IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-10 ~ Oct-2014

Abstract: There has been a progressive decline in the rate of achievement of students in schools in the recent times and this has led to a wide spread concern among considerable public about the methods used in the classroom learning. This article discusses some issues in the assessment of effective classroom learning in Nigeria. Specifically, the article explains the characteristics of effective learning and the tips for assessing classroom learning. The article submits that for any meaningful learning to take place, there ought to be an assessment during the course of instruction (formative assessment) so that students and teachers can receive feedback. It is affirmed that formative classroom assessment is not only the bond that holds teaching and learning together but it can motivate and shape learning as well as helps teachers to gauge student's mastery of required skills in addition to helping teachers determine whether students are prepared for testing that are often used for high-stake decisions. The article posits that what teachers assess, how they assess, and how teachers communicate their results send a clear message to students about what is worth learning, how it should be learned, and how well the teachers expect them to perform. The paper emphasizes that regular classroom assessment should be made an integral part of teaching, and that it should be used to inform and enhance the instruction and learning that goes on everyday in classrooms in Nigeria.

Keywords: Classroom, assessment, learning, formative assessment, education, Nigeria

[1]. Emaikwu, S. O. (2012). Assessment of the impact of students‟ mode of admission into university and their academic achievement in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 1 (3), 23-30.
[2]. Emaikwu, S.O. (2013). Fundamentals of test, measurement and evaluation with psychometric theories. Makurdi: Selfer Academic Press Ltd.
[3]. Emaikwu, S.O. (2014). Recent developments in the conduct of examination in Nigerian Universities: The clarion call for urgent utilization of objective test items. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 4 (7), 220-229.
[4]. Etukudo, U. E. (2006). The effect of computer assisted instruction on gender and performance of junior secondary school in mathematics. ABACUS Journal of Mathematical Association of Nigeria. 27 (1), 1-8
[5]. Onah, A. E. (2012). Effect of motivation on students‟ performance in mathematics. An undergraduate project submitted at the Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi

Abstract: Conventional products are often decorated by incision, stamping, embossment, sprigging, graffito and glazing. However, some pieces are often marred by the kind of finishing that are given to them, particularly, inappropriate glazes. Therefore, the introduction of beads on ceramics wares might be a remedy to cushion the problem. The experimental process of this study went through the sourcing and processing of materials which include: Clay and kaolin collection, beneficiating the materials, production on the potter's wheel and drying, bisque and glaze firing. While the beads design entailed collecting assorted colours of beads and strand, passing the strands through the beads and finally hanging on the ceramics vases in a creative manner. Bead design on ceramic ware added value and enhanced the texture and aesthetic qualities of the products produced. This is a pointer to the fact that other non-conventional materials could be explored for such products to inspire and educate producers to increase creativity.

Keywords: Creative, mix media, beads, glaze, ceramics

[1] Asmah A.E, Frimpong C., Asinyo B. (2013), Enhancing the Value of Indigenous Pottery Products with Surface Decoration Methods & Macramé, retrieved 17 July, 2014Arts and Design Studies. ISSN 2224-6061 (Paper) ISSN 2225-059X (Online) Vol.8, 2013 www.iiste.org.
[2] Ibebabuchi .A .O (2012) Bead making and Ornamentation in Nigeria, © 2014 Vanguard Media Limited, Nigeria Retrieved from http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/bead-making-and-ornamentation-in-nigeria/

[3]JohnsonR.L.(2014),Ceramics,retrieved15July, 2014 http://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Ceramics/ceramics.htm

[4] Callum R.M. (1997), the history of beads, retrieved 15 July, 2014 http://www.sicc.sk.ca/archive/saskindian/a97jun20.htm

[5] Donnette (2014), The History of African Bead Crafting, Retrieved 15 July, 2014 http://donnette.squidoo.com/african-bead-crafting

Abstract: Folktale is one of the popular sources of entertainment. From time immemorial it has been considered as an important asset of our society. They are the literary creations of a society which may be taken as the common property shared by all. Psychoanalysis is a tool by which one can interpret the meaning of folktale. Such kind of analysis is essential to understand the society and its people. Tales told for amusement has become a subject of serious study in the 19th century. It reflects the fantasies of people metaphorically. The analysis and interpretation of metaphors provide insights into the social problems and behaviour of people everywhere. The aim of this study is to highlight the significance of folktale interpretation for proper understanding of the society and its associated problems. This study is confined to the folktale analysis of Freudian method. Some other psychological or sociological approaches may also prove useful in the analysis and interpretation of folktale. For this, other methods or techniques of analysis should be used in combination with psychoanalytical method to explore voices of the people.

Keywords: Defence mechanism, Folktale, Interpretation, Psychoanalysis, Repression

[1]. Alan Dundes, 1975. Analytical essays in Folklore (Mouton Publishers: The Hague, 1975)
[2]. Alan Dundes, Interpreting Folklore ( Indiana University Press Bloomington, 1980)
[3]. Alan Dundes, The study of Folklore ( Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1965)
[4]. Alan Dundes, Fire in the dragon and other psychoanalytic essays on folklore( Princeton University Press: New Jersey, 1912 )
[5]. Sand Aarne Thompson, (ed.) The Types of the Folktale ( Indiana University: Helsinki, 1961)
[6]. Metraux, "Trickster", In Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend ed. by Maria Leach Vol.2 ( Funk and Wagnalls Company: New York, 1949)

Abstract: Indian epics are held in high esteem and revered as a sacred text. Ramayana and Mahabharata belong to this genre. Ramayana is regarded as the "mahākāvya‟ written by the Ādikavi Valmiki. Though it refers to the story of Rama, the characters and emotions expressed takes the story of Ramayana to great heights. It is an emotive story which has in it all the nine rasas along with bhāvas, vibhāvas and anubhāvas.The sentiments and emotions behind the portrayal of a character can be better understood with help of performing arts like music, drama or dance, as they convey the expressions more effectively. Female characters have always been regarded important in any literary text. Bharata in Nātyashāstra, refers to these important women characters as "Nāyika". Each character expresses a strong personality and nature which changes emotionally depending on the situations. These kinds of changes give ample scope to study various individuals with reference to characteristics of "nāyikas‟.The women characters in Ramayana(from the central character of Sita to the other peripheral characters) are all integral part of the entire narration. This paper titled "Nāyika-bheda in Ramayana‟ is a study on the portrayal of Nāyika-bhedas according to Nātyashāstra, with reference to women characters of Ramayana.

Keywords: Ramayana, Nāyika-bheda, Nātyashāstra, women characters, dance, performing arts

[1] V. S Srinivas Shastri, Lectures on Ramayana. (Chennai: Madras Samskrit Academy, 1961)

[2] ChoodamaniNandagopal, Textual and Contextual Dynamism in Ramayana Sculptures, Proc. CPR Conference,Chennai, C.P. R. Institute of Indological Research, 2013

[3] N RanganathaSharma, Sri RamakathaManjari(Bangalore: Ramayana Prakashana, 2000)

[4] KapilaVatsyayan, Indian Classical Dance (New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of I&B, Govt. of India, 2007)

[5] Romesh C Dutt, The Valmiki Ramayana (New Delhi: Vijay Goel Publishers, 2010)

[6] PappuVenugopal Rao, Rasamanjari of Bhanudatta: An Insight into the Classification of Nayikas and Nayakas (Chennai: Pappu‟s Academic and Cultural Trust, 2011)

Abstract: The state of Manipur is situated in the north – eastern corners of India between latitude 23.83◦ N and longitude 93.03◦ E. The state is bounded by Nagaland in the north, Cachar district of Assam in the west, Mizoram in the South and Myammar (Burma) in the South East and East. The capital of the state is Imphal, situated at an altitude of 790m above mean sea level .The total geographical area of the state is 22, 327 sq. km .Of this 2200 sq.Km. i.e. about 10 % of the total area forms the valley surrounded by columns of lofty hills on all sides. As per Census 2011, the total population of Manipur on 1st March 2011 is 2,570,390. The number of literates in Manipur is 1768181 according to Census 2011. The male Literacy Rate works out to 86.1 percent (Rural-83.4 percent; Urban-91.7 percent). The Female Literacy Rate works out to 72.4 percent (Rural 68.9 per cent; Urban 79.3 percent).[2] The various people living in Manipur are

[1] R.K.Sapru,Women and development(Delhi: Ashish Publishing House,1989).

[2] Directorate of Employment Exchange, Statistical Handbook of Manipur, (Government of Manipur, 2011).

[3] Ksh.Bimola Devi, Manipuri women a study, in Sanajaoba (Ed.), Manipur Past and Present,(Delhi: Mittal Publications,1988).

Abstract: According to a recent Indian Government committee constituted to estimate poverty, nearly 38% of India's population is poor. More than 75% of poor people reside in villages. Rural poverty is largely a result of low productivity and unemployment. In order to alleviate rural poverty by generating employment and creation of sustainable assets in Rural India, Government of India brought in the flagship programme called Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005. However, Social security programmes are not free from flaws. So is the case with MGNREGA. This article highlights the issues and challenges being faced by Government while implementing the world's largest employment generating programme and the issues among the people covered under the scheme.

Key words: Creation of sustainable assets, Generation of rural employment, MGNREGA, Rural poverty, Social security.

[1]. Beg, Mansoor Ahmad – ‗MGNREGA: Empowering Rural Poor through Wage Employment'; Neha Publishers & Distributors, Jaipur, 2012.
[2]. Dreze, J. and Reetika Khera -‗The Battle for Employment Guarantee'; Frontline, Vol. 26 No. 1, 2009.
[3]. Gaiha, Raghav – ‗Battling Corruption: Has NREGA Reached India's Rural Poor'; Oxford University Press, Delhi, 2013.
[4]. Government of India - ‗The National Rural Employment Act', Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi, 2008.
[5]. Govt. of India, Ministry of RD, RD Dept. - ‗National Rural Employment Guarantee Act - Some Reports from the Field', 2006-07.
[6]. Ministry of Rural Development- ‗Rural Development Schemes issue'; Kurukkshetra Vol 62 No.4, February 2014.
[7]. Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India – ‗India Rural Development Report 2012-13'; Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, 2014.

Abstract: Every community, society or country faces challenges of development, either to develop or mange the consequences of its development efforts. Third World or developing countries face peculiar situations of poverty, malnutrition, conflicts, natural disasters, among others. Governments and other stakeholders have the onerous task of sensitizing and mobilizing the citizenry to take action or embrace programmes aimed at improving their socio-economic well-being. To enhance success, the mass media and other channels of communication become indispensable in information dissemination or behaviour change communication. Considering the diversity of development uses faced by different societies in the developing countries and the disparity in their levels of income, education and infrastructure as well as cultural dynamics, specific or a combination of mass media and other channels of communication may become ideal for development communication in such communities.

[1]. Atkin C. & Wallack, L. (1990). Mass Communication and Public Health: Complexities and Conflicts. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
[2]. Bassett, Guy (2001). "Participatory Development Communication: Development Communication in West Africa and Central Africa-Towards a Research and Intervention Agenda‟ http/www.idrc.ca/en/ei, retrived Sept1, 2014.
[3]. Burke, Adam (1999). Communication and Development. a Practical Guide: Social Development Division, Department for International Development. London, United Kingdom.
[4]. McQuail, Denis and Windahl Sven (1993). Communication Model for the Study of Mass communication. England: Pearson Educational Limited and Associate Companies.
[5]. Obot, Charles D. (2010). "Enhancing Community Development through Intermodal Communication Systems‟ in Ebenezer Soola, Herbert Batta and Chinenye Nwabueze (eds.), Communication and Africa‟s Development Crisis. Germany: VDM Verlag Dr. Műllier GmbH & Co. KG.

Abstract: There has been limited information about the use of Electronic Patients Records (EPRs) in private hospitals of Jordan. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of health care quality on nurses by using electronic patient records in private Jordanian hospitals. The research will try to concentrate on the factors that may affect the health care quality for the nurses when using EPRs. All EPRs advantages and disadvantages and how it could be used in order to enhance the nurses' heath care quality will be taken in considerations to finally enhance the nursing services and make it as easy and fast as possible. Through this study knowledge is given about the use of EPRs in Jordanian private hospitals to facilitate quality health care to the patients and increase efficiency and speed at which each patient is diagnosed and medicated. From the study conducted to the medical practitioners from ages of 20 and above, indicated that 69% were moderately satisfied with the quality health care provided to the patient. 87% of the Nurses had information about EPRs and 91% of them believe that the use of EPRs affected the quality of healthcare positively. From the same study it is clear that EPRs has been applied in many private hospitals for more than five years now.

Keywords: Health Care Quality, Electronic Patient/Health Records, Quality Improvement

[1] Overview Brochure. Electronic Health Records, Cisco Systems, Inc, 2005.
[2] Spath, P. INTRODUCTION TO HEALTHCARE QUALITY MANAGEMENT, 2013.
[3] Zhang, J and Patel, V. Electronic Health Records, pp: 35-36, 2008.
[4] Hughes, R. Tools and Strategies for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses, 3, 2009.
[5] Shojania, K,J, McDonald, K, M, Wachter, R, M, Owens and D, K. Closing the Quality Gap: A Critical Analysis of Quality Improvement Strategies. Stanford University–UCSF Evidence-based Practice Center, Stanford, CA, 2004.

Abstract: Although the people in Manado Tua, Bunaken was had the fish farms as they resource but the fact is they still included in fallen behind village. Since 1998 to increased the people prosperity they had used catch equiyment with the exact technology, but they can't really felt the advantage of the technology yet because of the own culture and still used is 100 respondents consisted of out of 50 public respondents using simple technology and 50 public respondents usage precise technology. Data analysis applies correlation produck moment and test t. From result of research according to hypothesis the simple technologi to increased their income. A'ccording to this problem, whitter have a research about the influence of the simple catch equiyment with the exact technology to increased the people prosperity Purpose of research is with knows how far earnings and prosperity of public countryside Manado Tua by using simple technology, and know are there improvement of earnings and prosperity of public by using usage precise technology.

Keywords: earnings, prosperity, simple technologies, precise technology

[1]. Abdullah Hanafi, 1986, Socializes New Ideas, National Business of Surabaya.
[2]. Heartfelt Corpulent of THORIUM, 2002, Middle small industry in Indonesia, Some Issu Penting, Publisher Salemba. Jakarta.
[3]. Kast Frembut E & Rosenzwerg Yones E, 2002, Organization & Management, Bina Aksara, Jakarta Radjawali.
[4]. Rahardjo Dawan, 1986, Tranformasi Pembinaan, Industrialization and job activity, UI PRESS JAKARTA.
[5]. Reppie E, Dkk, 1995, An Economic Analysis about Proyek Inpres log countryside in the field of Perikanan in Kecamatan Likupang, Sub-Province Minahasa, Fakultas Perikanan Unsrat

Abstract: Understanding precise insight and unawareness of illness in psychosis has been a puzzlefor the researchers and clinicians for a long time.Various attempts were made to understand insight in its cognitive, neurological, cultural and social roots.Insight in cognitive psychologists view is the external attribution about the illness but researchers with psychodynamic approaches found that insight has emotional and intellectual forms base indeed.
According to Amador et al (Amador, 2004) insight is a multi-dimensional construct these includes:(Association, 2000)1.Awareness of mental disorder, 2.Understanding the social consequences of the disorder, 3.Awareness of the need for treatment, 4.Awareness of specific signs and symptoms of the disorder and, 5.The attribution of symptoms to disorder.The classification of insight is based on three aspects 1.Persons with complete insight (aware and correct attributes) 2.Persons being aware of not well and misattributes (aware and misattributes) 3.Those completelynot aware of being ill(Roth, Flashman, Saykin, McAllister, & Vidaver, 2004

[1]. Addington, J., & Addington, D. (2008). Social and cognitive functioning in psychosis. Schizophr Res, 99(1-3), 176-181. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.07.004
[2]. Aleman, A., Agrawal, N., Morgan, K. D., & David, A. S. (2006). Insight in psychosis and neuropsychological function: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry, 189, 204-212. doi: 10.1192/bjp.189.3.204
[3]. Amador, X. F. (1998). The description and meaning of insight in psychosis. New York: Oxford University Press.
[4]. Amador, X. F., & David, A. S. (1998). Inside knowledge – cultural construction of insight in psychosis. In C. E. Kirmayer L.J (Ed.), Insight and Psychosis. (pp. 193-220). New York: Oxford University Press.
[5]. Amador, X. F., Flaum, M., Andreasen, N. C., Strauss, D. H., Yale, S. A., Clark, S. C., & Gorman, J. M. (1994). Awareness of illness in schizophrenia and schizoaffective and mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 51(10), 826-836.
[6]. Amador, X. F., Strauss, D. H., Yale, S. A., Flaum, M. M., Endicott, J., & Gorman, J. M. (1993). Assessment of insight in psychosis. Am J Psychiatry, 150(6), 873-879.

Abstract: Background: Most of the research conclusively states that institutionalization of children has an adverse impact on their development, growth, and health. Institutionalized care becomes the only option to some children owing to several conditions like poverty, helplessness and others. Under such circumstances it is believed that institutional care is beneficial to them and a better option than home based care. The present study was intended to determine the role of type of care and gender on psychosocial problems and well being in children. Method: A 2 X 2 factorial design with type of care and gender as the two factors was employed. 40 children under institutional care and 76 children living with their parents were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Adolescent Well Being Scale. Results: Type of care has an impact on almost all the dimensions measured, with institutionalized children showing more internalizing problems, externalizing problems and poor well being. Conclusions: Institutional care has an adverse impact on children leading to poor health outcomes. Care providers in the institutions have to adopt strengths and resilience based approach which focuses on protective factors and encourages the development of skills and traits that help in coping with difficulties. This would work towards improving the health of the institutionalized children.
Key Words: internalizing problems, externalizing problems, well being, children, type of care

[1]. Aangan Trust (2010). Annual Report March 2009- March 2010, Aangan India, Mumbai Retrieved on December 15, 2012 from http://aanganindia.org/pdf/Annual%20Report-2009-2010.pdf
[2]. Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E., Roshani, M., Hassanabadi, H., Masoudian, Z. & Afruz, G. A. (2011). Risk and protective factors for residential foster care adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(1), 1-15. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.08.005
[3]. Birleson, P. (1981). The validity of Depressive Disorder in Childhood and the Development of a Self-Rating Scale; a Research Report. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 22: 73–88. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1981.tb00533.x
[4]. Browne, K. (2009). The risk of harm to young children in institutional care. London, Save the Children UK. Retrieved on December 15, 2012 from http://www.crin.org/docs/The_Risk_of_Harm.pdf
[5]. Dell'Aglio, D. D., & Hutz, C. S. (2004). Depression and school achievement of institutionalized children and adolescents. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 17(3), 351-357.

Abstract: The case study presented here, deals with the subject of second language acquisition making at the same time an effort to show as much as possible how L1 was acquired and the ways L1 affected L2, through the process of examining a Greek girl who has been exposed to the English language from the age of eight. Furthermore, I had the chance to analyze the method used by the frontistirio teachers and in what ways this method helps or negatively influences children regarding their performance in the four basic skills. We will evaluate the evidence acquired by the girl by studying briefly the basic theories provided by important figures in the field of L2. Finally, I will also include my personal suggestions and the improvement of the child's abilities and I will state my opinion clearly.

Keywords: case study, children, Greece, second language acquisition, skills

[1]. Ellis, Rod. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press, 2003.
[2]. Harmer, Jeremy. The Practice of English Language Teaching, Longman editions. England, 2001
[3]. Nunan, David. Research Methods in Language Learning. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
[4]. Wade, Carole & Tavris, Carol. Psychology, Pearson Education, New Jersey, 2003: 7th edition.
[5]. Yule, George. The Study of Language. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2004

Abstract: This study analyzes the social welfare effect of gender inequality in human capital development (education and employment) across rural and urban Nigeria. Using Nigeria most recent data set on labour force survey by NBS, which captures labour force participation by gender, gender unemployment by educational level and sector, gender schooling ratio, gender population growth rate and economic active participation by gender this study investigated how differently, gender inequality in education and employment affects women across rural and urban regions. To unravel this, we adopted Shorrock and Alkinson Generalized Lorenz approach to welfare dominance and inequality decomposition. We ranked gender inequality on education and employment by rural and urban. The major finding is that female unemployment by educational level is predominant in the urban sectors compared to the rural sectors. Other findings are that gender inequality is higher in labour force participation when compared with education in Nigeria. We therefore recommend that for Nigeria steady economic growth to translate positively to socio-economic of her citizens, the war against gender inequality should go beyond sectoral or zone, it should be generally pursued. Also for the goals of the Transformation Agenda to be fully realised, the current situation of women must be factored into policy formulation and implementation.

Key word: Gender inequality, Human capital, and sectoral dominance (Rural and Urban).

[1]. Ahmad, A., Hossain, H., Mahabub and L., Manik (2005), "Inequality in the Access to Secondary Education and Rural Poverty in Bangladesh: An Analysis of Household and School Level Data", Paper presented at the Workshop on Equity and Development in South Asia organized by the World bank in 2004, New Dehli, India.
[2]. Blackden, M.; Canagarajah, S.; Klasen, S., and Lawson, D., (2007), Gender and growth in
[3]. Chaudhry, I.S. (2007), "Impact of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Growth: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan", The Pakistan Horizon Vol.60, No.4, 2007
[4]. Development 30(2): 207-225.
[5]. Esteve-Volart, Berta, (2004). "Gender Discrimination and Growth: Theory and Evidence from India‟, STICERD Discussion Papers DEDPS42, LSE: London.
[6]. FAO. (2002). F.A.O Report to "The new partnership for Africa‟s development": Land and water resources issues and agricultural development, 22nd Regional Conference for Africa, Cairo, 4-8 February 2002. Feminist Economics 1(2):21-46.

Abstract: The author investigated the effects of university fresh science and technology-based students' writing strategies on their professional orientation. A pre test – post test design was carried out and scores computed based on a two sampled t- test. Qualitative data revealed variation between pure science students and those in business related programmes in terms of acquisition and application of specific writing strategies. However, quantitative data showed no remarkable difference in performance between the two categories of university freshmen. Students across disciplines are, therefore, required to interact both before and during writing tasks so that they share specific planning, composing and revising strategies.

Key Words: science and technology-based students, university freshmen, writing strategies, professional orientation

[1]. Abdolmehdi, R. (2001) Sentence combining plus (SC+): Its effects on students‟ writing quality and strategy use. Retrieved: March 23, 2009 from http//www.thefree library.com/sentence+combining+plus+(SC+).
[2]. Barras, R. (1978). Scientists must write – A guide to better writing for scientists, engineers and students. New York: Willey and Sons Inc.
[3]. Baynham, M. (1995). Literacy practices: Investigating literacy in social context. London: Longman.
[4]. Beach, J. A. (2007). The effects of ninth-grade students‟ strategic, analytical reading of persuasive text models on the quality of their persuasive writing, A Doctor of Philosophy dissertation, Department of Curriculum and Instruction.
[5]. Beard, R & Hartley, J (1984) teaching and learning in higher education. London: Harper & Row Publishers

Abstract: Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni is one of those enthusiastic personalities who have been indulged in the fruition of the Indo-American literature. Bewilderment by the death of her grandfather, and the entanglement in her grief far from family, were two intensely emotional experiences which induced her to write to preserve memories and sort out her feelings. Divakaruni‟s investment in women‟s issues is seen not only in her writings but also in her extra literary activities. In 1991, the author assisted in the Advisory board of "Maitri" in the San Francisco Bay Area and "Daya" in Houston. Both are the organizations that help South Asian or South Asian American women who find themselves in abusive or domestic violence situations. Fiction by South Asian writers often focuses on relationships and arranged marriages such as Jhumpa Lahiri‟s novel The Namesake and Arranged Marriage a short story collection by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. Arranged Marriage, which won the Before Columbus Foundation American Book Award in 1996 exhibits women‟s turmoil in the absence of decision-making powers. The Booklist review can also be summed up in praise of the innovative stories as it terms them, "Ravishingly beautiful stories . . . . Divakaruni not only conveys emotions with stunning accuracy, she also transforms the outer world into reflections of the soul" (qtd. in AM).

[1]. Dill, L. Margo. "One Amazing Author: Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni." WOW-WomenonWriting.com 40 (2010): n.pag. Web. 21 Aug. 2014. <http://www.wow-womenonwriting.com/40-Inspiration-ChitraBanerjeeDivakaruni.html>
[2]. Divakaruni, Chitra Banerjee. Arranged Marriage. London: The Random House Group Ltd., 1995. Print. Referred to as AM
[3]. Michael, P. Johnson. A Typology of Domestic Violence: Intimate Terrorism, Violent Resistance, and Situational Couple Violence. Lebanon: Northeastern University Press, 2010. Web. 31 Jul 2014.
[4]. Nayar, Pramod K., Literary Theory Today. New Delhi: Asia Book Club, 2006. Print.
[5]. Pateman, Carole. The Sexual Contract. California: Stanford University Press, 1988. Web. 30 Jul. 2014.
[6]. Rajeshwar, Mittapalli, & Pier Paolo Piciucco, eds. Studies in Indian Writing in English. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors New Delhi, 2000. Web. 30 Jul 2014

Abstract: Literature on Sri Lankan English, through reasonable deduction, states that deviations from Standard Sri Lankan English (SSLE) pronunciationis a feature of Sinhala dominancy in Sinhala/Other Variety Sri Lankan English (S/OVSLE) bilinguals or Tamil dominancy in Tamil/Other Variety Sri Lankan English (T/OVSLE) bilinguals. This study using standard statistical procedures collates the difference in the mean values of self-declared competence in First Language (L1) and Second Language (L2) across the four skills: Reading, Writing, Speaking, and Listening with the difference in rate of usage of L1 and L2 in selected social and personal domains to calculate L1 dominancy in each bilingual participant (n= 185). Then the rate of occurrence of selected deviations from SSLE pronunciation in each participant is estimated. The correlation between the independent variable L1 dominancyand the dependent variable rate of occurrence of selected deviations from SSLE pronunciation in the populations is illustrated through scatter diagrams, calculation of the Pearson Correlation and the Coefficient of Determination. Statistical analysis shows that there is a medium 9% and a moderate 11% correlation between L1 dominancy and rate of occurrence of deviations from SSLE pronunciation in S/OVSLE and T/OVSLE bilinguals respectively.

Keywords: Sri Lankan English pronunciation, bilingualism, L1 dominancy, self-declared competence, language selection in functional domains, Willingness to Communicate

[1]. J.Sia and J.M. Dewaele, Are you bilingual? Birkbeck Studies in Applied Linguistics.1, 2006, 1 - 19.
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[5]. E. Haugen, The Norwegian language in America: A study in bilingual behavior. Filadelfia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1953.
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Abstract: It is wise before the idea of building a model, read and make sure it is really necessary to do first. See you in the event that the literature provides us with competing models and theories. It is then necessary to proceed by reading, in other words to test each of these models to retain more or less specifically or to see everyone's contribution to the knowledge of the phenomenon. The approach taken tries to answer the obvious question that arises every researcher on the evaluation of the models and the choice between them. A question that lies at the heart of the unresolved debate between rationalism and relativism. These two currents oppose. When models are competing penchant for one is not the fruit of justification by experience statements constituting the theory or finding of a logical reduction of the theory to experiment. Popper (1973) proposes to adopt the model that "defends the better," that is to say the one that seems to be more representative of reality. And we follow this approach in the sense that building our own model based on an evaluation of the existing. We call our ASP model.

Keywords: corporate social responsibility, ASP Model,

[1] Carroll, A.B. (1994). "Social issues in management Research". Business and society, 33 (1), 5-29
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