IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-11 ~ Nov-2015

Abstract: Genetic engineering is an extremely sophisticated technology which is almost impossible to handle for most of the developing countries in case of any adverse situation. This technology has raised highly controversial issues and considerable international debate over the liabilities associated with crops containing genetically modified organisms ("GMOs"). This paper focuses on the debate over the associated legal liability issues in between developed countries & developing countries regarding GM contamination and also examines whether common law remedies provide adequate protection against it. In its examination of all these issues, this article identifies the challenges & risks factors that must be faced to ensure justice for all those farmers affected by GM products.

Keywords: Contamination, Farmer's Liability, Legal liability, Genetically modified organisms (GMO), patent rights.

[1]. Maskus, E. Keith, "Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture and the Interests of Asian-Pacific Economies", 29 WORLD ECON. 715, 719(2006).
[2]. FELICIA WU & WILLIAM P. BUTZ, THE FUTURE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS: LESSONSFROM THE GREEN REVOLUTION (2004), http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2004/RAND_MG161.pdf(last visited May 14, 2010).
[3]. ENGINEERING GENESIS: THE ETHICS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING IN NONHUMAN SPECIES 2 (Donald Bruce & Ann Bruce eds., 1998); see also Tester, Mark, "Seeking Clarity in the Debate Over the Safety of GM Foods," 402 NATURE 575, 575 (1999).
[4]. Monsanto Co. v. Trantham, 156 F. Supp. 2d 855, 858 (W.D. Tenn. 2001) (involving the insertion of genes into cottonseed and soybeans to make the plants resistant to herbicide).
[5]. Cockburn, Andrew, "Assuring the Safety of Genetically Modified (GM) Foods: the Importance of an Holistic, Integrative Approach", 98 J. BIOTECH. 79, 80 (2002).

Abstract: This paper examined how environmental education could help to address the challenges of climatic change for the sustenance of the Universal Basic Education(UBE) programme in Nigeria. The major focus of this paper was the role of environmental education in addressing the problems imposed by climatic change for effective implementation of Universal Basic Education. In order to achieve this aim, the paper considered the impacts of climatic change on the implementation of the Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme and how environmental education could help to address these challenges for sustenance of UBE. Finally, the need to integrate environmental education at basic education level as measure for ensuring a healthy environment was advocated and conclusion drawn on the subject matter. Keywords: Environmental education, climatic change and Universal Basic Education in Nigeria.

[1]. Anup, Shah (2013). Climatic Change and Global Warming. (Retrieved online: http://www.globalissue.org).
[2]. Aja, S. N. (2012). Demand and Supply of Teachers for the Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme in Ebonyi State Junior Secondary Schools. Unpublished PhD Thesis Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki.
[3]. Ekpoh, U. I. and Ekpoh, I. J. (2011). Assessing the level of Climatic Change awareness among Secondary School Teachers in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria: Implication for Management Effectiveness. Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 1(3) p.106.
[4]. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2015). The United State Environmental Protection Agency Bulletin. Retrieved online: www.epa.gov/climatic change/
[5]. Idiaghe, J. E. (2011). Universal basic Education in Nigeria.
[6]. In A. O. Abolade, C. M. Ogbodo and B. U. Maduewesi (eds) Contemporary Issues in Nigeria Education. Onitsha: West and Solomon Corporate Ideals Ltd.

Abstract: Women's Empowerment Programme (WEP) is generally built upon the notion that, women constitute a greater percentage of the continent's population, yet, they constitute an endangered group challenged by illiteracy, discrimination, and poverty, hidden under the web of obnoxious cultural practices. Data emerging from the present study show that, effort to get the women out of the web of poverty and discrimination continue to be hindered by negative socio-cultural practice such as not having a share in the family assets, restriction from acquiring landed properties in their father or husbands homeland and submitting of whatever property acquired to the control of the husband or male member of the family, etc................

Keywords: Women's empowerment, Development, socio-cultural practice; Deterrents.

[1]. Ashford, L.S. (2001) New Population Policies: advancing Women‟s health and rights, Population Bulletin 54(4).
[2]. Azeez, A. and Muhammed, A. A. (2005). "Good Governance, Empowerment and Rural Development in Nigeria; A study of the Nexus". International Journal of Social Sciences 4:50-60.
[3]. Beneria. L. and Shelley Feldman (eds) (1992). Unequal Burden: Economic Crises, Persistent Poverty, and Women‟s Work, Boulder, Co and Oxford.
[4]. Blessing Essien and Okon S. Udoh (2015). "Human Occupational Activities in the State Creek Forest Reserve (SCFR) of Akwa Ibom State: Implications: Impacts and Implications on socio-economic Environment". In international farmers of Development Research, 001.5, issue, 03, pp 3880-3887, March.
[5]. Cassen, R. (1979). "Population and Development: A survey" Journal of Management in Nigeria. Vol. 4,No. 10 and 11.

Abstract: In this qualitative research, the researcher analyzed the supervising of regional government on garbage management in the coastal area Tanjungpinang, Indonesia. The interview, documentation and observation were used to collect the data. To analyze the data in this research, the researcher applied Miles and Huberman qualitative data analysis. The findings revealed that the supervision of the regional government in garbage management in coastal areas is not optimal even on preliminary control, concurrent control, and feedback control. This case was happened because of the supervisors (high school background) have double profession; limited facilities and infrastructure; limited budget; overlapping the supervisors' functions and lack of public knowledge about the processing the garbage.On the other hand the use of technology has not been able to reduce the production of garbage in Tanjungpinang.

Keywords: Supervising of Regional Government, Garbage Management, Coastal Area

[1]. Carolina, Armijo. (2010). "Household Solid Waste Charactersitic and Management in Rural Communities". Waste Management Journal: 167-173
[2]. Cresswell, J. W. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New York, NY: Prentince Hall.
[3]. Iriansyah. (2005). The Effect ofthe Implementation ofWaste Management Policytowardsthe Cleanliness ofthe TownTarakan
[4]. Ivancevich, M. Jhon, Robert Konopaske dan Michael T, Matteson. (2006). Behavior and Organozational Management. Jakarta: Erlangga.
[5]. Koontz, Harold. Cyril, O'Donnell. and Heinz, Weihrich. (2006). Management. Kogakusha: Mc Graw-Hill,Inc
[6]. Miles, Mathew B & Huberman, A. Michael. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis. An Expanded Sourcebook Second Edition. ThousandOaks, CA: Sage.

Abstract:Spousal violence impediments women's well being and overall development, i.e. it has direct consequences for women's health-physical, mental, sexual and reproductive as well as economic costs, and afterwards adverse effects on psychological development of children. In every country where large-scale studies have taken place, domestic violence has been found to be by far the most common, wide-spread and farreaching form of gender-based violence. Likewise, domestic violence is a serious social problem in Canada. Statistics Canada reaveals that nearly 653,000 Canadian women have experienced some form of domestic violence in their life and that 60% of female homicides are a result of family violence. As Muslim population is the fastest growing religion in Canada, they are not an exception to it. The majority of Canadian Muslims live in the province of Ontario. This paper examines the socio-legal resources at hand of the Muslim women in Ontario, Canada to defend spousal violence.
Key-words: Spousal violence, Province of Ontario, Mandatory Charging, Victim / Witness Assistance Program, Muslim Family Safety Project, Integrated Domestic Violence Court

1 Statistics Canada. (2011). Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile. Catalogue no. 85-224-X. Ottawa, ON.
www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-224-x/85-224-x2010000-eng.pdf.
2 The World Health Organization, "Understanding and Addressing Violence Against Women."2012, The World Health Organization,
3 Feb. 2013 <http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77431/1/WHO_RHR_12.43_eng.pdf> 1.
3 R. Alaggia & C. Vine (Eds.), Cruel but not unusual: Violence in Canadian families(pp. 99-126). Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University
Press
4 Agnew, V. (1998). Tensions in providing services to South Asian victims of wife abuse in Toronto,Violence Against Women, 4(2), 153-17
5 Chokshi, R., Desai, S. & Adamali, A. (2009). Overview of domestic violence in the South Asian community in Canada: Prevalence, issues
and recommendations. In J. Fong (Ed.), Out of the shadows: Woman abuse in ethnic, immigrant and Aboriginal communities (pp. 147-170).
Toronto: Women‟s Press.

Abstract: The Auroville bioregion is defined as a large area, bordered by Kaluveli Tank- a large marsh to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east; Puducherry to the south and the Ousteri Lake to the west. The lands of the intentional community of Auroville are spread out in a patchwork pattern interspersed with temple and village land, fields and plantations, over an area of some 20 square kilometres. The area occupied by Auroville is a plateau land with a maximum elevation of 52 meters above sea level at Matri Mandir (centre of Auroville) and
from there it slopes down 5 kms to the coast on the east and to heavier alluvial soil on the west.

[1]. Aoki Bissolotti, Paula M., Santiago, Goncalves A., de Oliveira, R. (2006, Sept). Sustainability Evaluation in Ecovillages. In
symposium: The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from:
http://www.cuepe.ch/html/plea2006/Vol2/PLEA2006_PAPER868.pdf.
[2]. Auroville Botanical Gardens (n.d). Para1. Retrieved on march 17, 2014 from (http://auroville.wix.com/avbg#!__eco-clubs)
[3]. Auroville Earth Institute. (n.d). AVEI Construction Projects. In Construction. Retrieved on 20-03-2014 from http://www.earthauroville.
com/construction_projects_en.php).
[4]. Auroville farms, forest and botanical gardens. (2011). Auroville: PRISMA.
[5]. Aurore –Auroville Renewable Energy (n.d). Retrieved on 26.03.2014 from http://www.auroville.com/aurore/Ourwork.html.
[6]. CBERD Research Project (2012-2017) (n.d , para 2). Retrieved from
http://www.auroville.org/research/csr/cberd_research_project.html

Abstract:West Bengal had a great heritage of cotton textile industry from the very ancient period of time. This work was traditionally done by rural artisans, they reflected their hope, aspiration, and their life style through their design , the brilliant mix of colours which is admired all over the world.

[1]. Chandrashekhar CP. Handloom: In Survival Mode, Paper presented in the seminar on "Growth and Prospects of the Handloom
Industry‟, Centre for Economic and Social Science Studies, Hyderabad 23rd-24th September, 20001.
[2]. Chattopadhayay Kamaladevi, "The Glory of Indian Handicrafts‟, Clarion Books c.36 Connaught Place, New Delhi.
[3]. Dash S. "Handloom Industry in India‟, Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 1995.
[4]. Dev Mahendra S, Galab S, Reddy Prudhvikar P, Vinayan Soumya, " Economics of Handloom Weaving: a Field Study in Andhra
Pradesh‟ , Economic & Political Weekly, May 24, 2008.
[5]. Dutta Sutapa " Problems and prospects of cotton industry in Dhaniakhali Block of Hooghly district‟ , The Journal of Indian Social
Review, June 2013, Volume I, Number II.

Abstract:The article emphasizes on concepts, definitions and classifications of evidence. It mostly analyzes about evidentiary value of different kinds of evidence and their limitations. What qualities constitute best evidence, and which part of evidence is competent, relevant, material, that has been focused clearly. Additionally, the weight of the hearsay rule and its exceptions has been depicted as well as other evidentiary policies involving confession, different statement, and the concept of legal weight has been discussed.

1 Overview of Evidence (Jones and Barletta Publishers) LLC<http://samples.jbpub.com/9780763766610/CH01.pdf> accessed 20
September 2015
2Ibid
3Ibid
4Ibid
5Ibid
6Ibid
7Ibid at p. 2
8 Md. Abdul Halim, The Law of Evidence: Theory and Practice, 4th ed. (2011), CCB Foundation,

Abstract:The authors carried out an analysis of literature on gender stereotypes in communication processes among the males and females in context of existing societal views held by different proponents. The article specifically looks at how gender stereotypes are developed and manifested at the work place, social places, media, and literature and in the home environment. Stereotypes can influence people's self-concept and world view. Although stereotypes mainlyproject issues in a negative way, the paper gives an objective assessment of the gender stereotypes in an attempt to unpack their multifaceted nature. From a communication's perspective, stereotypes ought to be seen beyond the humour which manifests itself on the surface hence misleading or misrepresenting how people relate or view other persons.

[1] Gamble, Sarah. Ed. (2006) ―Stereotyping‖ The Routledge Companion to Feminism andPostfeminism. New York: Routledge,.
[2] McGarty, Craig; Yzerbyt, Vincent Y.; Spears, Russel (2002), "Social, cultural and cognitive factors in stereotype formation",
Stereotypes as explanations: The formation of meaningful beliefs about social groups, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.
1–15, ISBN 978-0-521-80047-
[3] Judd, Charles M.; Park, Bernadette (1993), "Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes", Psychological Review
100 (1): 109–128, doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.1.109
[4] Cox, William T. L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (2012)."Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The
Integrated Perspective". Perspectives on Psychological Science 7 (5): 427–449.
[5] Fagot, Beverly I.; Leinbach, Mary D.; O'Boyle, Cherie. (1992) Gender labeling, gender stereotyping, and parenting behaviours.
Developmental Psychology, Vol 28(2), Mar, 225-230.

Abstract:The study explored the disaster management practices in five public libraries in South West Nigeria. The study revealed that all libraries boards had put in place adequate measures to curtail disaster occurrences, therein majority of the staff were fully aware of the disaster preparedness measures and have knowledge on how to use available disaster equipment. However, some challengesencountered in all selected library boards are not non-functional offirefighting equipment, inadequate facilities, technophobia, financial incapability and lack
of interest/carefree attitude of library personnel. Based on these findings, it was recommended that more concentration and attention should be given to disaster control programmes in all library boards for better presentation and conservation of library resources. And there should be provision of adequate disaster equipment and facilities and increase in the level of staff awareness on preparation for disaster.
Keywords: Disaster, Disaster management practices, Public Libraries, South-West Nigeria

[1]. Alegbeleye, B. (1993) Disaster Control Planning for Libraries, Archives and Electronic Data Processing Centres in African, p 37.
[2]. Balon and Gardner (2006) Disaster Planning and Preparedness: An Outline Disaster Control Plan. P. 21.
[3]. Bharact. M. (2001) "Vulnerability Matters in South Asia", Proceedings of the International Conference on Disaster Management
[4]. Buchanan, S.A. (1981). Preservation Management: Emergency Preparedness p. 10.
[5]. Echezona, R.I. and Ugwu, C.I. (2010) Disaster Management in University Libraries: Perception, Problems and Strategies.
[6]. Eden, P. and Matthews, G. (1997) Disaster management in libraries. Facilities, 15(1/2):43
[7]. Fosu, V. (2005) Disaster Management in Academic Libraries in Ghana.African Journal of Library, Archival and Information
Studies.15(1), p 1.

Abstract:This research work analyzed the educational and occupational attitudes of women towards malaria prevention in children in Jos South Local Government Area. The aim is to identify the socio-economic factors with intervention merits that can be used to promote effective malaria prevention practices among the women in the LGA and Plateau State in general. A questionnaire was administered to the respondents on issues like the possession of mosquito nets, usage of mosquito treated nets, in order to assess their knowledge and prevention practices. It also collected information on the background characteristics of the respondents in four districts of Jos South: Du, Gyel, Kuru and Vwang. Association between prevention practices and background characteristics were presented in figures. The study found that women who are highly educated demonstrate strong positive attitudes towards malaria prevention practices than women with lower educational qualifications. The research also reveals that education and occupation relate in malaria prevention practices of women in Jos South Local Government Area with a hypothetical test of Chi-square: x2= P> 0.05 (95% confidence level). Against this background the studies recommended improve investment in the education of women and public enlightenment to promote positive attitudes toward malaria prevention practices in the study area.
Key words: Educational, Occupational, Malaria, Maternal

[1]. Hay, S. I., D. J. Rogers, J. F. Toomer, and R. W. Snow.( 2004). "Annual Plasmodium falciparum Entomological Inoculation Rates
(EIR) across Africa: Literature Survey, Internet Access, and Review." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene 94: 113–27.
[2]. Breman, J. G., M. S.Alilio, and A. Mills. (2004)."Conquering the Intolerable Burden of Malaria: What's New, What's Needed: A
Summary." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71 (Suppl.2): 1–15.
[3]. Snow, R. W., C. A. Guerra, A. M. Noor, H. Y. Myint, and S. I. Hay. (2005)."The Global Distribution of Clinical Episodes of
Plasmodium falci- parum Malaria." Nature 434: 214–17.
[4]. Federal Ministry of Health (2004) National Anti Malaria Treatments Policy. Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Health
[5]. National Population Commission and ICF Macro (2008) Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey.

Abstract: Micro and Small Enterprises in Kenya have restricted levels of technology, inappropriate technology and inadequate institutional capacity to support adaptation and absorption of modern technological skills. Technological inventions, innovations and developments in electronics, hydraulics and pneumatics have revolutionalized the automobile industry. In light of the these developments, the informal sector mechanics must be equipped with appropriate technical skills in order to have a competitive edge as far as servicing or repairing modern vehicles is concerned.

[1]. S. Bureau, J. Fendt (2013).Entrepreneurship in the informal economy: why it matters .The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation. 12 (2), 85-94.
[2]. Kenya National Alliance of Street Vendors and Informal Traders (2011). Micro and small enterprises in Kenya: Constraints, challenges and possibilities KCA Journal of Business Management. Vol 3, No 1 .
[3]. John Karanja Ngugi, R.W. Gakure, Were M. Susan, Patrick Karanja Ngugi, Kibiru Charles Robinson (2012). The Influence of Intellectual Capital on the Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya. Journal of Business Management and Corporate Affairs. Vol, 1 Issue 1, 11-19.
[4]. [4] M. Bowen, M. Morara, M. Mureithi (2013). Management of Business Challenges Among Small and Micro Enterprises in Nairobi. KCA Journal of Business Management. Vol 3, No 1
[5]. [5] KEMRA (2014). Empowering the Kenyan Motorist. June Issue

Abstract: Gender-based violence occurs in all the societies of the world, within the household or in the wider community and these affects women and girl child unequally. This paper attempts to discuss the sociological implication of gender-based violence against women in Nigeria, pervasiveness of gender based violence, factors that advance gender based violence in Nigeria, causes and effect of gender based violence. One of the contemporary sociological theories, the feminist theory was adopted as a framework for the analysis of this study. It also suggests recommendations to curtailing gender based violence against women in the society.

Keyword: Gender-Based, violence, women

[1]. Adebayo AA, Kolawole TO (2013). Domestic Violence and Death: Women as Endangered Gender in Nigeria. Am. J. Social. Res. 3(3):53-60.
[2]. Adekola, G., G. E. Falase, A. O. (2006). Domestic violence and women participation in Community Development Activities, African Journal of Education and Development, 3(1), 85-93.
[3]. Adekola, G., Oyebamiyi, M.A & Ugwu, A.N. (2009). Gender Disparities in Adult Education: Implications for the Achievement of Education for All (EFA) Goals in Nigeria. African Journal of Historical Sciences in Education, 5 (1 &2), 20-29.
[4]. Adewale , R. (2007): Violence in the family: A preliminary investigation & overview of wife battering in Africa: journal of International women‟s studies. Vol. 9, (1) PP. 234-251.

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