In Fungal Keratitis Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2011;51:33–42
[5] Keay Lj, Gower Ew, Iovieno A, Oechsler Ra, Alfonso Ec, Matoba A, Et Al Clinical And Microbiological Characteristics Of Fungal Keratitis In The United States, 2001-2007: A Multicenter Study Ophthalmology. 2011;118:920–6

Abstract: Backgrpound- The incidence of preterm delivery has increased due to increased incidence of assisted reproductive technology. Preterm delivery is the most common complication and is associated with high perinatal mortality. When preterm labour occurs, delivery of first fetus is inevitable. However, successfully delaying the delivery of the second fetus can be life-saving. Our study is on the role atosiban in DID i.e , delayed interval delivery in dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy. The study compromise of study on 62 cases, most of them presenting in emergency department of Geeta IVF centre with delivery of first preterm a twin, all cases were successfully managed with the use of atosiban prolonging the delivery in most of cases by 2 or 3weeks which was life saving for the second twin......

Key Words: DID, preterm delivery, dichorionic, atosiban, neonatal.

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Abstract: Exposure to grain dust and diesel exhaust accentuated respiratory disorders with declines in lung function. Personal exposure to high level to respirable dust increased the risk of lung function deterioration chronic exposure to alcohol and / or cigaratte smoke significantly impairs normal lung defense against inhaled Environmental toxins and pollutants. The immunological consequences of organic dust exposures in Agriculture workers microbial motifs indust can elicit differing immune receptors signaling pathways results in the robust inflammatory response and repetitive dust exposures modulate immunity.......

Keywords: Organic dust, PEFR, FEV1, FVC, Agricultural, Workers, Lung Functions.

[1] Cormier Y, Boulet Lp, Genest Fb: Effects Of Chronic Organic Dust Exposure On Respiratory Function And Airway Responsiveness In Peat Moss Factory Workers, Archives Of Environmental Health , Volume 45, 1990 Issue 1.
[2] Crook B, Robertson J.F, Travers Class S.A Botheroyd E.M, Lacey J, Topping M.D: Airborne Dust, Ammonia, Microorganisms And Antigens In Pig Confinement Houses And The Respiratory Health Of Exposed Farm Workers , American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Volume 52, 1991 Issue7.
[3] Zuskin E, Schachter En, Kanceljak B, Witek Jr Tj, Feinws Organic Dust Disease Of Airways, Volume 65 Pages, 135-140, (1993).
[4] Ulvestad B, Bakke B, Melbostad E, Fuglerud P, Kongerud J, Lund Mb: Increased Risk Of Obstructive Pulmonary Disease In Tunnel Workers, Samj , Volume 55 1998 Issue4.
[5] Osim Ee, Musabayanae Ct, Mufunda J: Lung Function Of Jimbabwean Farm Worker Exposed To Flue Curing And Stacking Of Tobacco Leaves, Samj, Volume 88, September 1998, No9.

Abstract: Introduction: Oral diseases are prevalent in general population worldwide. Most of them can be attributed to local factors, a majority of oral diseases occur due to a combination of both local and systemic factors. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of oral diseases and habits in Gursahaiganj of district Kannauj. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Gursahaiganj village of district Kannauj under the banner of Healthy Affordable Solutions Nationally for Aam Aadmi (HASNAA) from January 2024 to June 2024 in which population from two villages was included. Total numbers of people examined were 628 in which 434 were males and 194 were females respectively. Age range was between 10 -70 years. Dentition was also studied for decayed, filled and missing teeth. Habits were also included in the given study.......

Keywords: Oral health, Caries, Periodontitis, Prevention.

[1] Peres Ma, Macpherson Lmd, Weyant Rj, Daly B, Venturelli R, Mathur Mr, Et Al. Oral Diseases: A Global Public Health Challenge. The Lancet. 2019;394(10194):249–60.
[2] Richard G Watt, Blanaid Daly, Paul Allison Et Al. Ending The Neglect Of Global Oral Health : Time For Radical Action. The Lancet. 2019; 394 (10194):261-272.
[3] Lukacs Jr. Sex Differences In Dental Caries Experience: Clinical Evidence, Complex Etiology. Clin Oral Investig. 2011;15(5):649-656.
[4] Ioannidou E. The Sex And Gender Intersection In Chronic Periodontitis. Front Public Health. 2017;5:189.
[5] Janakiram C, Mehta A, Venkitachalam R. Prevalence Of Periodontal Disease Among Adults In India: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2020;10(4):800-806.

Abstract: Burns injury continues to be major health burden in the world. Early excision increases survival rate with early return to daily life. Aim: to compare morbidity in patients managed by early excision and grafting within 7 days of burns injury and those patients who were conservatively managed. Methodology: details of number of surgeries and type of surgery, blood transfusion (units) needed, aba criteria, length of hospital stay and incidence of sepsis are collected. Conclusion: early excision and grafting in burns has clear advantages and the treatment ends faster, however due to poor availability of skin substitutes, early excision is restricted to less than 20%. With availability of cadaveric allograft excision can be done upto 30% tbsa burns

Keywords: burns, early excision, cadaveric allograft, skin substitutes, tertiary care center.

[1] Janzekovic Z. (1970). A New Concept In The Early Excision And Immediate Grafting Of Burns. The Journal Of Trauma, 10(12), 1103–1108.
[2] Indian J Plast Surg. 2019 Sep; 52(3): 337–342. Published Online 2019 Dec 26. Doi: 10.1055/S-0039-3402707
[3] Vinita P, Khare N A, Chandramouli M, Nilesh S, Sumit B. Comparative Analysis Of Early Excision And Grafting Vs Delayed Grafting In Burn Patients In A Developing Country. J Burn Care Res. 2014;37(05):278–282.
[4] Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Burns.2023.01.013

Abstract: Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) has revolutionized pediatric emergency medicine by enabling rapid, bedside imaging to enhance diagnostic accuracy and guide interventions. This systematic review evaluates the current applications of POCUS in pediatric emergency settings worldwide, focusing on its role in diagnosing respiratory conditions, trauma, cardiac emergencies, and abdominal pathologies. We explore its advantages, including non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness, alongside challenges such as operator dependency and training requirements. By synthesizing global evidence, this review underscores POCUS's transformative impact and offers recommendations for its integration into pediatric emergency care protocols..

Keywords: Point-of-Care Ultrasound, POCUS, Pediatric emergency medicine, Bedside imaging, Global health, Diagnostic tools.

[1] Shokoohi H, Boniface Ks, Mccarthy M. Point-Of-Care Ultrasound In Pediatric Emergencies: An Update. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2020;36(2):146-52.
[2] Perera P, Mailhot T, Riley D, Mandavia D. The Fast Exam: Principles And Practice. Critical Care Clinics. 2014;30(1):127-49.
[3] Vieira Rl, Hsu D, Nagler J. Pediatric Applications Of Point-Of-Care Ultrasound. Pediatric Clinics Of North America. 2016;63(1):123-34.
[4] Marin Jr, Lewiss Re. Point-Of-Care Ultrasonography By Pediatric Emergency Physicians. Jama Pediatrics. 2015;169(6):594-600.
[5] Neesse A, Braunstein Vl, Kuchelmeister K. Pocus In Low-Resource Settings. Frontiers In Pediatrics. 2021;9:657.

Abstract: Sepsis remains a leading cause of mortality in children worldwide, with its management posing unique challenges due to its complex pathophysiology and rapid progression. Recent advancements in biomarkers and bedside monitoring technologies are transforming the early detection and management of pediatric sepsis. This review highlights key innovations, including the role of novel biomarkers, point-of-care testing, and advanced monitoring tools, in improving outcomes for children with sepsis. By evaluating current evidence and emerging trends, this article provides insights into optimizing pediatric sepsis care and reducing global mortality rates.

Keywords: Pediatric sepsis, Biomarkers, Bedside monitoring, Point-of-care testing, Sepsis management, Global health

[1] Reinhart K, Et Al. Recognizing Sepsis As A Global Health Priority. New England Journal Of Medicine. 2017;377(5):415-17.
[2] Weiss Sl, Et Al. Global Epidemiology Of Pediatric Severe Sepsis: The Sepsis Prevalence, Outcomes, And Therapies Study. Jama Pediatrics. 2015;169(6):572-78.
[3] Vincent Jl, Et Al. Advances In Sepsis Biomarkers. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2020;16(3):135-46.
[4] Scott Hf, Et Al. Biomarkers In Pediatric Sepsis. Pediatric Clinics Of North America. 2017;64(5):1071-84.
[5] Wynn Jl, Et Al. The Host Response To Sepsis In Neonates. Pediatric Research. 2014;75(5-6):599-607.

Abstract: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Digital Therapeutics (DTx) has emerged as a transformative trend in healthcare, offering innovative solutions for the management, treatment, and prevention of various medical conditions. DTx, defined as clinically validated software-based therapeutic interventions, are increasingly leveraging AI technologies, including machine learning, deep learning, and advanced data analytics, to enhance their efficacy, personalization, and scalability. This literature review explores the state-of-the-art developments in AI-driven DTx, focusing on key applications, underlying technologies, and regulatory considerations........

Keywords: AI in Digital Therapeutics, DTx, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Predictive Analytics, Personalized Healthcare, Software as a Medical Device, Digital Health, Clinical Validation, Data Privacy, Healthcare Integration, mHealth.

[1] Bmg. (2020). Digital Healthcare Act. Bundesgesundheitsministerium.
[2] Dehling, T., Gao, F., Schneider, S., & Sunyaev, A. (2015). Exploring The Far Side Of Mobile Health: Information Security And Privacy Of Mobile Health Apps. Jmir Mhealth And Uhealth, 3(1), E8. Https://Doi.Org/10.2196/Mhealth.3672
[3] Freespira. (2020). Ai-Driven Biofeedback For Panic Disorder. Freespira Clinical Reports.
[4] Fda. (2020). Regulatory Framework For Ai-Driven Dtx. U.S. Food And Drug Administration.
[5] Grafe, A., & Baumeister, H. (2020). Digital Mental Health Interventions For Depression: A Systematic Meta-Review. Internet Interventions, 19, 100315. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Invent.2020.100315

Abstract: The literature review clearly established that human oral microbiota control oral and systemic health. Current studies show that periodontal disease has close links with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. In the context of this review, the complex interplay between oral microbiota changes, oral inflammation and systemic inflammation will be discussed, with reference to bacterial translocation, immunomodulation, and systemic inflammatory response. Knowledge of these pathways suggests directions regarding intercessions of the human diseases and favors the vital role of dental hygienic practices in reducing body diseases.

Keywords: Oral microbiome, periodontal disease, chronic conditions, systemic inflammation, microbial dysbiosis.

[1] Kapila, Y.L., 2021. Oral Health's Inextricable Connection To Systemic Health: Special Populations Bring To Bear Multimodal Relationships And Factors Connecting Periodontal Disease To Systemic Diseases And Conditions. Periodontology 2000, 87(1), Pp.11-16.
[2] Sedghi, L., Dimassa, V., Harrington, A., Lynch, S.V. And Kapila, Y.L., 2021. The Oral Microbiome: Role Of Key Organisms And Complex Networks In Oral Health And Disease. Periodontology 2000, 87(1), Pp.107-131.
[3] Di Stefano, M., Polizzi, A., Santonocito, S., Romano, A., Lombardi, T. And Isola, G., 2022. Impact Of Oral Microbiome In Periodontal Health And Periodontitis: A Critical Review On Prevention And Treatment. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences, 23(9), P.5142.
[4] Genco, R.J. And Sanz, M., 2020. Clinical And Public Health Implications Of Periodontal And Systemic Diseases: An Overview. Periodontology 2000, 83(1), Pp.7-13.
[5] Lee, Y.H., Chung, S.W., Auh, Q.S., Hong, S.J., Lee, Y.A., Jung, J., Lee, G.J., Park, H.J., Shin, S.I. And Hong, J.Y., 2021. Progress In Oral Microbiome Related To Oral And Systemic Diseases: An Update. Diagnostics, 11(7), P.1283.

Abstract: Background: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a compound joint also called as synovial joint, including temporal bone, movable mandible, numerous musculatures, articular disc and ligaments. There are various low grade inflammatory joint diseases which include osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) and high grade joint inflammatory diseases which include arthritis (RA- Rhematoid Arthritis). Diagnosing any of abovementioned is mandatory so that a proper treatment can be given to patients and thus the good prognosis. There are various method of diagnosing TMJ osteoarthritis but the best is Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). The treatment of TMDs is controversial, which has been divided into three categories- non surgical, minimal invasive and surgical. Thus in the present review, the role of PRP and Intra-articular steroids as a novel therapeutic agent has been discussed.

[1] Akash Rajput ,Vishal Bansal, Prajesh Dubey And Ankit Kapoor . (2020). A Comparative Analysis Of Intra-Articular Injection Of Platelet Rich Plasma And Arthrocentesis In Temporomandibular Joint Disorders. Journal Of Maxillofacial Oral Surgery 21(1):168–175.
[2] Shang-Lun Lin, Chiang-Chin Tsai, Shang-Liang Wu, Shun-Yao Ko, Wei-Fan Chiang, Jung Wu Yang . (2018). Effect Of Arthrocentesis Plus Platelet-Rich Plasma And Platelet-Rich Plasma Alone In The Treatment Of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis A Retrospective Matched Cohort Study(A Strobe-Compliant Article) .Medicine 97:16(E0477).
[3] Abbadi W, Kara Beit Z, Al-Khanati N M. (November 11, 2022). Arthrocentesis, Injectable Platelet-Rich Plasma And Combination Of Both Protocols Of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Management: A Single-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. Cureus 14(11): E31396.
[4] Dworkin Sf. And Leresche L. (1992 Fall). Research Diagnostic Criteria For Temporomandibular Disorders: Review, Criteria, Examinations And Specifications, Critique. Journal Of Craniomandibular Disorders. 6(4):301-55.
[5] Madhumita Batabyal, Indranil Sen, Rabi Hembrom, Pradip Kumar Ray, Arijit Nag, Kapil Bala, Jayanta Barman And Anamika Anamika. ( December 2023). Platelet Rich Plasma Versus Corticosteroid With Local Anaesthetic In Tmj Disorder. Bengal Journal Of Otolaryngology And Head Neck Surgery. 31 (3), 129-135.

Abstract: This case report details the presentation, diagnosis, and management of psychogenic vomiting in a 13-year-old female, emphasizing the interplay of psychological factors and family dynamics. The patient presented to the Department of Respiratory Medicine with complaints of recurrent episodes of vomiting, which had a reddish color and were initially diagnosed as hemoptysis. However, after a thorough investigation, all organic and systemic causes were ruled out, and the patient's symptoms were attributed to anxiety and emotional stressors. Management included pharmacotherapy with Escitalopram and Clonazepam, as well as psychological interventions such as supportive psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. The patient showed significant improvement in symptoms and quality of life, highlighting the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach in treating psychogenic vomiting.

Keywords: Psychogenic vomiting, Hemoptysis, Adolescent mental health, Emotional stressors.

[1] American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders (5th Ed.). Washington, Dc: American Psychiatric Publishing.
[2] Bhargava, R., & Sethi, S. (2019). Functional Vomiting Disorders In Children: An Overview. Pediatric Gastroenterology And Hepatology, 12(4), 234-240.
[3] Chatoor, I., & Ganiban, J. (2003). Food Refusal In Children: A Review Of The Literature. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(10), 1211-1219.
[4] Kumar, A., & Verma, A. (2017). Psychogenic Vomiting: A Review Of Current Understanding And Management. Indian Journal Of Psychiatry, 59(3), 324-329.