IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-10 ~ Oct-2014

Abstract: Many cases of ethnic and religious conflicts, armed robbery and other violent crimes, which over the years have exposed the vulnerability of Nigeria's security agencies have been compounded with growing incidence of militancy and terrorism. The paper assesses Nigeria's approach to national security, examines the ability of security agencies to meet emerging challenges and evaluates the capability of political leadership to pro-actively tackle threats to national security. The paper relied on secondary data comprising relevant published books, scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles, newspaper articles, and materials downloaded from the internet. It adopts frustration-aggression, political economy and game theories as major theoretical constructs. These theories are used as platform to build a treatise for a pro-active preventive approach to Nigeria's national security. The paper argues that Nigeria's approach to national security has been archaic, pedestrian and at variance with emerging trends across the globe; leading to the need for a new dimension that will be current, pro-active and preventive. The paper concludes that this new perspective must be anchored on delivery of good governance by political leadership across the country and the ability of government to provide deterrent measures towards breach of national security. Those who contravene national security either directly or through proxy must be made to face the full wrath of the law regardless of their social status.

Keywords: militancy, terrorism, perspective, national security, political leadership

[1]. Abimbola, J. O. & Adesote, S. T. (2012). Domestic terrorism and Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria, Issues and trends: a historical discourse. Journal Arts and Contemporary Society, Vol 4, September 2012, pp. 12 – 29.
[2]. Adelegan, F. (2009). Governance: An insider's Reflections on the Nigerian Polity. Ibadan: Terrific Publications.
[3]. Adeyemi, L. O. (2006). Democracy and the Free Market. In Saliu, H. A, Ogunsanya, A. A., Olujide, J. O., & Olaniyi, Johnson (eds). (2006). Democracy and Development in Nigeria Vol 2: Economic & Environmental Issues. (Pp 40 – 52). Lagos, Nigeria: Concept Publications.
[4]. Agbo, A. (2007). The Descent to Anarchy, Tell, August 27, 2007.
[5]. Aliyu, S. (2009). Religious-based Violence and National Security in Nigeria: Case Studies of Kaduna State and the Taliban activities in Borno State. Being a thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Military Art and Science, General Studies. Retrieved on 03/07/2012 from http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA501810

Abstract: The Niger Delta areas, Nigeria, through rich in natural resources had witnessed several decades of conflict on account of systematic degradation of the region. Cosmetic measures adopted by previous government achieved little or no result until relative peace was accomplished on implementation of amnesty programme by the federal government in 2009. This paper assessed the prospects for achieving sustainable peace to prevent a relapse of armed conflict. The paper was descriptive and relied on secondary data sources. The paper found that the disarmament programme had achieved relative success as not all the militant groups keyed into the programme. In addition the coverage of the rehabilitation programme was positively skewed in favour of the militants to the exclusion of the generality of the citizens while such exclusion may portend danger for the future. Furthermore, the amnesty programme was anchored on militants and notable personalities rather than institutionally based while the infrastructural development could still be improved upon to serve as solid foundation for speedy development. The study therefore concluded that sustainable peace is a possibility with sincerity of purpose by the stakeholders. The study recommended that the stakeholders adopt inclusive approach to correct the identified deficiencies.

Key words: Conflict, Militancy, Amnesty, Disarmament, Peace Sustainability, Niger Delta

[1]. Aaron, K.K. & George D. (2010). Placebo as Medicine: The Poverty of DevelopmentIntervention and Conflict Resolution Strategies in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Port Harcourt: Kemuela Publications
[2]. Abati, R (2007). "Warlords of the Niger Delta.‟ The Guardian (Lagos) October 4
[3]. Adekanye, J. ‟B. (1996). "Disarming Ethnic Guerrillas, Power-sharing and Transition toDemocracy in Africa‟ (A Toyota funded Projects) Final Research Report. International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, PRIO
[4]. Agbede, A.R.S. (2010). Nigeria and the Challenges of Effective Security. Ibadan: Netview Books
[5]. Aina, E. (1991). Text of Press Briefing Marking World Environmental day. (Unpublished): Lagos

Abstract: The issue of marital instability and its causes has received much attention of recent from experts in diverse fields of study. One of such causes that have been identified and taken up for study is male preference. This study takes a look the effects of male preference on marital stability in Cross River State. Respondents for the study were systematically selected from the population of study (ever married persons). Data for the study was gathered using qualitative techniques of data collection. Focus group discussions and in depth interviews were held with participants and key informants who were selected purposively for their experience in marriage and the issue under discourse. One important feature of the people studied is their lineage system. They are patrilineal in nature and prefer large families mostly for economic purposes as well as the continuity of the lineage. The study found that because it is a partriachal society, there was a strong preference for male children. It was also found that preference for male children was mostly expressed by the female participants, with the major reason being the stability of their marriage. Thus it was observed that, where there was a preference to fulfill the needs of the couple, the marriage was more likely to be unstable, especially in the later stages of the marriage. It was also observed that cultural norms and values prevalent in the state contributed immensely in enhancing and sustaining male preference. The paper therefore concludes that improvement in the status of women is very crucial in the task of reducing male preference. There is also the need for development, especially of the rural areas as one of the remedies for curbing those aspects of the culture that support male child preference, and its consequent implications on marital stability.

Key Words: Male Preference, Marital Stability, Population, Patriarchy, Socio-cultural Factors

[1]. Akpan I.W. ( 1998) Male Role and Fertility in Ukanafun LGA of Akwa Ibom State. An Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. Department of Sociology, University of Calabar.
[2]. Ananat, E., and Michaels, G. (2004).The Effect of Marital Breakup on the Income and Poverty of Women with Children. A Working Paper.
[3]. Arnold, F., Cho, M. K. and Roy, T. K. (1998). Son Preference, The Family Building Process and Child Mortality in India. Population Studies. 52(8): 301 – 315.
[4]. Bairagi R, (2001) Food Crisis, Child Nutrition and Female Children in Rural Bangladesh. Population and Development Review, 12 (2): 307 – 315.
[5]. Bardhan, D. and Miller, J. (2008). Children Gender and Marital Dissolution: Evidence From Developing Countries. Population Association of America 30: 431-439.

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to study the impact of behavioral intervention on the adjustment of inmates of children homes. The sample for the study comprised of 120 children in the age group of 10-15years from three children homes in Hyderabad of Andhra Pradesh. Information was collected on daily schedule of the inmates. The behavior of selected sample was observed and analyzed. The reason for mal adjustment of inmates was found out through structured interviews and information schedules. Before planning for behavior intervention programme Bell's adjustment inventory was administered to the selected sample. The results were analyzed and behavior intervention programme was developed and given to experimental group for a period of one year. After intervention Bell's adjustment inventory was again administered to both experimental group and controlled group. From the results of the study it was interesting to note that the behavior intervention had impact on adjustment of inmates of children homes. The sample of children to whom the intervention programme was given scored more on Bell's adjustment inventory than the children who didn't receive the intervention.

[1]. Chaudhary, N. and Bajaj, N., 1995, Emotional maturity and occupational aspirations of adolescents staying at home and orphanage. Indian Psychol. Res. 45:21-26.
[2]. Chaudhary, N. and Uppal, A., 1996, Achievement motivation and emotional maturity of adolescents staying at home and orphanage. Indian Psychol. Res. 46 :27-32.
[3]. Dutta, M., Baratta, G. and Gowsami, U., 1998, Social adjustment of adolescents.
[4]. Indian Psychol. Res. 50 : 90.
[5]. Hiremani, S. G., 1991, A comparative study on emotional maturity and adjustment of destitute and normal girls. M.H.Sc. Thesis, Uni. Agric.Sci., Dharwad (India).
[6]. Sujatha, S., Gaonkar, V., Khadi, P. B. and Kataraki, P. A., 1993, Factors influencing adjustment among adolescents. Indian Psychol. Res. 40 :35-40.

Abstract: Gender is one of the most discussed topics in today‟s society. Gender represents and also reproduces certain attributes, expectations and roles which are associated with male and female. Media is the most important resource through which people develop their identities and thereby come to understand the role that gender plays in the actual world. This article is designed to study the gender identity and gender roles in Disney movies and to see how identity is transformed through long term virtues and ideals that are set forth by the Disney movies. It is generally regarded that the Disney movies is unhealthy for children, especially the young girls to watch for the physical, social and behavioral attributes they suggest, conform to the values supporting male dominance. Disney movies are often criticized for their negative, stereotypical portrayal of female characters that are often unrealistically painted. In the context of Disney movies, the word "woman‟ has become synonymous with "victim‟ in a patriarchal society. The Disney Corporation films such as Cinderella, Snow White, Sleeping Beauty et al are in the list of favorite Disney heroines for young girls for the last fifty years. These movies have certain themes in common—the female protagonist in each of these films is shown as a "Disney Princess" but the traits of these princesses, featured through these films are submissiveness and servitude. Though they possess divine beauty, these princesses only seem to be capable of suffering in silence, and it is because of this, they are finally given the ultimate reward: salvation through the handsome Prince Charming. This negative portrayals of women and girls in Disney movies gain force through the way in which similar messages are consistently circulated and reproduced in varying degrees in many of the Disney movies even till today. Though both the male and the female roles have changed over time in the Disney princess line, yet the female characters actually exhibits less change in their gender role portrayals and there is no doubt that Disney Corporation is reaching their target audience and their message is continuously being made available to the young children (especially the young girls) around the world.

Keywords: consumerism, feminism, femme fatal, patriarchy, stereotype

[1]. Ariel Dorfman and Armond Mattlelart, How to Read Donald Duck: Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic,(New York, International General, 1991)
[2]. Giroux, Henry A, Are Disney Movies Good for Your Kids?,in Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg (Ed.), Kinderculture: The corporate Construction of Childhood.(Cambridge, MA: Westview Press, 2004) 164-80.
[3]. Sells, Laura,Where Do the Mermaids Stand?: Voice and Body in The Little Mermaid,in Elizabeth Bell, Lynda Haas, Laura Sells (Ed.), From Mouse to Mermaid: The Politics of Film, Gender, and Culture.( Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995) 175-92.
[4]. Woods, Ilene, A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes. Cinderella Movie. (The DisneyWiki).
[5]. Mulan. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (2 October 2005. 7 October 2005. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan).

Abstract: A family is an exclusive group of people who share a close relationship —a unit typically composed of a matedcouple and their dependent children in co-residence. Families create generations—each of which gain in maturity and self-sufficiency such as to create and provide for subsequent generations. The word 'family' came from the Latin word familiare. Family is a group of people who have tied by kinship. Family has been the society's primaryagency in satisfying common needs for survival, sense of loving and belonging, status andself-esteem, and self-realization since the very onset of human civilization. The family provides for the child's biological needs andsimultaneously directs its development towards becoming an integrated person capableof living in society and maintaining and transmitting culture. Specific to mental health, family plays a very significant role in development of positive mental health and making a person psychologically resourceful and socially organizedFamily factors in conjunction with biological and genetic factors could play instrumental role in causing psychological problems. Chances of occurring of psychological problems could be lessened if family climate is maintained as healthy and supportive to family members- soothing family atmosphere could work as a buffering agent against stress and limit the deleterious effect of stress on one's psyche.

Keywords: Dysfunctional Family, Family, and Mental Illness.

[1]. Ackerman, R.J. (1993). Silent Sons. Simon & Schuster.
[2]. Beach, S.R.H., Sandeen, E.E., O'Leary, K.D. (1990). Depression in marriage. New York: Guildford Press. As cited in: C.S. Hollist, R. Miller, O.G. Falceto, C.L.C. Fernandes. (2007). Marital satisfaction and depression: A replication of the marital discord model in a Latino sample. Family Process 46 (4), 485–498. Downloaded from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/famconfacpub/48.
[3]. Beavers, W.R. (1982). Healthy, midrange and severely dysfunctional families. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal Family Process. New York: Guilford Press, pp.45-66. Excerpts taken from Books Google on 04/07/2010.
[4]. David, H.P. (1978). Healthy family functioning: A cross-cultural appraisal. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 56(3), 327-342.
[5]. Dominian, J. (1979). Marriage and psychiatric illness. British Medical Journal, 2, 854-855.

Abstract: This paper investigated the myriad conditions and circumstances that predispose groups to challenge or undermine the capacity of some states in Africa to impose taxes. It focused on the complex relationships that are evolving at the generic level between state-society, particularly how informal institutions and community-based alliances are positioning themselves to deflect or negate the trajectory of illegitimacy and dearth of good governance in the states. Although less acknowledged in the comparative analysis of public administration in the developing countries, the paper established that, in some states of Africa, the centrality of taxation to good governance- encompassing the capacity, responsiveness and accountability of government- can no longer be underestimated. In order to give empirical content to the discourse, the study illustrates the issues raised with examples drawn from Nigeria.

[1]. Aberbach, J. D. & Christensen, T. (2007). "The challenges of modernising tax administration: putting customers first in coersive public organisation". Public Policy and Administration, 22(2), 155-182.
[2]. Akanle, O. (1991). Tax law and tax administration in Nigeria. Lagos: Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (NIALS)
[3]. Ake, C., (1999), ―Shelling Nigeria Ablaze,‖ Tell, January 29, 1999, p. 34.
[4]. Ali-Nakyea, A. (2008). Taxation in Ghana: principles, practice and planning (2nd Ed.). Accra: Black Mask Ltd.
[5]. Ascher, W. (1989) Risk, Politics, and Tax Reform: Lessons from Some Latin American Experiences. In M. Gillis (ed.), Tax reform in developing countries. North Carolina: Duke University Press.
[6]. Backhaus, J. (2002). Fiscal Sociology: What for? American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 61(1), 61-73.

Abstract: This paper examines the process of accreditation exercise at Fountain University, indicating the role of library in the exercise, in compliance with the National Universities Commission's definition of accreditation. Emphasis was on the library holdings, quantity and quality of materials and their currency. The accreditation exercise indicates that the institution maintains clearly specified educational objectives that are consistent with its mission and appropriate to the degrees it offers. Based upon reasoned judgment, the process stimulates evaluation and improvement, while providing a means of continuing accountability to the public. This study seeks to provide an insight into the accreditation exercise at fountain university, Osogbo, with a view to sharing experiences of the library as the integral part of the institution. The paper thus concluded that the statement of Fountain University accreditation status with the NUC is also an affirmation that the institution is persistently committed to the Commission's principles and philosophy of accreditation.

Keywords: Accreditation, Academic library, National Universities Commission, Fountain University

[1]. Bennett, S. (2009). Libraries And Learning: A History Of Paradigm Change. Libraries And The Academy, 9(2), 181–197.
[2]. Commission On Colleges Southern Association Of Colleges And School (2001) Principles Of Accreditation: Foundations For Quality Enhancement.44p.
[3]. Dalrymple.W. Prudence (2001) Understanding Accreditation: The Librarians Role In Educational Evaluation. Libraries And The Academy, 1(1), 23–32.
[4]. Enser .P. (2002) The Role Of Professional Body Accreditation In Library And Information Science Education In The UK. Libri, Vol 52 (1), 214-219.
[5]. Stamatoplos, A. (2009) The Role Of Academic Libraries In Mentored Undergraduate Research: A Model Of Engagement In The Academic Community.

Abstract: This paper on the thematic and literary features of Manu Joseph's The Illicit Happiness of Other People [1] attempts to grasp the semantics of novel's sophisticated entertainment as it unravels a quirky and darkly comic take on domestic life in southern India, illuminating a culture and an age. The paper follows the conventional method of introducing the author and his work, situating it in the context of the author's own life and career, and in the larger context of Indian Writing in English. A major portion of the paper showcases the book's technical, thematic and literary traits which ensured its singular achievement in the art of fiction writing. There are a number of brief reviews on the book revealing readers' appreciation and spontaneous reaction to the psycho-social and philosophical questions posed in the novel. However, I believe this is the first serious paper of its kind on the novel, which attempts to feature its strengths through textual evidences and analysis. Manu Joseph's book shows a unique advancement in the direction of experimentation with narrative technique that aids an amazingly accurate depiction of reality.

Key words: Characterization - structure - narrative technique - satire - humour- nihilism

[1]. Joseph, Manu . The Illicit Happiness of Other People, Noida: HarperCollins . 2012.
[2]. Joseph, Manu .Serious Men, New York: W.W. Norton, 2010.
[3]. Sacks, Sam. "Giving Hope to the American Short Story" Jan. 4, 2013 3:17 p.m. ET. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324374004578217702498416858
[4]. Adiga, Aravind. The White Tiger, New York: Free Press, 2008.
[5]. Dasgupta, Rana. Solo, HarperCollins e-books, 2009.
[6]. Hanif, Mohammed . A Case of Exploding Mangoes, A KNOPF e-books, 2009.