IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-2 ~ Feb-2015

Abstract: This paper deals with Hikajat Abdullah (Abdullah Tales) and discusses its anthropomorphemic metaphors. This Hikajat was written in classical Malay and authored by Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Munsyi who lived in Melacca and Singapore during the first half of the nineteenth century. This tale described the foregrounding of the authorial self through the use of the first-person pronoun, realistic descriptions of historical events and persons, and harsh criticism of the culture, socio-political structure, and practices of the Malay community. Munsyi was born in Melaka as a descendant of an immigrant merchant family from southern India and Arab and grew up in a multilingual environment of Malay and Tamil languages. The result of this study revealed that the metaphors in classical Malay have certain characteristics: (1) the sentences are long, repetitive, and convoluted, (2) there are many passive sentences with specific vocabularies such as Ratna mutu manikam, masyghul (sad), (3) many sentences are preceded by certain conjunctions, for example, sebermula 'in the beginning,' Once, Hatta, while, then, said sahibul saga, when, and while, and (4) the sentences are rich of suffixes.

Keywords: Hikajat Abdullah, metaphor, language, thought, conceptual system, nature.

[1] M.C. Ricklefs, Polarisig Javanese Society: Islamic and Other Vissions 1830-1930 (Singapore: NUS Press).

[2] A. Omar, Nahu Melayu Mutakhir (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1980).

[3] I. Hussein, A Study of Traditional Malay Literature with Special Bibliography (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1974).

[4] See No. 3

[5] DA. Arief, Ideologi Politik Melayu Abad ke 19: Studi Komparasi Pemikiran Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Munsyi dan Raja Ali Haji. Thesis (Yogyakarta: UIN Sunan Kali Jaga, 2010).

[6] V.I. Braginsky, Erti Keindahan dan Keindahan Erti dalam Kesusasteraan Melayu Klasik (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1994).

[7] J.R. Searle. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969).

Abstract: A large population of Muslims in India are receiving education either from Madarsas or from Urdu-medium schools. Madarsa is an Arabic word which means an educational institution. They were never limited to provide only religious education. But this concept has been changed and Madarsas have become the centre of religious education only. Nowadays marginalized Muslim communities are increasingly demanding more quality education from their Madarsas. But most of the Madarsas in India are privately owned and Madarsa leaders may not feel a need to fulfil the community desires. Although Muslim parents are attracted to the safe environment of these schools, they are aware that a purely religious education will not help their children to earn a decent living, because of outdated traditional methods and technique of teaching and learning, with a negative outlook towards modern subjects and also due to lack of innovations, experiments and researches. The main concern of this paper is to find out the contribution of Madarsa education in the empowerment of Muslims and point out the shortcomings of Madarsa education. This paper suggests some remedial measures also to improve the quality of Madarsa education for overall development of Muslim community.

Keywords: Madarsa education, Muslims, Empowerment.

[1]. Beg,M.A. & Kidwai, A.R.(2012). Empowerment of Indian Muslims: Perspective Planning and Road Ahead. Concept Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd.
[2]. Durrani, K.(1986). Muslim Educational Reform, Islamic Book Service, Lahore.
[3]. Erfan,N. & Valie, Z.A.(1995). Education and the Muslim World: Challenge and Response. Institute of Policy Studies The Islamic Foundation, U.K.
[4]. Jain, S. (1986). Muslims and modernization. Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
[5]. Mondel,S.R.(1997). Educational Status of Muslims: Problems Prospects and Priorities, Inter India Publications, New Delhi.

Abstract: Beowulf gives us a vivid, realistic and factual picture of the Germanic life and manner. A vista of the social and cultural background of the first half of Six Century opens before our eyes when we read this epic. To say in brief, Beowulf is an experiment on Anglo-Saxon human conduct, an exhibition of Anglo-Saxon human motives. Beowulf is a fusion of folk-tale and history. Beowulf seems to have been a historical personage, nephew of Hygelac, the Chochilaicus whom Gregory of Tours mentions as raiding the Frisian shore, and slain by its defenders. Beowulf was present at the battle and avenged his "lord's death- Hygelac died in 520. Beowulf placed Hygelac's son on the throne and after his death reigned fifty years. This brings the historic Beowulf up to about 570.

Keywords: Anglo-Saxon, folktale, Hygelic, factual.

[[1]. Tolkien, J.R.R. (1975) "Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics", A Norton Critical Edition, New York, W.WNorton and Company; Inc.
[2]. Goldsmith Margaret E.(1972)"The Christian Perspective in Beowulf", Comparative Literature, Vol.14, 71-90.
[3]. Earl James E. (1919) "Necessity of Evils in Beowulf", South Atlantic Bulletin, South Atlantic Modern
[4]. Language Association, Vol.44, 81-98.
[5]. Rogers H.L.(1955) "Beowulf‟s Three Great Fights" The Review of English Studies, New series, Vol.6,339-355.

Abstract: Human Rights are the natural/fundamental rights that every person enjoys by virtue of a person being a human being. Human Rights are essential for the required development of personality and for a happy and peaceful living for any human being. The objective of the universal system of human rights is to remove inequalities and restore dignity for every human being in all civilized societies. Nachiketa Singh while elucidating various meanings of Human Rights quotes Scott Davidson. Singh states, ― According to Scott Davidson, the concept of human rights is closely connected with the protection of individuals from the exercise of state, government or authority in certain areas of their lives; it is also directed towards the creation of social conditions by the state in which individuals are to develop their fullest potential‖(44). The social structure has not been much modified by the marginal changes in Dalit's condition; Indian society, always belonging to Brahmins, still retains the form they have given it.

[[1]. Dalit Human Rights Monitor2003 Andhra Pradesh. Secunderabad: Sakshi Human Rights Watch A.P., Oct 2003.
[2]. Oommen.T.K . ―A Totalitarian Society‖ Sunday Magazine, The Hindu . 10 -08-2008: 4.
[3]. Singh, Nachiketa . ― Human Rights : Various Meanings‖ Tapan
[4]. Biswal .Ed. Human Rights, Gender and Environment. New Delhi: Viva Books Private Limoited,2006.
[5]. Sweet William ―Proving Human Rights‖ Science etEspirit, 62/2-3,2010. 293-3121.
[6]. Vasant Moon. ed. Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar:Writings and Speeches. Vol..I Dept. of Education. Government of Maharastra.1987 .

Abstract: The challenges of our new air pushes the human to always exceed the different barriers by various means, whether legal or illegal, and therefore; the challenges faced in sports and even some team's regular methodology adopted in the use of doping products, which pushed the global and national sports organizations, to adopt a preventive policy against athletes who use performance-enhancing drugs, both during and outside competitions, and this; informing athletes, first on the dangers of doping, , by enacting laws relating to doping and finally, applying strict disciplinary measures to try to curb the extent of this phenomenon, which took on such a scale that integrity and ethics in sport was hit hard.

Keywords: High Performance Sport, Doping, Control, Physical Education and Sports, Prevention.

[1]. Buffet M.G, La lutte contre le dopage, une priorité, THS La Revue, Spécial Jeunes, 1999.
[2]. Brohm J.M. Gandilhon M, Compétition : la vraie toxicomanie, SWAPS, 1998.
[3]. Brohm J.M. le phénomène sportif in Sports, Toxiques, Dépendance, Lyon, Bulletin de liaison du CNDT, 1993.
[4]. Brissonneau C, Aubel O, Ohl F, L'épreuve du dopage. Sociologie du cyclisme professionnel, Presses Universitaires de France, 2008.
[5]. Code de 2007. Un nouveau code mondial pour lutter contre le dopage, swissinfo.ch, 17 novembre 2007.

Abstract: This paper explores the possibilities of improving Academic English wiring by dint of collaboration and peer support carried out online. Writing activities were carried out on a Wiki for ten weeks and after that a questionnaire survey and an FGD were conducted with twenty five selected students. Findings showed that students thought it was effective though they always wanted direct supervision of a teacher. These findings revealed the importance of extended help needed for the weak students to bridge the existing learning gap in a language class with students from diverse background.

[1]. Chao, Y., & Lo, H. (2011). Students' perceptions of Wiki-based collaborative writing for learners of English as a foreign language. Interactive Learning Environments, 19(4), 395- 411. Doi : 10.1080/10494820903298662
[2]. Oxford, R. L. (1997). Cooperative learning, collaborative learning, and interaction: Three Communicative strands in the language classroom . The Modern Language Journal, 81(4), 443-456.
[3]. Ur, Penny. (2012) Of Computer Assisted Learning. Cambridge University Press 25(1), 43-55. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2729.2008.00276.x
[4]. Burns, A. (1999). Collaborative Action Research for English Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
[5]. Trentin, G. G. (2009). Using a wiki to evaluate individual contribution to a collaborative learning project .Oxford: Oxford University Press
[6]. Hadjileontiadou, S., Nikolaidou, G., & Hadjileontiadis, L. (2012). Research on e-Learning and ICT in Education. A. Jimoyhiannis, (Ed.). London: Springer. DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614- 1083-6

Abstract: The demand for information about health has grown exponentially in the last few years. The media is an important ally in any public health situation. The local and international media play a vital role as the link between health workers and the larger public. Health authorities educate and entrust the media with essential health information, which is then relayed to the public in readily accessible formats through a variety of media channels. The mass media helps health workers expand their audience reach, which is crucial considering the fact that face-to-face channels of communication often require too many human resources and reach only a small number of people in large, underserved rural areas. The mass media provides an important link between the rural residents and vital health information. The mass media, in the form of the radio and television, are an effective way to persuade target audiences to adopt new behaviors, or to remind them of critical information. Besides informing the public about new diseases and where to seek help, they can also keep the public updated. The study based on secondary data which collected from relevant sources.The mass media holds out a possibility of on-demand access to content anytime, anywhere, on any communication devices. The present study intends to examine the role of media in the process of disseminating health messages.

[1]. Mehta D S (1979) Mass Communication and Journalism, Allied publishers PVT. Limited.
[2]. Kundrashipra (2005) Introduction to Advertising and Public relations, Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.
[3]. IRS R2 2009
[4]. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Communication Programs, 2009
[5]. Domor Communication Consulting Pvt. Ltd. (2009), Assessment of media reach
[6]. www.planningcommission.nic.in

Abstract: The focus of current research was to examine the relationship between self-esteem and social support of the adolescent girls. Study was carried out at College of Home economics Lahore on a randomly selected sample of 120 girls ranging from 16 to 19 years of age. Two instruments were used to measure self esteem and social support. For self-esteem Rosenberg's self-esteem scale was used and for social support a self designed questionnaire was used to measure two types of social support namely family support and peer support. Descriptive statistical measures as well as Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation test was used to analyze the collected data. Results revealed a strong correlation between social support and self-esteem. Furthermore, a strong correlation was also found between family support and peer support. The study also revealed that adolescents rely more on support from their families as compared to their peers. Keywords: Adolescents, Self-Esteem, Social Support.

[1]. Allen, T.D. & Finkenkelstein, L,M. (2003). Beyond mentoring: Alternative sources and functions of developmental support. Career Development Quarterly, 51 (4), 346-355. Arslan, C. (2009). Anger, self-esteem, and perceived social support in adolescence. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 37(4), 555-564. doi 10.2224/sbp.2009.37.4.555
[2]. Aydın, B. (2005). Çocuk ve ergen psikolojisi [Child and adolescent psychology]. İstanbul: AtlasPublishing.
[3]. Barrera Jr, M. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American journal of community psychology, 14(4), 413-445.
[4]. Branden, N. (2013). The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem. GitHubGist. Retrieved from https://gist.github.com/caperj/7698694
[5]. Brown, B. B., & Larson, J. (2009). Peer relationships in adolescence. Handbook of adolescent psychology.
[6]. Budd, A., Buschman, C., & Esch, L. (2009). The correlation of self-esteem and perceived social support. Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences, 8(1).

Abstract: One of the most acclaimed dramatists of America, Edward Albee is a genius in his career. His plays always focus on the family life of Americans. Almost all his characters represent the people's attitude to life - his mother characters especially. His real mother characters and illusory mother characters, that is, childless mothers, represent the women whom he faced in his own life. The adoption theme in his plays itself is an example of that. This paper attempts to make a study of the mother characters of Albee and the selected works are: The American Dream, The Sandbox and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

Key Words: American Dream, Adoption Theme, Edward Albee, Illusion, Motherhood.

[1]. Abbotson, Susan C. W. Masterpieces of 20th-century American Drama. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2005. Print.
[2]. Albee, Edward. The Collected Plays of Edward Albee 1958-65. Vol. 1. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Duckworth, 2007. Print.
[3]. Bryer, Jackson R., and Mary C. Hartig, eds. "Albee Edward." The Facts on File Companion to American Drama. New York: Facts on File, 2004. 15-18. Print.
[4]. Dircks, Phyllis T. Edward Albee: A Literary Companion. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010. Print.
[5]. Hunter, Jeffrey W., ed. "Edward Albee." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Deborah A.Schmitt and Timothy J. White. Vol. 113. Detroit, MI: Gale, 1999. 1-2. Print.
[6]. Macnicholas, John, ed. "Edward Albee." Twentieth Century American Dramatists. Vol. 7. Michigan: Gale Research, 1981. 3-23. Print.
[7]. Mishra, Poonam. The Art of Edward Albee. Nagpur: Dattsons, 2004. Print.

Abstract: This paper attempts an evaluation of "The Quaker Graveyard in Nantucket" as an elegy, one of the best poems of Robert Lowell, the leading American poet of the 20th century. Though it may be considered as a pastoral elegy, it has again multidimensional qualities or multiple angles, which are characteristics of Lowell's poems. Written in the background of the Second World War (1939-1945), which saw the deaths of the millions of people and loss of human values and chaos of virtues all over the world, the poem is a universal appeal to all humanity to give up violence and murder of the innocent and destruction on Nature, so that the perpetrators of cruelty can avoid the punishment of God and humanity can survive. In this poem Lowell has made an extraordinary fusion of the secular humanism and the spiritual maneuver to rail against the atrocities and merciless killings of the innocent people in the Second World War and the violence committed by soldiers and Quaker sailors at sea and shore alike. This paper follows a comparative strategy and historical analysis to evaluate the poem as a pastoral elegy. Though the poem, "The Quaker Graveyard in Nantucket", like other pastoral elegies, mourns the death of a single person, Warren Winslow, poet's own maternal cousin; it also contains universal themes of death, love, crime and violence, sin and punishment, God and religion, loss of human values and virtues. This paper argues that as an elegy this poem, having universal appeal, is no less attractive and appealing than other great pastoral elegies in English Literature. So this paper attempts an evaluation of the poem as a pastoral elegy in the light of the conventions of pastoral elegies in particular and elegy in general.

Keywords: Pastoral elegy, World War II, cruelty, violence on men and nature, God, sin and punishment

[1]. Hornby, A S, Oxford advanced learner‟s dictionary (Oxford University Press, Great Britain, 1989).
[2]. Abrams, M. H, A glossary of literacy terms (Prism Books Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India, 1993).
[3]. Perkins, David, A history of modern poetry, modernism and after (First Indian Edition, ABS Publishers, New Delhi, India. 2006).
[4]. Thurston, Michael, modern American poetry, Robert Lowell: Biographical Note, Retrieved from: http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lowell/bio.htm (last visited: December, 20, 2014) (2014).
[5]. Biography, Robert, Lowell, The poetry foundation, retrieved from: http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/Robert-lowell (Last visited: 8 January, 2015), (2015).
[6]. John Graham Royde-Smith, World WarII-II Encyclopedia Britannica, Retrieved from: http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648813/World-War-II (last visited: December, 20, 2014), (2014).
[7]. Kyle, "Top 10 countries suffering the most casualties in World War II", Retrieved from: http://terrific-top10.com/2011/12/20/top-ten-countries-suffering-the-most-casualties-in-world-war-ii/ (last visited: December, 20, 2014) (2011, 20, December).
[8]. Shelley, Percy Bhyssey "Adonais", Poems and Poets: http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/robert-lowell (Last visited: December, 20, 2015), (2015).

Abstract: An analysis and interpretation of the so-called Harappan script, its decipherment and relation with other scriptures belongs to different cultures,theSigns of the script have the most peculiar and elaborate iconographies of Indus Civilization. It is represented on many stamp seals of fired steatite and corresponding clay sealing, terracotta tablets in bas-relief, copper tablets and tokens. The Harappan seal was composed of body parts derived from different animals, as well as humans and other fantastic beings of the Indus imagination. A detailed documentation and description of all the objects bearing chimaeras makes it possible to recognize not only a basic set of regular combinations and some aspects of their possible similarities, but also visual associations among selected signs from the different civilizations that could be perceived and semantically interpreted at different levels as this paper belongs to the visual analysis of the symbolic comparison of Indus Valley illegiblescript with other languages for its value. We believe that the sophisticated structure of these images fully deserves to be meaningful and have identity. Mostly resembles with the language of Dravidians.

Keywords: visual analysis, symbolic comparison, Indus Valley illegible script.

[1]. Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1998.
[2]. Muthy, Raja. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KD30Df01.html. 30 April 2009. 15 02 2014.
[3]. Possehl, Gregory L. The Indus Civilization, A Contemporary Perspective. New Delhi: Vistaar P, 2002.
[4]. Hussain, Prof Dr. Musarat, et al. QadeemInsaanaur Fun-e- Musawari. Lahore: Poly P, 2004.
[5]. Saddique, Mohammad Idrees. waldi-e-SindhkiTehzeeb. Lahore: Hafeez P, 2003.
[6]. Tharoor, Ishaan. http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1919795,00.html#ixzz2tPPg8k7V. 01 09 2009. 15 02 2014.
[7]. Wheeler, Sir Mortimer. The Indus Civilization. Lahore: Sang-e- Meel, 1997.
[8]. Winters, Dr. Clayde. Deecipherment of the Script of Indus Valley. New York, 2009

Abstract: Now a lot of people in the world are subject to extreme interpretations of religious terms like unbeliefand faith , jihad and martyrdom and violence by religious extremists is focused.unfortunately, at any time in the event of extremist thought smell in the air is reached, suitable for regional and international students benefit is malevolent abuseTo those who thought themselves have harbored evil intentions , closer.In this article we are going to introduce the vision of the late leader of the Sunni iranahmadmoftizadeh about Quranic concept of the subject , too.We hope to play a positive role in informing and placing afford to unbelief and faith.

Keywords: Faith, Islam, Fatrah, Unbelief, Discord, Kurdestan

[1]. Quran
[2]. Hadith of the Prophet
[3]. About KurdistanIran Ahmed Moftizadeh 1980
[4]. Tape No. 256, infidelity and faith Ahmed Moftizadeh1992
[5]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Moftizadeh
[6]. http://www.noblequran.com

Abstract: The inevitable temptation of the majority to impose its own language upon the rest of its fellow country-men has the tendency to waken or arouse a violent reaction, (Friedrich 1968). It is therefore not unnatural that the divisive propensities in the contemporary; would, and, the universal trend toward pluralism in addition to economic pressures, reinforced by military necessities, forever larger units of effective cooperation should have provided the main support for the forward march of federalism. For instance, each basic human concern – a man's religion, his language, his ideology, and so forth serves to form sub-communities within a large, more comprehensive community ( or sustains them if a larger one is formed), a federal order is the only way to protect such autonomous self-realization in combination with others holding divergent views (Friedrich 1968).

[1]. AKANDE, J.O. (2000): Introduction to the 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria, Mij Professional Publishers Limited, Lagos.
[2]. ANDRAIN, C.F. (1978): Political Life and Social Change, Duxbury Press, California.
[3]. ASIKA, N. (2002): Research Methodology; in the Behavioural Science, Longman Nigeria Plc., Lagos
[4]. FRIEDRICK, J.C. (1968): Federalism in Theory and Practice, Pall Mall Press, London.
[5]. JOHARI, J.C. (2005): Contemporary Political Theory: New Dimensions, Basic Concepts and Major Trends

Abstract: This research deals with the impacts of misusing modern technologies on members of the society and their negative influences on economic, religious and social aspect, as well as their impact on people's behavior and the responsibility of the society in monitoring the children who are in need of attention by everyone through the guidance of appropriate educational ways. Moreover, this research shows the need of joining all efforts collectively in order to protect the entire society from the dangers of modern technologies and work together to take advantage of its resources properly. This usually starts from the family and schools and ends with the universities, mass media and the various institutions that guarantee the rights of children from all different areas. However, this research emphasizes the fact that everyone should take his/her responsibilities towards using these methods properly whether at home or outside.

Keywords - modern technologies, negative effects, impact of technology

[1] Khulaifi, M, the impact of the Internet in the community: a field study, Alam Al Koteb,
22(5) and 6, pp. 469-502, 2002.
[2] Al-Majali, F, The use of the Internet and its impact on social relations among university students, An Empirical Study, lighthouse, 13( 7), 2007.
[3] Bryant, A. Sanders, J &Mal,W, Instant Image text and adolescents social networks, 4
Journal of Computer and Communications Mediation, 2006. Books:
[4] Al Hawsawi, A, Impediments to the use of educational technologies in teaching mentally retarded students as perceived by teachers of Education in Riyadh. The first scientific conference, Department of Mental Health, the College of Education, Benha University.
[5] Al Yousef ,Sh, Modern technologies advantages and disadvantages of a study of the negative effects on the health of the individual. The Book of the nation-Qatar, No. 112, twenty-sixth year, the first edition, 2006.
[6] Lailah, A, The role of mass media and information technology in the family disruption: monitoring the movement of the reaction from the center to the margin. Scientific Conference: media, and challenges of the times, Cairo University, Faculty of Information, p. 23, 2009.

Abstract: Parents of children with special needs are often forgotten or not included in any form of participation in the special education scene. The authors felt that it is very important to involve parents of these children by helping them to understand their children's learning and behavioural challenges so that they can appreciate what the teachers in special education (SPED) schools and/or allied educators in mainstream schools are doing their best to provide for their children's needs. The main focus of this paper is on establishing a proper working framework for SEPs so that they are better informed how they can work best to help parents of children with special needs. The authors have proposed their 2PH model that comprises of three key phases, beginning with phileogogy via parakaleogogy to heutagogy. Each of the three main phases is further divided into sub-phases to show how the entire framework on working with parents of children with special needs can become operational when put into application.

Keywords: Grief, Parental Participation, Special Education, Special Needs

[1] Chia, G.Z.H. (2015). Programmes for disabled people: The 3 As determining success. Today [Voices], February 10, p.21.
[2] Ministry of Education (2011, December 27). Programmes – Learning Support. Retrieved from MOE website: http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/programmes/learning-support/
[3] Ministry of Social and Family Development (n.d.). Early intervention and education for children with special needs. Retrieved from MSF website: http://app.msf.gov.sg/Portals/0/Files/EM_Chapter3.pdf.
[4] Lee, H. L. (2004, September 18). Speech by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at the opening of the Spastic Children‟s Association of Singapore‟s Cerebral Palsy Centre. Retrieved from National Archives of Singapore website: http://a2o.nas.sg/stars.
[5] Ministry of Education. (2008, September 25). Developing a new generation school team [Press release]. Retrieved from MOE website: http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/2008/09/developing-a-new-generation-sc.php.
[6] Lim, S.M., Wong, M.E., & Cohen, L. (2010). Exploring the emerging identities of special needs officers in Singapore primary and secondary schools. Research Brief, No.11-003. Singapore: National Institute of Education.

Abstract: This research looks at the rural local government system in Zimbabwe. Local government is the sphere in which most citizens operate and hence its capabilities to a very large extent define the capacity of national governments. It is the closest and most accessible level of government to the people. It provides the services utilised by individual households such as waste disposal, public transport, water, schools, health clinics and other social services. To the majority of rural Zimbabweans, local government is the level of government they engage with more often, and hence its ability to engage them in decision-making and service delivery is critical for local democracy. The critical question is whether the system of local government promotes or inhibits local democracy.

Keywords: Local government, rural district councils, democracy, development.

[1]. Africa Community Publishing and Development Trust (ACPDT). (2002). Local Governance and Participation. ACPDT and ABDT: Harare.
[2]. Auret, D. (1994). Urban Housing: A National Crisis. Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace: Harare.
[3]. Beall, J. (2005). "Decentralising Government and Centralising Gender in Southern Africa: Lessons from the South African Experience‟, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development Occasional paper No. 8.
[4]. Binza, M.S. (2009). "A Public-Private Partnership Model for the Improvement of Local Economic Development in South African Metropolitan Government‟. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University: South Africa.
[5]. Chakaipa, S. (2010). Local Government Institutions and Elections, Local Government Working Paper Series No. 4.Community Law Center: University of Western Cape.
[6]. Chatiza, K. (2008). "Opportunities and Challenges in Institutionalizing Participatory Development: The Case of Rural Zimbabwe‟, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Swansea University: UK.

Abstract: Personality plays an important role in acquiring a second language. For second language learners to make maximum progress with their own learning styles, their individual differences must be recognized and attended to. Personality is considered to be a pattern of unique characteristics that give a person's behavior a kind of consistency and individuality. Therefore, the enclosed study, which is entitled "The Role of Extrovert and Introvert Personality in Second language Acquisition", tends to shed light on the relationship between learners' personalities and second language acquisition process. In other words, it aims at drawing attention to how individual differences of students as being extroverts or introverts could affect the language acquisition process. As a literature review, this paper discusses the results of some studies concerning this issue as well as the point views of researchers and scholars who have focused on the effect of extrovert and introvert personality on acquiring a second language. To accomplish the goals of this study, which is divided into 5 chapters including introduction, review of related literature, research method and design, results and discussions and conclusions and recommendations, 20 students of English Department, Faculty of Arts, Misurata University ,Libya were handed out a questionnaire to figure out the effect of their personalities on the learning process. Finally, to be surer about the role of personality in a second language acquisition process, the same students who were given the questionnaire were observed in their ESL classes.

[1]. Brown, D., H. (2000). Principles of language earning & teaching. (4thed). New York: Long man
[2]. Child, I., L. (1968) . Personality in Culture. In E. Borgatta& W. W Lambert (Eds.) Handbook of personality theory and research (pp.80-101). Chicago: Rand McNally
[3]. Cook, V. (1996). Second Language Learning (2nded.) New York: Arnold
[4]. Cook ,V. ( 1991) . Second language learning and language teaching. London: Edward Arnold.
[5]. Coopersmith, S. ( 1967) . The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: Freeman.
[6]. Crystal, D. (2008). A dictionary of linguistic and phonetics. (6ed.) Malden:Blackwell publishing.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to assess the attitude and perceptions of university students in Zimbabwe towards homosexuality. One hundred and forty three students made up of 52% males and 48% females were selected through stratified sampling technique. The students were drawn from the faculty of social sciences at a university in Zimbabwe. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The sample was composed of 99% Christians. The results showed that students were hostile towards those who practice homosexuality. However quite a substantial number of participants indicated that they tolerated to some extend those who practice homosexuality. The study also revealed that homosexuality was viewed as a choice. The study also established that homosexuality is considered a myth by most of the students. The study recommends that homosexuality be discussed at public gatherings such as church, political and academic forums so as to remove the stigma and prejudices that are attached to it.

Key words: Homosexuality, university, attitude, perceptions, Zimbabwe

[1]. Airakoglu, O.C. (2006). Perceptions of homosexuality among Turkish University students. The role of labels, gender and prior contact Journal of Social Psychology 146 (3) 293-305.
[2]. Boysen, G.A & Vogel, D.L. (2007). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization in response to learning about biological explanation of homosexuality. Sex Roles 57: 755-762.
[3]. Brittain, C.C. & McKinnon, A. (2011). Homosexuality and the construction of "Anglican Orthodox": The symbolic politics of the Anglican community. 72 (3): 351-373.

Abstract: Homosexuality has been an issue of debate among different religions and Christianity was not spared. The purpose of the study was to assess beliefs and prejudices of Christians towards homosexuality in Zimbabwe. A qualitative design was employed where ten church ministers from the mainline churches were interviewed. The results of the study indicated that homosexuality was seen as an abomination and a sin in the Christian World. Homosexuality was seen as immoral and unnatural hence must be condemned. It was viewed as against the biblical teaching. Church ministers advocated for discussions on homosexuality among church members in order to alleviate the misunderstanding and prejudices that go along with homosexuality.

Key words: Homosexuality, beliefs, prejudice, heterosexual, Christianity

[1]. Bangwayo-Skeete, P.F. (2011). Social tolerance for human diversity in Sub-Saharan Africa International Journal of Social Economics 38(6):516-536.
[2]. Blanchard, R. (2008). Review and theory of handedness, birth order, and homosexuality in men. Laterality, 13, 51–70.
[3]. Blanchard, R. & Ellis, L. (2001). Birth weight, sexual orientation and the sex of preceding siblings. Journal of biosocial Science. 33, 451–467.
[4]. Block, D.I. (2003). "Marriage and Family in Ancient Israel," Marriage and Family in the Biblical World. Downers Grove, Intervasity.
[5]. Cantor, J.M. (2012). Is Homosexuality a Paraphilia? The Evidence For and Against. Arch Sex Behaviour 41:237–247
[6]. Cates, J.A. (2007). Identity in Crisis: Spirituality and Homosexuality in Adolescence. Child Adolesc Soc Work Journal 24:369–383
[7]. Diamond, L. M. (2003). What does Psychological Review, sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire. 110, 173–192.

Abstract: Turkish Dramas are now the most popular segment of entertaiment media as in a very short time these dramas attracted huge viewership and even broke the highest rating records in Pakistan.This study examines socio-ethical impact of Turkish Dramas on the educated females of Gujranwala as Turkish dramas rapidly penetrated in Pakistani drama industry after super success of Ishq-E-Mamnu in Pakistan. Now almost every entertainment channel is airing turkish dramas despite of bold and controvesial content which is not compatible with pakistani society's norms and culture. This study based on survery research the target population is the females of Gujranwala city while 100 sample sizes are taken randomly from five different areas of the city taking 20 respondents from each area to investigate the study. The study shows the Turkish Dramas are the popular source of entertainment and women usually considred watching these dramas as good passtime yet there is a considerable resistance againt the socio-ethical values presented through theses dramas which is the result of our strong cultural and ethical values along the our strong marriage and family institutes which provides considerable resistance against such cultural invasions. Alongwith this in our country we treat marriage and marital affairs in connection with our religious teaching and not just as a social contract. Hence the analysis of our research shows that despite of penetration of Turkish Dramas and potential threat yet there is a resistance against such odds that harm or reshape our socio-ethical values.

Keywords: Turkish Drama,Impact, women, norms and values, marriage, culture, socio-ethical,social fabric, society, westernization.

[1]. Bandura, A. In Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillmann (Eds.). (2002). Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed.).
[2]. LEA‟s communication series, 121-153. Mahwah, NJ:
[3]. Gerbner, G., Gross, M., Morgan, L., & Signorelli, N. (1994). Growing up with television: The Cultivation Perspective. In J. Bryant, & D. Zillmann (Eds), Media effects. Hillsdale, NY http://www.aap.org/advocacy/chm98fac.htm
[4]. Ali A, Khalid A,Hassan SA(2014) The Impact of Indian Dramas on Language and Dressing of Females. J Mass Communicat Journalism
[5]. Fatima N; Effects of satellite channel (Zee TV) on Lahore middle class. 2000.
[6]. Zia, Anjum; Cable Television Network in Pakistan: Development, Usage, Prospects and Dilemmas. 2001; 4, 37
[7]. Steeves, L. H. (1987). Feminist theories and media studies. Journal of Critical Studies in Media Communication, 4(2), 95-135.
[8]. Namrata Sandhu, Ph.D. Student,Department of Commerce and Business Management,Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India: Impact of Television Commercials on the Social and Moral Behavior of Indian Viewers – Empirical Evidence