IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-10 ~ Oct-2014

Abstract:The enforcement of emergency rule as an alternative conflict resolution and management strategy in Nigeria has attracted controversies and criticisms over its relevance, interpretation, and application. Despite the observed defects and failures associated with previous enforcement in the Western region in 1962, Plateau State in 2004, and Ekiti State in 2006, President Goodluck Jonathan after initial refusal to heed various agitations, later declared state of emergency in Borno,

[1]. Adudu, cited in Aziken, E. (2004): "Dariye should be removed, but not by Obasanjo", in Vanguard, May 28.
[2]. Agamben, G. (2005): "State of Exception". Chicago: University of ChicagoPress.
[3]. Agba, G. and Abimaje, A. (2011): "State of Emergency not Solution to JosCrisis-Jonathan"; online:allafrica.com/accessed-09/02/2011.
[4]. Al-Ahram Weekly (2011): "Emergency Rule in Egypt", online:http://www.allafrica.com/accessed-09/02/2011
[5]. Appadorai, A. (1968): The Substance of Politics. India: Oxford UniversityPress.

Abstract: Citizen diplomacy has generated a lot of debates among intellectuals with respect to the theoretical concerns and practical implications in the conduct of foreign policy among states. The debates mainly focused on the reciprocal relationship between citizens and the state in external relations. While the citizens are expected to participate directly or indirectly, in the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of foreign policies; states are required to guarantee the welfare and security of the citizens. In essence, the theory and practice of citizen diplomacy is concerned with the participation and protection of the citizens in the foreign policy process. But debates among intellectuals so far, raised some controversial and critical issues over (a) the category of citizens to participate in the conduct of diplomacy; and (b) the category of persons to enjoy diplomatic protection. In this regard, practical instances were used to explain why the participation and protection of Nigerian citizens in the foreign policy process should not be exclusively restricted to any specific category of persons. Instead, the degree of participation and protection should vary according the conditions of the affected citizens.

[1]. Abah, O. and Okwori, J. (2002). Agendas in Encountering Citizens in the Nigerian Context. IDS Bulletin, 33(2).
[2]. Agena, J. E. (2004). Citizenship Education in Nigeria: A FundamentalApproach. Enugu: John Jacob's Classic Publishers Ltd.
[3]. Aja, F. (2009). National Interest, International Law, and Our Shared Destiny.Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd.
[4]. Akinterinwa, B. (2007). Transformation in International Affairs and Protection of Nigeria's National Interests. In B. Akinterinwa,Nigeria's National Interests in A Globalising World. Ibadan: Bolitag International Publishers.
[5]. Al-Bashir. (2008, February 14). Citizenship Without Honour. Vanguard , p.17.

Abstract: In this paper, I investigate the reciprocal constructions in Kipsigis language.The language mainly marks reciprocity on the verb by a morpheme –kee-, though some verbs will also take –yo- morpheme.It is established that a reciprocal morpheme can be used to mark several situations such as coding, chaining, collective and distributive where they all semantically share a property of plurality of relations among arguments while at the same time having an effect on the argument structure. The reciprocal marked constructions in Kipsigis all require a plural NP as their external arguments.Transitivity of the verb is also affected by the suffixation of the reciprocal morpheme

[1]. Kamil, U.D., The Acquisition of Nairobi Swahili: The Morphosyntax of Inflectional Prefixes and Subjects, Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, U.S.A, 2003.
[2]. Bii, K. J., TheMorphosyntax of the Kipsigis Verb Phrase. Unpublished M. Phil Thesis, Moi University, Eldoret,2009.
[3]. Lichtenberk, F., Multiple Uses of Reciprocal Constructions. Australian Journal of Linguistics, 5, 1985, 19-41.
[4]. Lichtenberk, F., Reciprocal without Reflexives, Reciprocals: Forms and Functions. In Frajzyngier Z. and Traci, S. (Eds), Typological Studies in Language, no 4. (Amsterdam; Philadephia: John Benjamins, 2000), 31-62.
[5]. Davies, W.D., Events in Madurese Reciprocals. Oceanic Linguistics, 39, (1), 2000, 123-143.
[6]. Kemmer, S., Reciprocals and their Semantic Affinitives: where Unity meets Multiplicity. Paper presented at the symposium on Reflexives and Reciprocals.University of Colorado. Boulder, 1997.
[7]. Payne, T.E, Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide to Field Linguistics. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1997

Abstract: Shari'ah is the Divine Law which caters for all human needs at all times and places. This paper touched the fundamental areas that Shari'ah protects: Religion, Life, Wealth, Intellect and Progeny. It emphasized the protection of life through legal action called Qisas (Equitable retaliation) in line with the saying of Allah (S.W.T.) in the Glorious Qur'an. The wisdom behind Qisas is to secure the society against crime, establish justice among all members of the society and to purify the culprit from the crime he has committed so as to serve as deterrent to others, thereby sanitizing the society in general. Therefore Shari'ah should be implemented in human life because it is the only source for human security.

[1]. Abdul-Rahman.,The Basis of Shari'ah,. Gaskiya Corporation, Zaria-Nigeria,1981.
[2]. Abu-Amina, B., The Evaluation of Fiqh, International Islamic Publishing House, Riyad, Saudi Arabia,1990.
[3]. Ali, Y.A., The Holy Qur'an, Amana Corporation, Jedda, Saudi Arabia,1983.
[4]. Al-Jaza'ri A.J., Minhaj-al-Muslim, Beirut-Lebanon, 1978.
[5]. El-Awa, M.S., Punishment in Islamic law. American Trust Publication, U.S.A., 1978.
[6]. Ibrahim, Y.Y., Shari'ah and Muslims in Nigeria, Garkuwa Media Services, Sokoto-Nigeria, 2004.
[7]. Maududi, A.,The Meaning of the Qur'an, London, U.K, 1982.
[8]. Sabiq, S., Fiqh al-Sunnah, Beirut-Lebanon, 1983.
[9]. Sabuni, M.A.,Tafsir Ayat al-Ahkam, Dat al-Sabuni, Egypt,1999.

Abstract: The present study comprises FIVE chapters. The opening chapter is entitles "The Peot and the Milieu, in which his early friends like Daniel Jones, E.W.Ted Lock, Pamela Hangfold Johnson, George Baker, G.S. Prasad, Edith Sitwell, Henry Gibson, Elder Olson who were to find a place and their impact on his writings. The second chapter entitled "The Creative Genius of the Poet" attempts to examine Thomas' achievement as a poet. The third chapter is entitled "Dylan Thomas' Imagery and Symbolism". His writings are interspersed with myths and allusions from classical as well as Renaissance Literature through the present day. The fourth chapter of Dylan Thomas is "The craftsmanship and the Poet", attempts to examine the influence of the Bardic tradition. The concluding chapter sums up the observations made in the preceding chapters. The chapter deals with my assessment of the poet's work besides certain evaluations made by significant writers.

[1]. Twenty five poems; London; J.M. Dent & Sons, 1936
[2]. The map of Love; London: J.M. Dent & Sons; 1939
[3]. The Portrait of the Artist as a young Dog. London: J.M. Dent & Sons; 1940
[4]. Collected Poems; 1934-1952. London J.M. Dent & Sons; 1952
[5]. Dylan Thomas: The legend and The Poet (London William Hermann Ltd) 1960
[6]. The poetry of Dylan Thomas. A collection of Critical 1966.
[7]. A compendious History of English (New Delhi, Vikas Pub House, 1976
[8]. The poetry Dylan Thomas (New Delhi, Doaba House, 1982.

Abstract:After 65 years of independence, large sections of Indian population still remain unbanked. This has led generation of financial instability and lower income group who do not have access to financial products and services. However, in the recent years the government and Reserve Bank of India has been introduced the concept and idea of financial inclusion.Financial inclusion is an important method of economic development of a nation. Financial sector inclusion is very important component of inclusive growth strategy. Financial inclusion can be described as the delivery of banking and other financial services at affordable costs to the vast section of the disadvantaged and low income groups.

[1]. Eleventh five year plan (2007-12), agriculture, rural development, industry, services and physical infrastructure, volume III by planning commission GOI , Oxford university press .
[2]. Eleventh five year plan (2007-12), volume I, inclusive growth, by planning commission, GOI, Oxford university press.
[3]. Govt of India ,Economic survey 2009- 10, Delhi.
[4]. Misra.S.K and Puri.V.K .(2009),Indian Economy: Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
[5]. WWW. Planning commission Govt. in

Abstract: All parents look forward to having a normal and healthy baby. The confirmation of disability in their child shakes the family and serves as a source of severe psychological disruption to family adjustment. Accepting a child with disability becomes difficult for parents and the family, when competence and achievement are important in the competitive world. The first few years of the child's life are crucial. During this period he learns about her\himself and the world around him\her. For the disabled child, the experience of growing and learning can be painful and frustrating. It becomes more painful, when the disabled child comes from an environment where survival is an everyday struggle. Thus, when it suddenly becomes necessary for family to love someone who has a very limited capacity, the family is put in a conflicting situation, resulting in a great deal of stress. There should be a team approach to parenting, including shared responsibility for decision-making and child management. A supportive family environment helps each family member to develop confidence and self-respect.

[1]. Baker-Ericzen, M. J., Brookman-Frazee, L., & Stahmer, A. (2005). Stress Levels and Adaptability in Parents of toddlers with and without autism spectrum disorders. Research & practice for persons with severe disabilities, 30, 194-204.
[2]. Behari, M, & Ruchi, K (1995). The Maternal Attitude of Child-Rearing link of Mentally Retarded Chidren: A Study of Some Socio-psychological influences. Disabilities and Impairement. 9, 44-51.
[3]. Beresford, B. and Oldman, C (2002) Housing Matters: National Evidence Relating to Disabled Children and their Housing, Bristol: Policy Press.
[4]. Dharitri R, Murthy V. N. Hearing Impaired Children: Their behavior problems and Parental attitudes. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1990, 17(1), 12-16.
[5]. Faber, B., and Jenne, W.C. "Family Organization and Parent-Child Communication: Parents and siblings of a Retarded Child". Monograph Soc. Res. Child Developm., 1963,28, whole No. 91.

Abstract: The present research is examining the relationship between new media and transforms of culture on online community. Like every major technological change, the new media convergence is having profound effects on virtually all aspects of our society. In the era of cyberspace the members of the online current generation are experiencing political, economic and cultural life through a set of communication technologies barely older than they are.This new form of communication is transforming the new culture. From clocks to telegraphs to radio and television

[1]. Baller and Green 2005, Goodnoe, 2006, and Totty 2007 Blogs will change your business. Bus. Week.3931 Aug., 10. 56. Wiki while you work. Inform.Week 1078, 3.. Technology: How to be a star in a YouTube world. Wall Street Journal Online. May 14.
[2]. Blamchand, A L, 2004-The effects of Dispersed Virtual Communities on Face-to-Face Social Capital, In Social Capital & Information Technologies, MIT Press Cambridge M A, 53-74.
[3]. Barnouw, V. (1987). An introduction to anthropology: Ethnology (5th ed.). Chicago: The Dorsey Press.
[4]. Chindamabram&Bostrom1997 Group Development (II): Implications for GSS Research and Practice" Group Decision and Negotiation, 6(3), pp. 231-254
[5]. Clifford Geertz, 1973- The Interpretation of Culture (Basic Books, New York)

Abstract: This qualitative research paper intends to examine the socio-cultural pedagogies in Bharatanatyam. As an attempt to educate non-Bharatanatyam dancers and dance education researchers, this study focuses on an extensive literature review including data driven studies and position papers. Bharatanatyam, learned using socio-cultural tenets is a valuable Asian Indian artistic and transnational literacy tool. This paper is also an attempt to analyze studies on ballet and flamenco and other scholarly and researched articles on Bharatnatyam. Absence of cognitive benefits of Bharatanatyam in research studies and scholarly articles impacts dance education and Asian Indian children living in the west.

[1] Arievitch, I. (2003). A Potential for an Integrated View of Development and Learning: Galperin‟s Contribution to Sociocultural Psychology.Mind, Culture, and Activity10(4), 278-288.
[2] Bandura, A. (2006). Social cognitive theory. In S. Rogelberg (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Industrial/Organizational Psychology. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
[3] Bhavani, B., &Bhavani, D. (2001) Bharatanatyam and Yoga. Retrieved from: http://icyer.com/documants.29.pdf.
[4] Bowling, A. (1989). Injuries to Dancers: Prevalance, treatment, and perceptions of causes. BMJ 298, 731-734. Retrieved from: http://www.bmj.com/content/298/6675/731.full.pdf

Abstract: This paper assess the changing trends and level of urbanization in Eastern Uttar Pradesh which is based primarily on statistical analysis of the census data for all the decennial census counts beginning with 1901. The present century has witnessed a trend of increasing urbanization coupled with the urban growth of individual towns.

[1]. Bhende, A.A. and Kanitkar, T. (2006) Components Principles of Population Studies, Himalaya Publishing House, pp. 403-404.
[2]. Davis, K. (1965). The urbanization of the human population. Scientific American, 213(3), 41-53.
[3]. Kumari, Kiran (2008), "Urbanization and Regional Development in Eastern Uttar Pradesh" Ph.D. Thesis, Chapter3, p. 85-94.
[4]. Kundu,A. Sarangi,N. Dash,B.P (2003)Rural Non-Farm Employment : An Analysis of RuralUrban Interdependence , Working Paper, 196, Overseas Development Institute, London.
[5]. Occasional paper No. 1 of 1993, Registrar General, New Delhi
[6]. Ramchandran, R. (1989), "Urbanization and Urban Systems in India", Oxford University Press 989, Oxford India Paperbacks 1991, Chapter 1, p. 1.

Abstract: The paper tries to contextualize the modernist text, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce in the trajectory of nationalism and attempts to posit it as a cultural text that foregrounds the forging of the 'uncreated'. The paper shows how Joyce becomes critical of the nationalization of the past that the Celtic Revival aimed at. The protagonist, Stephen tries to participate in the burgeoning national culture by forging new paths to future. Joyce also criticizes the ethnocentric,

[1]. Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. London: Penguin, 2000. Print.
[2]. Deane, Seamus. Introduction. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man By James Joyce. London: Penguin, 2000. Print.
[3]. "Joyce the Irishman". The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce. Ed. Derek Attridge. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 31-53. Print.
[4]. Cheng, Vincent J. "Joyce, Race and Empire." Post-Colonial Theory and English Literature: A Reader. Ed. Peter Childs. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999. 315-28. Print.

Abstract: Today, female foeticide problem is one of pressing problems of India. This problem has become a stigma and considered a sin in the Indian society. The problem has become aggravated particularly in the north-western part of India. In this context, various studies show that the male-child preference given by the masses which have given rise to skew the sex-ratio particularly the female proportionate figure in the age-group of 0-6 years. The present paper is an attempt to establish a 'cause-effect relationship for determine the attitude and the mind-set of the people for giving their preference to the male child, particularly in the rural areas. This study is an empirical study, carried out for all the districts of Punjab and Haryana indicate a considerable regional disparity, as revealed by the district-wise study, carried out in Punjab and Haryana.

[1]. Adler, G, 2004, The neglected role of labor relations in the South African public service. In G. Adler (ed) 2000, Public Service Labor Relations in a Democratic South Africa a Compilation of Papers.
[2]. Armstrong M (1996) A Handbook of Personnel Management Practice, 6th ed, Kogan Page, London.
[3]. Baedhowi.2007.RevitalizationApparatus Resourcesinthe Context ofImproving the Qualityof PublicServices. Journal ofAdministrationandOrganization, BusinessandBureaucracy, Vol.15, No.2 (May).
[4]. Denhardt, J.V. & Denhardt, R.B. 2004. The New Public Service: Serving, Not Steering. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
[5]. Downs, Anthony. 1967. Inside Bureaucracy. Boston: Little, Brown.
[6]. Gatewood, R.D., & Field, H.S. 2001. Human resource selection (5th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western.
[7]. Gordon W. 1982. Merit Systems Protection Board, Respondent United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit. - 802 F.2d 537 Argued Dec.

Abstract: This paper is on Budget and Economic Transformation in Australia: lessons for Nigeria. It brings to the fore the nagging issue of poor budget process in Nigeria. The paper reiterates the importance of good budget as an instrument for economic transformation. Unfortunately, Nigerian budget process is very poor and extant laws have not addressed this important fiscal challenge. The paper identifies the lapses in the Nigerian budget process which made budget implementation ineffective and concludes by proffering a successful country's budget process (Australia) that Nigeria could emulate to correct the identified lapses.

Keywords: Budget Process, Institutional Reform, Transformation, Gross Domestic Product and Net Debt

[1]. Agbakoba, J.A 2012, Developing Appropriate Administrative Instruments for the African Cultural Environment . Unpublished lecture material.
[2]. Abba, U. 2007,‟ Public Finance and Government Budgeting in Nigeria‟. Abbot Books Ltd.
[3]. Ademola,A 2012 " Budget Experts Worry about Budget Implementation. Punch 11 October ,.
[4]. Bland, F. A. (2008). Budgets: Budgetary Methods. Australian Journal of Public Administration. DOI: 10. 9111/j.1467 – 8500. 1942 tb02005x.
[5]. Agu, S 2000 " Budgeting as an instrument of Public Accountability

Abstract: In this paper, we will examine all the fundamental aspects related to the beliefs and prescribe the principles of ancient and medieval Monotheist religions of the nations based on the divine of holy books such as Torah, Gospels, Qur'an and others. Is there a unique religion among all of the religions, whether they are celestial or they have the status of certain features, assets and principles defined as the curriculum of thinking, belief or philosophy? When we look at these aspects find that all of the religions agree on the following: 1. Belief in one God. 2. Belief in good and bad deeds in this life. 3. Belief in resurrection, which means that the life of a man does not end in this world, but his account of good and bad deeds, will be checked to go to the heaven or hell. These three principles are recognized by all religions, whether they are celestial or have the status of certain features, assets and principles. We will try to examine the assets of those religions have discussed by ʾĀzād, on the issue of monotheism, divinity and identity of God, His attributes, ideas and theories about the divine characteristics. We will address all those issues have highlighted by ʾĀzād in his books on the religions in Urdu, such as Mother of the book in the interpretation of the verses named "Al-Fātiha" in Qur'an, "Imam Al-Hind" and others, especially, Tarjumān Al-Qur'an, which means "the Interpretation of Qur'an".

Key words: Monotheism, Religions, Nations, Ancient times, Medieval, Islamic Belief.

[1]. Abu al-Kalām ʾĀzād: "Mother of the Book: (verses of Al-Fatiha)", First Edition, 1987, Eteqad Publishing House, Suyi Walan, New Delhi, India, p.171-172

[2]. The word: Upanishad consists on two words: (Upa) means: (near) and (Shad), means: (sits) which indicates that (the student sits near to the feet of his teacher). It was used for getting true wisdom directly from his teacher. It shows a great relation between the teacher and his best students. See: Philosophers of the East Written by Tomline A.W. F., p.181 and also Philosophical Encyclopedia, p.1519, and Religion of Hinduism and Buddhism, written by Hadyoyiono, p. 20

[3]. Radha Krishnan: Indian philosophy, c / 1, p. 553, Third Edition, India, see also the book of Abu al-Kalām ʾĀzād: "Interpretation of Qur'an", c / 1, second edition, India

[4]. Muḥammad Mandūr: Literature and its schools, Dār Nahḍat Miṣr, Cairo, Egypt, (No date) pp. 111-112

Abstract: Tourism has been noted to be one of the important sectors of the Nigerian economy. Tourism is a highly complex activity which requires tools that aid in an effective decision-making to come to terms with the competing economic, social and environmental demands of sustainable development. Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of such tools. GIS being an information system that is capable of answering questions about where facilities and resources are located represents enormous benefits to the tourism sector of any economy. The power of GIS lies not only in the ability to visualize spatial relationships, but also beyond the space to the holistic view of the world with its many interconnected components and complex relationships. The use of GIS technology could assist the Anambra State government as well as the Nigerian government with better planning of tourism infrastructure, location and dissemination of such infrastructure, production of better quality maps showing tourists sites etc because of the dynamic capability of GIS tools to incorporate changes that occur over time to its database. A GIS database for tourism in Anambra State was created using some selected roads, tourist attractions and facilities with the aid of base maps and GPS. This paper presents the significant role that GIS can play in tourism development in Anambra State if a complete database for tourism in the State is designed and developed.

Keywords: GIS, Tourism, Anambra, Nigeria

[1]. Avdimiotis Spyros and Christou Evangelos (2002) G.I.S Applications In Tourism Planning "A Tool For Sustainable Development Involving Local Communities". Available online at http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/wssd/greece.pdf United Nations 2002 Country Profiles Series. Retrieved on 19 April, 2013.
[2]. Ayeni, O.O. (2006). A Multimedia GIS Database for Planning Management and Promotion of Sustainable Tourism Industry in Nigeria. TS 72 - GIS Application to Planning Issues. Shaping the Changes. XXXIII FIG Congress, Munich, Germany, 8-13, 2006
[3]. Bahaire, T. & Elliott-White, M. (1999). The application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in sustainable tourism planning: A review. International Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7 (2), 159-174.
[4]. Beeton Sue (2006) Community Development through Tourism. Australia: Landlinks Press.
[5]. Chikwanda, G. (2004) A GIS approach in the documentation of dry stone walled heritage sites – a conservation and management tool. Unpublished paper presented to STOCON's 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone in Sweden.

Abstract: English has a strong demand across society" the reason being its apparent economic and social value. Several policies, initiatives and interventions are taken to promote English language learning programs as part of skills development. In South Asia skills development and English language teaching are in high demand, but the problem is how to meet these demands. In this paper we explore English language as part of skills development and what is the worth in investing our time and energy. We will explore the relationship that exists between education, English language skills, skills development and employment (economic development). South Asia has diverse linguistic backgrounds and hence English acts as a major link language for the people. As a result of Globalization and the subsequent rise in the demand of English, nearly all South Asian countries are introducing English at the early school level. This broadens the spectrum of investigating into the national policies regarding English and examining the categorization of English language in reference to pedagogy in the countries of the South Asian region.

[1]. Agnihotri, R. K., & Khanna, A. L. (Eds.). (1995). English language teaching in India: Issues and innovations. New Delhi, India: Sage.

[2]. Agnihotri, R. K., & Khanna, A. L. (1997). Problematizing English in India. New Delhi, India: Sage.

[3]. Alam, F. (2006). Introduction to Dictionary of literary biography: South Asian writers in English.

[4]. Detroit, MI: Thomson Gale.

[5]. Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power (G. Raymond & M. Adamson, Trans.). Oxford, England: Polity.

[6]. Subaltern studies IV (pp. 276–329). Delhi, India: Oxford University Press

Abstract: It is true that originality is not that the man remains in living alone, but the originality is to evacuate the idea with the ideas of others, "The lion is not only several digestible sheep", but the renewal or development of heritage does not mean that the search for the originality or individuality turns to the romantic slogan, which sanctifies all the new for the sake of itself and looks at the values of things in their ages or affiliation to this age. Undoubtedly, the response to the spirit of the times is essential in the concept of development, but the romantic mantras: the (self) and (zeitgeist) without realizing the act of the past and its importance in directing the contemporary age is unacceptable. The renewal or development is not to repeat the old thinking or use an old drum always, but it is related to the greatness of heritage or culture needs the humanitarian effectiveness to highlight it, which is our responsibility. The recognition by all over the world cannot be without the inherent power within our message, which cannot be obtained from abroad. The renewal is the formation of a general cosmic perspective strikes in the depths of the heritage with its roots, overlooking with the branches of its present at all of its dimensions and requirements.
Keywords: 1. Modernization of religious heritage, 2. Imitation, 3. Innovation, 4. Innovators, 5. Revolution.

[1]. Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal: The New East, House of the knowledge, Cairo, 1978), p: 115, from an article in response to this trend titled (civilization of Middle East and its revival) has been published for the first time in "The politics weekly" 1928.
[2]. Zaki Najib Mahmūd: Renewal of the Arab Thought, Dār Al-Shurūq, Beirut, 1971, p, 592
[3]. Salahuddin Mohd. Shamsuddin: Islamic trend in the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal, Al-Dār Al-Salafiah, Bombay, 1991, p: 223-224
[4]. Muḥammad Iqbal: (Kulliyāt / Persian), Iqbal Academy, Lahore, Pakistan.
[5]. Muḥammad Iqbal: (Kulliyāt), Iqbal Academy, Lahore, Pakistan.
[6]. Magazine "Māh -e- Naw" a special issue on Muḥammad Iqbal, the publications of Pakistan, Lahore, September, 1977
[7]. Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal: The New East, House of knowledge, Cairo, 1978, p: 115

Abstract: This study examined the relationship between background characteristics and residential satisfaction of young households in unplanned neighbourhoods in Kano, Nigeria. Data was collected from 364 respondents using self-administered questionnaire from three unplanned neighbourhoods. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed age, household income, household size, total number of bedrooms and total number of rooms had positive significant relationship with residential satisfaction of young households in unplanned neighbourhood in the study area. However, there was no significant relationship between length of residence and residential satisfaction of the young households. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that residential satisfaction differed between tenure status and house type of the respondent, while residential satisfaction did not differ between levels of education. Independent t-test revealed that there was no significant difference between employment status and residential satisfaction of the respondents. These relationships indicate that those who are older, higher income and bigger household size, with more room are more satisfied. It is recommended that policy makers and planning authorities should give more emphasis on the improvement of housing situations of young households and their income to enhance their residential satisfaction.

Keywords: Background characteristic, residential satisfaction, housing, unplanned neighbourhoods, Young households

[1] Muhammad, M. & Bichi, A. M. (2014). Constraints and challenges on housing provision in Kano city, Nigeria. International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, 3 (6), 4 – 23.

[2 ] Jiboye and Omoniyi (2013) Evaluation of residents‟ housing and neighbourhood preferences in Nigeria: Providing feedback for public housing delivery. International Journal of of Arts & Sciences, 6(2);, 221 – 24 0.

[ 3] Potter, J., Chocoine, L., Speicher, K. (2001). Predicting residential satisfaction: A comparative case of study. Architectural programs at digital commons university of Nebrasca – Lincoln.

[4] Jiboye, A. D. (2009). Evaluating Tenants‟ Satisfaction with Public Housing in Lagos, Nigeria. Town Planning and Architecture, 33(4), 239–247.

[5] Lu, M. (1999). Determinants of residential satisfaction: ordered logit vs. regression models. Growth and Change, 30(2), 264-287.

[6] Dunstan, F., Weaver, N., Araya, R., Bell, T., Lannon, S., Lewis, G., . . . Palmer, S. (2005). An observation tool to assist with the assessment of urban residential environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(3), 293-305.