IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-2 ~ Feb-2015

Abstract: The bilateral relationship has a history of being influenced by US policies towards India's neighbours and India's policy of non-alignment and its relations with the erstwhile Soviet Union. Nations are seen firm for rapid progress and economic competition which can no longer pay for the price of war, leaving alone a nuclear war. The relations between the United States and India can be viewed through the identical lenses of the nuclear non-proliferation and civil nuclear deal. Nuclear weapons are an essential part of India's national security and will remain so, until non-discriminatory and global nuclear disarmament. The bilateral relation between India and US is reaching new epoch but on the other hand, NPT regime got a terrific setback after the recent commencement of the Indo-US nuclear deal as India being the non-signatory to the NPT.

Keywords: Disarmament, India, Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, United States.

[1]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/treaty_on_the_non_proliferation_of_nuclear_weapons.

[2]. Gurmeet, Kanwal, Non-Proliferation Challenges: An Indian Perspective, Observer Research Foundation, 11 September, 2007. orfonline.com/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.html.

[3]. L., Weiss, India and the NPT, Strategic Analysis, IDSA, New Delhi, Vol. 34, No. 2, March 2010, pp. 255–271. [4]. ibid.

[5]. India votes against UN draft resolutions on NPT, The Hindu, October 31, 2014.

[6]. ibid, N3.

Abstract:Most of the cities of today's world are facing issues of cleanliness on its streets, footpaths, public places etc. In spite of efforts from civic authorities / local administration, cities are getting dirty day by day. Citizens who pay heavy taxes for cleanliness and hygiene largely remain unsatisfied for most of the time with the authorities. Today, most of the governments in developed countries have taken one or other initiative to empower the citizens through extensive utilization of Information Technology. The proposed system "SUCHITRa" is conceptualized to empower citizens to rate the cleanliness at public places in India, make aware the responsible local authorities of places requiring immediate attention for cleaning. It will also assist the local authorities in resources optimization and rank their own administrative areas to identify un-cleaned spots and assess the success of their own cleanliness initiatives. Third party is added to have an unbiased rating of the cleanliness. SUCHITRa is a proto-type multi-lingual rating, location based monitoring and management system using cloud architecture to assess the cleanliness activities for enhancement of human habitat. In future, the system can be implemented in developing countries to provide a clean, hygienic environment to its citizens.

Keywords: Cleanliness, Cloud, Citizens, Rating system,

[1]. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) "Ecocity" project, http://cpcb.nic.in/Highlights/2006/ECO-CITYPROGRAMME%5B1%5D.pdf
[2]. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cleanliness-index-soon-to-rank-cities/article6427602.ece dated Sep 20, 2014
[3]. Keep Scotland Beautiful (KSB)‟s "Cleanliness Index Monitoring System (CIMS), http://www.livingstreets.org.uk/sites/default/files/content/library/toolkits/creatinghealthyenvironments/3.3%20Cleanliness%20Index%20Monitoring%20%20System.pdf
[4]. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India Requesting for Proposal (RFP) "Study on development of Cleanliness Index for Cities", http://www.tourism.gov.in/writereaddata/Uploaded/Tender/101020131223846.pdf
[5]. Pune Municipal Corporation Website, www.punecorporation.org
[6]. TOBIN Consulting Engineer, Thailand, "National Litter Pollution Monitoring System", http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/Environment/Waste/LitterPollution/FileDownLoad,38314,en.pdf

Abstract: Allowing gay personnel in the armed forces continues to be a subject of great debate, having only been instituted in a handful of militaries around the world (that is, the vast majority of industrialized, Western countries, in addition to Brazil, Israel, South Korea, and South Africa). The latest global figures on acceptance of homosexuality suggest that tolerance of LGBT communities is only becoming more widespread in secular, affluent countries. However, the acceptance of homosexuality even in these few countries does not guarantee that LGBT citizens are immune to discrimination in that particular society.

[1]. Webley, Kale. "Brief History of Gays in the Military." Time. Brendan Ripp, 2 Feb 2010. Web. 14 March 2014.
[2]. Kier, Elizabeth. "Homosexuals in the U.S. Military: Open Integration and Combat Effectiveness." International Security 23.0. 2 (1998): 5-39. Web. 14 March 2014.
[3]. Sennott, Charles. "Countries Where Gays Do Serve Openly in the Military." The World Post [Boston] 25 May 2011. Huffington Post. Web. 14 March 2014.
[4]. Oppel, A. Richard. "Texas and Five Other States Resist Processing Benefits for Gay Couples". The New York Times 10 Nov. 2013. Nytimes. Web. 15 March 2014.
[5]. Gates, J. Gary. "Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Men and Women in the U.S. Military: Updated Estimates." The Williams Institute. May 2010. Web. 14 March 2014.

Abstract:The current paper discussed about the various issues and challenges of ICT implementation and digitization of college libraries of Barak Valley, Southern Assam. Barak valley as an interior place of Assam and north east India has less economic development in comparison to rest of India. Facing with various problems the college libraries of this region are growing day by day with chasing the challenges. UGC's autonomous centre INFLIBNET are continuously doing their best effort in supporting the automation of libraries of this region with their software SOUL and other helping hand. The paper mainly discussed about the ground problems of the college libraries in the ICT implementation and digitization.

Keywords: ICT (Information Communication Technology), Digitization, College Library.

[1]. M. K. Sinha, Status of ICT Infrastructure for Computerization of College Library Services in the State of Assam. : An Evaluative Study of College Libraries of Barak Valley, South Assam, Library Progress (International), 32(1), 2012, 29-59.
[2]. R.C. Ganguly,. Digital Libraries: Challenges and Prospect (Delhi: Isha Books, 2007)..
[3]. A.K. Baradol, Anuradha. V, Technology Impact in Libraries: A Myth or Reality, DESIDOC Journal of Information Technology, 31 (6), 2011, 484-488.
[4]. M. K. Sinha, Status of Information Communication Technology (ICT) Infrastructure and Computerization of University Libraries of North Eastern Region of India: A Survey, Librarian: Journal of Library and Information Science, 17(1), 2010, 16-29.
[5]. M. K. Sinha, J. Bhattacharjee, Developing Institutional Repositories in University Libraries of North Eastern Region of India : A Case Study of Assam University, Silchar, Proc. 4th Convention, PLANNER, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India, 09-10 November, 2006, 311-321.

Abstract: Introduction: Infant and young child nutrition has been engaging the attention since long for the very simple reason that growth rate in the life of human being is maximum during the first year of life and infant feeding practices comprising of both the breastfeeding as well as complementary feeding have major role in determining the nutritional status of the child. Optimal breast feeding could prevent 13% of deaths occurring in children less than 5 year of age globally, while appropriate complementary feeding practice would results in an additional 6% reduction in under-five mortality.

[1]. Govt of India (2006); National guidelines on Infant and Young Child Feeding (Ministry of Women And Child Development); 9-10.
[2]. WHO (2009) session-1; Infant and young child feeding model chapter for text books.
[3]. Sinhababu A, Mukhopadhyay D K, Panja T K, Saren A B, Mandal N K, Biswas A B; Infant-and Young Child-feeding Practices in Bankura District, West Bengal, Ind. Jour Health Popul. Nutr. 2010;28(3):294–299.
[4]. Concurrent assessment of health and family welfare programs and technical support to districts of Uttar Pradesh, Meerut, table 4B.4,2006-2007;117,187,189,138,144.
[5]. Dongre A R, Deshmukh P R, Rawool A P, Garg B S; Where and how breastfeeding promotion initiatives should focus its attention? A study from rural Wardha; Ind. Jour Comm. Med. 2010;35:(2):226-229.
[6]. Gupta P, Srivastava V K, Kumar V, Jain S, Masood J, Ahmad N, Srivastava J P; Newborn care practices in urban slums of Lucknow city, UP; Ind. Jour Comm. Med. 2010;35(1):82-85.

Abstract: Sea, the home for billions of organisms, is a beautiful creation of the God. Nature has done everything possible to keep this place clean and beautiful without harming the inhabitants. But human activities, such as shipping have posed a danger of spillage of oil that they discharge into the sea, thus resulting in oil pollution. The spilt oil, being heavier than water, does not sink into it nor mixes with it. It forms a top layer on the water surface which is detrimental to the hydro ecology. This hampers the human beings also. So, this Convention was set up as a supplement to The International Convention on the Civil Liabilities for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969, (CLC, 1969). This convention sets up a Fund for the Oil Pollution Damage from where the victims are compensated in the cases that have been discussed in the following chapters. The jurisdiction on the high seas has been discussed to understand how a ship's nationality can be determined so as to hold it liable. A beam of light has also been thrown on the conventions and laws of sea prior to the adoption of the Convention. Finally, an analysis on the implementation of the Convention in India has been provided.

Keywords: Damage, Fund Convention, Oil Pollution, The Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation of Oil Pollution Damage, 1971, The International Convention on the Civil Liabilities for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969

[1]. BooksMalcolm N. Shaw, International Law (6th Edition, Cambridge)
[2]. Samareshwar Mahanty, Maritime Jurisdiction and Admiralty Law in India( Universal 2009)
Dictionaries
[3]. Law of the Sea, Encyclopedia Britannica, available at <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/530433/Law-of-the-Sea>
Conventions
[4]. The UNCLOS Convention, 1982
[5]. The High Seas Convention, 1958
[6]. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), 1969

Abstract:The present study was designed to examine the role of emotional intelligence, gender and culture in depression. The sample of the present study included 200 tribal subjects in which 100 male and 100 female, both are students of XI class, and similarly 200 non-tribal subject in which 100 male and 100 female of XI class are included. To measure the depression, Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI) was used and to assess the emotional intelligence Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS) was used. The regression analysis was computed to analyze the data. Results indicated that emotional intelligence is a significant predictor of depression in clarity and mood repair dimension. But gender and cultural differences does not found in depression.

Keywords: depression, emotional intelligence, gender, culture.

[1]. Angold, A. (1988). Childhood and adolescent depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 601-617.
[2]. Batool, S.S. & Khalid, R. (2009). Low emotional intelligence: A risk factor for depression. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Sociaty, 6(2).
[3]. Ciarrochi, J., Deane, F.P. & Anderson, S. (2002). Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between stress and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 197-209.
[4]. Downey, L.A., Johnston, P.J., Hansen, K., Schembri, R., Stough, C., Tuckwell, V. & Schweitzer, I. (2008). The relationship between emotional intelligence and depression in a clinical sample. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 22(2).
[5]. Fernandez-Berrocal, P., Alcaide, R. & Extremara, N. (2006). The role of emotional intelligence in anxiety and depression among adolescents. Individual Differences Research, 4(1), 16-27.

Abstract:In contemporary history, Western colonialism, based on its ideological and epistemological visions, has affected almost all the modes of life across the world. Apart from other things, it has given birth to volumes of literary narratives dealing with colonial experiences. Many colonial people have served the objectives of colonialism and some of them have been immortalized in the pieces of literary representations. At the collective level, they served the invariable objectives of colonialism within their respective capacities but at the personal level, these people responded to colonialism in varying moods, introspections and reflections. In this paper, we are making a comparative and contrastive analysis to reveal how individual colonial men variably responded to colonial experiences while serving and executing almost invariable objectives of colonialism as reflected in three canonical literary texts- An Outpost of Progress by Joseph Conrad, Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell and A Passage to India by E M Forster.

Keywords: Epistemology, rationalism, capitalism, subjectivity, self.

[1]. Alam, M. S. (2006), Orwell‟s "Shooting an Elephant": Reflections on Imperialism and Neo-imperialism, IIUC STUDIES, Vol. – 3, December 2006 (p 55-62).
[2]. Ashcroft B, Griffiths G and Tiffin H. (2000). Post-Colonial Studies: the Key Concepts, Routledge, London
[3]. Bensemmane, M. (2011). Conrad‟s picture of Irony in An Outpost of Progress. Journal of the Short Story in English, Spring.
[4]. Conrad, J. (2007). Heart of Darkness and Other Tales, OUP
[5]. Fanon, F. (1967). Black Skin, White Masks. Trans. Charles Lam Markman. London: Pluto Press.
[6]. Forster, E.M. (1981). A Passage to India. London: Penguin.1981
[7]. Khan.M.A (1990). Political Crisis of the Present Age: Capitalism, Communism and What Next? Baitush Sharaf Islamic Research Institute, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Abstract:The High Court of Punjab and Haryana in Avtar Singh vs. Jasbir Singh (RSA No. 29/1988 (O&M) in its decision dated 11.02.2014) held that a lacuna in the position of Hindu wife qua their property and maintenance rights, whose husband is unable to provide maintenance to her under Section 18 of Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 was identified. This Article is divided into six parts: I) Introduction, II) Aims and Objectives of the Research Paper, III) Provisions of "Maintenance‟ of the Hindu wife under Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act 1956, IV) Status of wife of a Joint Hindu Family and Hindu Coparcener- a) Status of wife of a Joint Hindu Family, b) Status of wife of a coparcener, V) Response of the Indian Judiciary and legal luminaries to "Right to Maintenance of Hindu wife‟ in Classical Hindu Law, VI) Conclusion, Suggestions and Recommendations. Keywords: Classical Hindu Law, father-in-law‟s liability, Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956, Hindu wife, Husband‟s disability, Maintenance.

[1]. Archana Parashar, Women and Family Reform in India, New Delhi, Sage Publications, (1992) P.103
[2]. Dalbir Bharati, Women and Law, New Delhi, S.B. Nangia-APH Publishing Corporation, (2008),
[3]. Desai Satyajeet Atul, Sir Dinshah Fardunji Mulla, Principles of Hindu Law, Volume 1(20th ed.), New Delhi, LexisNexis Butterworths, (2007 )at pg.9
[4]. Dinshah Fardunji Mulla, Satyajeet Atul Desai, Principles of Hindu Law, Volume 1(20th ed.), New Delhi, LexisNexis Butterworths, (2007)
[5]. Diwan Paras, Modern Hindu Law (20th ed.), Allahabad,Allahabad Law Agency, (2009).
[6]. Diwan, Paras and Diwan Peeyushi. Law of Maintenance in India. New Delhi: Deep & Deep, (1990) p. 39; Aggarwal,

Abstract: The Devadasi system was once prevalent right across India. It was known by different names in different places such as Devarattiyal in Tamil Nadu, Mahris in Kerala, Natis in Assam, Muralis in Maharashtra, Basavis and Muralis in Andhra Pradesh and Jogatis and Basavis in Karnataka. The word "devadasi" is derived from two words, "deva" meaning God and "dasi" meaning slave or servant-woman. Every devadasi therefore, is a slave of God. Almost in all the parts of India, there is an ancient tradition of offering young boys and girls to deities; the tradition is prevalent in many rural areas. Particularly southern Maharashtra and northern Karnataka state young boys and girls of tender age are offering to the Goddess Yallamma (or Renuka), whose main Shrine is situate in village "Soundati" in the nearby Belgaum district of Karnataka State (South India). These living sacrifices are known as "Devadasi" and they lead a wretched life. The word "Devadasi" might connote "Servant of god", but in reality a girl child who is dedicated to the goddess is no more than a prostitute. For centuries the repressive tradition of Devadasi system has been prevailing in many parts of India. Devadasi system is not only exploitation of men, women and impotents but it is the organizational exploitation of lower castes Dalits in the religious rituals. Sanction given to prostitution of helpless economically and socially deprived young girls and women; it is the glorification of humiliation of women.

Keywords: Devadasi, Yellamma, Exploitation.

[1]. Gandharva signifies angelic beings from Heaven.
[2]. Low-caste woman.
[3]. Interestingly, the incestuous implications embedded in this "blessing‟ seem to have escaped scholars, theoreticians and social activists working ceaselessly for the rehabilitation of these young girls. The "incestuous‟ reading comes across because firstly, Renuka is re- named Yellamma, who is female though she is a Goddess. How can a Goddess be wed to another female? Secondly, if a girl is married to Yellamma who is Parasuram‟s mother, doesn‟t having sex with the partner‟s biological son amount to incest which is forbidden even among the Gods and Goddesses in the Hindu pantheon? Thirdly, how can Parasuram in human form expect these girls to offer sex to him without giving back anything in return, not even a blessing? In that case, does this not reduce his status to that of a beggar too?
[4]. Religious scriptures of a particular period in pre-historic times.

Abstract: Sundarban is the world‟s largest continuous mangrove forest of which almost two-third belong to Bangladesh and one-third to India.1 The Sundarban is ecologically a southern part of the Gangetic delta between the river Hoogly in India on the west and the river Meghna(course of Brahmaputra) in Bangladesh on the east and is bounded by the Ganga –Padma and the Padma- Meghna on the north and the Bay of Bengal on the south. The tract, thus defined covers about 435km in length and includes an area 72,727sq km, having parts from the districts of North and South 24 Parganas of West Bengal of India and from the districts of Khulana and Bakhergunj in Bangladesh. This tract known as Sundarban has been politically been divided into two constituent units of two sovereign countries on and from India‟s independence (Aug,1947). The larger part was included in Pakistan(now Bangladesh) and smaller part in India. The Indian part of Sundarban got bifurcated into two districts- 24 Parganas North and South. The larger part of Sundarban in India was included in the district of 24 Parganas South.2

[1]. Mikey Leung,Belinda Meggitt,Bradt Travels Guides, In the lagoons of the Gangetic Delta ed.by Gautam Kumar Bera,Mittal Pun,2012.
[2]. Mondal,Asim Kumar,The Sundarban of India : A Development Analysis,Indus publishing,2003.
[3]. Partha P. and Samad R. In solidarity with Sundarban honey wisdom. Non-Timber Forest Products: Exchange Programme for South and South East Asia. http://www.ntfp.orglsub.php?gosub=exchangenews-art&id=260 (2013).
[4]. Weinert S.Mathew ,Democratic Sovereignty:Authority,Legitimacy and State in a Globalising Age,Routledge,Feb,2007.

Abstract: The LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer) group has remained largely an unexplored area until recent attempts have been made to explore the real side of it by the alternative cinema. Considering the Indian context, this group has remained under the blanket of the various restrictions imposed by the surrounding dominant factors, snubbing the voice of this marginalized group. This paper attempts at exploring those factors that come as hurdles specifically to the transgender. Certain filmmakers have acted as pioneers and have made serious attempts to uncover the blanket shrouding this issue so that the voice of this class can be heard. The paper further portrays what conflicts rise in the life of a transgender and the disastrous repercussions that are inevitable to happen. An in-depth exploration of the movie in hand further justifies the case. The vacillation between various conflicts can sometimes turn the life inside-out. Can a transgender have their wishes concretized in the Indian scenario? The answer to this and many related questions have been answered to the farthest extent.

Keywords: Transgender, Homophobia, Heteronormativity, Cinematic representations, Gender Reassignment

[1]. Arroyo, Brandon. "Sexualizing the Transgendered Body in Hedwig and the Angry Inch and Boys Don‟t Cry." Textual Overtures. 2.1 (2014): 84-99. Web. 5 Dec. 2014. http://textualovertures.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/article-6.pdf
[2]. Chitrangada, The Crowning Wish [Chitrangada, The Crowning Wish] Dir. Rituparno Ghosh. Perf. Rituparno Ghosh, Jisshu Sengupta, Anjan Dutt. Shree Venkatesh Films. 2012. Film.
[3]. "Heteronormative". Oxford Dictionaries. oxforddictionaries.com. Web. 8 Dec. 2014. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/heteronormative.
[4]. Pattnik, Sonali. Outside the Frame: The Representation of Hijra in Bollywood Cinema. Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and Pacific. 22. (2009): N.p. Web. 5 Dec. 2014. http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue22/pattnaik.htm.
[5]. Raymond, Diane. Popular Culture and Queer Representation- A Critical Perspective. sagepub.com. n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. http://www.sagepub.com/dines3estudy/articles/02_Raymond_Pg98.pdf.

Abstract: The best indicator of good learning process is dominance of experience in education otherwise known as experiential education. The level of exposure of students in relation to their careers has an influence on their professionalism later on in the job market. This paper sought to explore the extent which the training received in the middle level colleges prepare students for careers in the media industry. The study was carried out in middle level colleges offering journalism courses, in Eldoret Municipality. The target population were 72 respondents who comprised of 18 head of departments and 54 class representatives. The respondents who participated in the study were 63 respondents. The study collected data from sampled respondents by using Questionnaires and interview schedules. The findings of the study showed that the graduates from theses colleges were not exposed, hence making it difficult for these colleges to achieve their ideal role as training institutions. From the study finding, it was recommended that Journalism training programs in middle level colleges should be tailored in such a way that trainees are fully exposed to contemporary media issues in order to cope up with the changing needs in the field of journalism and media industry in general.

Keywords: Exposure, Journalism, Students, Media Industry, Middle Level College, Careers

[1]. European policy manual on training (2000). A focus of Real Journalism education and training, London, a Publication of the University of East London
[2]. Hannessy, B. (1997). Freelance and feature writing. London: Focal Press
[3]. Minogue, K. (2005). Journalism: Power without responsibility. The New Criterion, 23(6) [Online].Available at: http://newcriterion.com/archives/23/02/journalism-power-without-responsibility.[Accessed: 20011-05-10].
[4]. Mugo, J. (2011). Expanded education in Kenya. Journal of the Federation of Kenya Employers, Nairobi.
[5]. Nguri, M., Mumbi, R., & Kamweu, E. (2009). "Media Training in Eastern Africa" Journal for the Media Council of Kenya-Nairobi
[6]. UNESCO. (2007). Model Curricula for Journalism Education; journal from World Journalism Education Congress in Singapore in 2007
[7]. Wamari, E. (2010, July 2 p. 9). Media institutions everywhere but who is controlling. Daily Nation. Nairobi: Nation Media Group.

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to compare rural and urban college students on various dimensions of social intelligence and academic achievement. The study was conducted on a sample of 390 college students of third year from district Srinagar. The sample comprised of 187 rural-203 urban college students. The tools used in the study were N.K.Chaddha and Usha Ganesan Social Intelligence Scale (1986) and the average marks percentage obtained by the sample subjects in their first and second year examinations was used as the measure of academic achievement. The data was analyzed by applying mean, S.D, t-test and percentage. The analysis of the data revealed that urban college students when compared with rural college students were found to have high social intelligence and urban college students have been found to have better academic achievement as compared to rural college students.

Keywords: Social Intelligence, Academic Achievement, Rural and Urban College Students.

[1]. Busari, A.O (2000) Stress inoculation training and self statements monitoring techniques in the reduction of test anxiety among adolescent underachievers in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Ibadan
[2]. Cantor, N. and Harlow. R. (1994) Social Intelligence and Personality: Flexible Life –task pursuit In, R. J. Sternberg and P. Ruzgis (Eds.), Personality and Intelligence Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
[3]. Goleman, D (1995) Emotional, Intelligence: why it can matter more than IQ? Bantam Books, New York, NY, U.S.A.
[4]. Hooda, D, Sharma, N.R and Yadava. A (2009) Social Intelligence as a predictor of positive psychological health. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. Vol-35, No.1 pp. 143-150
[5]. Marlowe, H.A (1986) Social Intelligence: Evidence for multidimensionality and construct independence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78 (1), pp. 52 -58.
[6]. Osokoya, M.M (1998) some determinant of secondary school students academic achievement in chemistry in Oyo state. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Abstract: The political and constitutional history of Pakistan over the years has been quite enigmatic. The unprecedented political crises, security threats, failure of domestic and external policies impaired the political development of this country. While looking at the historical underpinnings, the political system was dominated by bureaucratic-military elites. They developed symbiotic relationship along with feudal lords who readily accepted the policy of second fiddle. Military along with bureaucracy collaborated to re-structure the political system and brought constitutional changes to consolidate power. On the other hand the political parties were unable to capitalize upon political power. They remained averse to solving political issues, invariably contributed in strengthening the hands of extra constitutional forces. The ineffective system of accountability, weak organization of judiciary and social backwardness were among other factors which hampered political development considerably. This paper attempts to unfold the historical analysis of political and constitutional development and how those developments impacted the political system of Pakistan.

Key words: Military-bureaucratic oligarchy, mushroom growth of political parties, political structures in the state of disequilibrium

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Abstract: Education is in the process of a major change, where through innovations in technology and teaching methodology, academic institutions are being given an opportunity to work for the benefit of the student.Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can enhance universal access to education, equity,quality and efficiency in education. The use of the computer in curriculum delivery, in particular, promises better and improved methods of educational content delivery, methodology and pedagogical skills as well as expanding the availableteaching and learning knowledge base. Whereas technology cannot replace a teacher in the instructional process, it forms an important and additional resource for both the teacher and the learner to promote interactive and participatory learning. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in teaching and learning are technological tools in form of hardware and software that help communicate, develop, disseminate, store and manage information.

[1]. Angold, A. (1988). Childhood and adolescent depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 601-617.
[2]. Batool, S.S. & Khalid, R. (2009). Low emotional intelligence: A risk factor for depression. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Sociaty, 6(2).
[3]. Ciarrochi, J., Deane, F.P. & Anderson, S. (2002). Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between stress and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 197-209.
[4]. Downey, L.A., Johnston, P.J., Hansen, K., Schembri, R., Stough, C., Tuckwell, V. & Schweitzer, I. (2008). The relationship between emotional intelligence and depression in a clinical sample. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 22(2).
[5]. Fernandez-Berrocal, P., Alcaide, R. & Extremara, N. (2006). The role of emotional intelligence in anxiety and depression among adolescents. Individual Differences Research, 4(1), 16-27.

Abstract: Education…it is the process of learning. It is the fourth basic need for a person after food, clothing and shelter. Education is very important because food, clothing and shelter are meaningless without education. Education is the most basic necessity in this competitive world to survive and reach heights. Literacy rate decides the power of a country. And this should start right from educating the children who build the next generations. In India there are many rural areas where most of the children are not educated. This is a severe problem which is being faced by our country and we are the ones who should solve it. To make our India glorious and brighter we must eradicate the term "uneducated" from the dictionary of our country. This dream can be made true in a few days if we implement the various methods of education in rural areas which are discussed in the report. For the development of the country, development and advancement of the rural areas are of a at most importance.

[1]. Paul Nation , New Ways in Teaching Vocabulary (New Ways in Tesol Series: Innovative Classroom Techniques); TESOL, January 1, 1995

[2]. R. Patrick Solomon, Dia N. R. Sekayi, Urban Teacher Education and Teaching: Innovative Practices for Diversity and Social Justice, Routledge; March 30, 2007

[3]. Patrick SchwarzPaula Kluth You're Welcome: 30 Innovative Ideas for the Inclusive Classroom; Heinemann, August 17, 2007

[4]. Constance Leuenberger, The New Kindergarten: Teaching Reading, Writing, & More, Publisher: Teaching Resources, August 11, 2003

[5]. Judith S. Gould, Evan Jay Gould, Judy Mitchell, Mary Rojas, Four Square Writing Method : A Unique Approach to Teaching Basic Writing Skills for Grades 1-3,

[6]. Martha Bradshaw, Arlene Lowenstein, Innovative Teaching Strategies in Nursing and Related Health Professions; Jones & Bartlett: March 8, 2010

[7]. Susan Van Zile, Awesome Hands-on Activities for Teaching Grammar, Teaching Resources; December 1, 2003