IOSR-JHSS   Volume-21 ~ Issue-2 ~ Feb-2016

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Short-term, Long-term and Order Memory as a Function of Ageing
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Shamita Mahapatra || Debasmita Sahoo

Abstract:Age-related changes in short-term, long-term and order memory were studied in three groups of normal adults (young, middle-aged and old) to determine the age of onset of decline in these memories and the nature of such decline. Group difference in test performance determining the effect of age was analyzed by means of one-way MANOVA which was found to be significant for all these memories. Post-hoc comparison revealed marked difference between young and middle-aged groups as well as young and old groups but not between middle-aged and old group in respect of short-term and long-term memory, whereas, the young group differed significantly from the middle-aged group and both the groups differed significantly from the old group in respect of order memory.

[1] Atkinson, R.C., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K.W. Spence and J.T. Spence
(Eds.), The Psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (vol.2, pp. 80-195). New York : Academic Press.
[2] Naglieri, J.A. & Das, J.P., (1998). Planning-Arousal-Simultaneous-Successive(PASS) : A model of assessment. Journal of School
Psychology, 26, 35-48.
[3] Naglieri, J.A. & Das, J.P., (1990). Planning, attentions, simultaneous, and successive (PASS) Cognitive processes as a model for
intelligence. Journal of Psychoeducational assessment, 8, 303-337.
[4] Das, J.P. (1984). Aspects of planning. In J.Kirby (Ed.), Cognitive strategies and educational performance. New York : Academic Press.
[5] Bender, A.R., Naveh-Benjamin, M., & Raz,.N. (2010). Associative deficit in recognition memory in a lifespan sample of healthy adults.
Psychology and Ageing, 25 (4), 940-948.
[6] Chen, T., & Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2012). Assessing the associative deficit of older adults in long-term and short-term / working memory.
Psychology and Ageing, 27(3), pp. 666-682.
[7] Fournet, N., Roulin, J., Vallet, F. Beaudoin, M., Agrigoroaei, S., Paignon, A., Dantzer, C., & Descrichard., O. (2012). Evaluating shortterm
and working memory in older adults: French normative data. Aging and Mental Health, 16(7), pg. 922-930.
[8] Hedden, T., & Gabrieli, J.D. (2004). Insights into the ageing mind: a view form cognitive neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience,
5(2), 87-96.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Factors Influencing Informal Cross Border Cattle Trade between Chad and Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Muhammad Othman Lawan || Alhaji Bukar Mustapha || Babajidda Malah

Abstract: Trade relationship has long been in existence between Chad and Nigeria even before the creation of the so called colonial boundaries. After the creation of boundary, Chad extended its trade relationship to other francophone countries, but its relationship with Nigeria has continued, mostly at the informal level. This paper analyzes informal cross border cattle trade between the two nations with a view to assess the benefit to both. The study employed primary data and the tobit gravity model was used to determine the significant factors promoting informal cross border cattle trade. Results obtained showed that income of both importing and exporting countries exhibited strong positive significant effort at informal cross border trade while transport cost is used as a proxy for distance and is negative. Language and population of importing country on the other hand, play significant impact. Finally the paper recommends infrastructure development and formalization of the trade so as to allow the introduction of effective machinery for tax collection.

Keywords: Informal trade, Chad, Nigeria, revenue, torbit gravity model

[1] Badamasi , D., & Saley, M. (2003). L‟adaptation des circuits de commercialisation des bovins nigériens à l‟évolution de la demande au Nigeria. IRAM/LARES.
[2] Balami, D. H. (1997). Trading observations on some selected manufactured goods in the northeast border region of Nigeria: a preliminary analysis. The Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 39(3), 237-251.
[3] Egg, J & J Igue (1993), "Market Driven Integration in the Eastern Subregion: Nigeria‟s Impact on Its Neighbours‟ Synthesis Report,INRA/IRAM/UNB
[4] Ekholm, K., & Södersten, B. (2002). Growth and trade vs. trade and growth. Small Business Economics, 19(2), 147-162.
[5] Morris, G. A., & Saul, M. (2000). Women‟s Business Links: A Preliminary Assessment ofWomen Cross-Border Traders in West Africa. Prepared by WIDTECH for USAID/WARP. August.
[6] Ogbuabor, J. E., & Malaolu, V. A. (2013). Size and Causes of the Informal Sector of the Nigerian Economy: Evidence From Error Correction Mimic Model. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(1), 85-103.
[7] Ogunkola, B. J. (1997): Some Selected Environmental Variables as Measures of Academic Achievement in Biology among Secondary School Students. In Journal of Research in education, 1(2), 42 46.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Right To Information Act: A Tool To Tackle Corruption "Cancer Of Corruption And The Numbering Millennium"
Country	:	India
Authors	:	K. MADHAVI

Abstract: Corruption is the use of public office for private gains. Today is the greatest enemy of good-governance and causing harm to democracy and development." Corruption is not accident by product of the system because of the venality of a few but a defining element on which the edifice rests."It is not likely to be fully eliminated, but the objective is to minimize it so that it becomes an exception and not the rule. Since 1968 many attempts were made in parliament to pass anti-corruption act in India but it failed to include the civil society representatives and there after its implementation and enforcement will present further challenges in a country as vast and diverse as India. RTI act is fast emerging as an effective anti-corruption tool. RTI laws as they are commonly called grant citizens legal rights to access information held by their governments, bringing much needed transparency or opaque functioning of governments.

[1]. K.K.Bagchi ―Good governance and Development‖ An Indian Perspective from Part III ―Right to Information‖. Websities
[2]. S.L.Geol ― Good governance and Integral approach‖
[3]. Deep Narayan ―Empowerment and Poverty Reduction‖

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Land Distribution and Status of Dalits
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. S. Kavita

Abstract:India, being a country with predominantly rural economy, agricultural land plays a vital role in providing livelihood to the majority of rural population in this country. Out of the total work force in the Country 41% depend on agriculture and land related livelihoods in this country. In A.P. 70% of population depends on agriculture and land related activities for their livelihoods. Government of A.P., made efforts towards equitable distribution of lands. The largest body of Land Reforms legislation ever to have been passed in so short a period in any country was in post independent India.

[1]. P. KasthuriReddy -"Hand Book on Survey, Settlements and Land Records in Andhra Pradesh" .
[2]. Dr G. B. Reddy - "Land Laws in Andhra Pradesh".
[3]. P.M. RadhaKrishnaiah- "Tenancy Laws in Andhra Pradesh".
[4]. P. R. Rao - "History of Modern Andhra".
[5]. NilakantaSastri - "A History of South India".
[6]. Andre Wink - "Land and Sovereignty in India".
[7]. K. M. Panikkar- "A Survey of Indian History".
[8]. Sulekh Chandra Gupta- "Agrarian Relations and Early British Rule in India".

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The God of Small Things: Speaking Subalterns
Country	:	India
Authors	:	IsratJahanNimni

Abstract: The Booker Prize winner Arundhati Roy is one of the contemporary intrepid Indo-Anglian writers who dream to change the world by raising voice against the existing injustice, discrimination and convention of the society which try to marginalize human being into nothingness, suppress and control individual‟s identity in a boundary. Her outstanding novelThe Godof SmallThings (1997) is a tragic resonance of "The subaltern". This term is defined by many critics such as Gramsci and Spivak who limit it only to proletariat and women respectively. This paper attempts to study the novel reflecting RanajitGuha‟s definition of "The subaltern" which suggests the subordinated and marginalized condition of a person due to his/her belonging to the periphery of the society.

[1]"Arundhati Roy, 1959─". The South Asian literary recording Project.Library of Congress. New Delhi Office.15 November 2002. Archived from the original on 4 April 2009.Retrived 6 March 2015. [2]Roy, Arundhati. Interview by David Barsanian.The Progressive. July 16 2007. Progressive.org/news/2007/07/5078/interview-arundhati-roy(10 July 2015). [3] Ashcroft, Bill and Gareth Griffiths, Post- colonial studies(Routledge, London and New York, 2000, 216).
[4] "Untouchability",Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untouchability(July 12,2015)
[5] Reports of Commission onDalit Christian. http://www.dalitchristians.com/Html/commission.htm (11July 2015) [6] ArundhatiRoy,The God of Small Things(Penguin, India, 2002).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Status of Utilization of School Guidance and Counseling Services in Ethiopian Secondary Schools in Addressing the Psychosocial and Academic Needs of Secondary School Students: The Case of Sidama Zone, SNNPRS
Country	:	Ethiopia
Authors	:	Adane Wako

Abstract: The aims of school guidance and counseling services are similar to the purposes of education in general. In Ethiopia, the profession is introduced since 1960s and graduates of psychology were assigned as school counselors. The general objective of this study was to assess the status of utilization of school guidance and counseling services and challenges in addressing psychosocial and academic problems in selected secondary schools at Sidama Zone of SNNPRS, Ethiopia. The study used descriptive survey design and 258 students, 3 school counselors and 4 school administrators were participated in the study. Descriptive statistics like percentages, mean, range, and Standard deviation were used as data analysis techniques for close ended items. Open ended items were narrated qualitatively. The result indicated that there is high counselor student ratio in the study areas. Students face different psychosocial and academic problems that need the help of school counselor.

[1]. Adebowale, T., A. Guidance and Counseling in the Sustainability of Educational System. International Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (2),2012, 215-225.
[2]. Heyden, S. M. Counseling children and adolescents (Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. John M., 2011).
[3]. Gibson R., Mitchell M., Introduction to guidance and counseling6th Ed.. (New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India, 2006).
[4]. Kauchak, D. P., Introduction to teaching. Becoming a professional (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011).
[5]. Rashid M., Salima H.,Mubashir H., Ali I. and Kashif R,. Student counseling: adding value to educational institution. Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53854/
[6]. Yusuf Omar Abdi. Gender Sensitive Counseling Psychology: A Handbook for Ethiopian high school Counselors. (Addis Ababa University. Unpublished Material, 1998).
[7]. Belinda, H., International school-based counseling. Scoping report. British Association for Counseling & Psychotherapy, 2013.
[8]. Baker H., Provision Of Counseling Services In Some Selected Secondary Schools Of The Oromia Region: Practices And Problems. MA Thesis, Addis Ababa University, 2002.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Determination of Teacher Candidates' Opinions about Multicultural Education
Country	:	Turkey
Authors	:	Mehmet Fatih Ayaz || Behçet Oral

Abstract: Multicultural education is based on the idea that equal opportunities at school must be given to all students regardless of their cultural characteristics such as the students' gender, social status, ethnic or race. In order to have a successful implementation of the multicultural education, firstly they have to adopt sincerely the concept of multiculturalism. The overall approach and attitude and information about the multicultural education for teachers should be established when they receive their teacher training. That is why this study is important for the determination of the approach and attitude of final year students of the faculty of education (teacher candidates) concerning the multicultural education.

[1]. Aldridge, J., Calhoun, C. & Aman, R. (2000). Misconceptions about multicultural education. Focus on Elementary, 12(3), 1-4.
[2]. Ambe, E. B. (2006). Fostering multicultural appreciation in pre-service teachers through multicultural curricular transformation. Teaching and Teacher Education, 22(6), 690-699.
[3]. Banks, J. A. (2014). Introduction to multicultural education (Trans.: H. Aydın) Ankara: Anı.
[4]. Barksdale, M. A., Richards, J., Fisher, P., Wuthrick, M., Hammons, J., Grisham, D., & Richmond, H. (2002). Perceptions of preservice elementary teachers on multicultural issues. Reading Horizon., 43(1), 27-48.
[5]. Başarır, F. (2012). Evaluation of pre-service teachers? Opinions and self-efficacy perceptions about multicultural education. Master thesis. Kayseri: Erciyes University Institute of Educational Sciences.
[6]. Bilgin, N. (2014). Content analysis in the social sciences. Ankara: Siyasal.
[7]. Boyle‐Baise, M. (1998). Community service learning for multicultural education: An exploratory study with preservice teachers. Equity & Excellence in Education, 31(2), 52-60, DOI: 10.1080/1066568980310207.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Attitudes of Pre-Service and In-Service Teachers towards Communicative Language Teaching
Country	:	Turkey
Authors	:	Kadim ÖZTÜRK

Abstract:Since the introduction of communicative language teaching (CLT) in the late 1970s, different definitions and interpretations of the communicative approach to second language (L2) instruction have existed. Most descriptions of CLT emphasize the communication of messages and meaning; however there is disagreement as to whether CLT should include a focus on the analysis and practice of language forms. The Turkish Ministry of Education has recently initiated curricular changes intended to reflect a more communicative approach to English Language Teaching in Turkey. The purpose of this study is to reveal the attitudes of the pre-service and in-service language teachers towards the Communicative Language Teaching.

[1] M., Celce‐Murcia, Z., Dörnyei & S., Thurrell, Direct Approaches in L2 Instruction: A Turning Point in Communicative Language Teaching?. Tesol Quarterly, 31(1), 1997, 141-152.
[2] D., Freeman & M.,Long, An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition Research. (London: Longman, 1991).
[3] Spada, N., & Lightbown, P. M., Instruction, First Language Influence, and Developmental Readiness in Second Language Acquisition. The Modern Language Journal, 83(1), 1999, 1-22.
[4] J., Williams,. Focus on Form in Communicative Language Teaching: Research Findings and the Classroom Teacher. TESOL Journal, 4(4), 1995, 12-16.
[5] H.W., Seliger & E., Shohamy, Second Language Research Methods. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
[6] Z., Dörnyei & T., Taguchi, Questionnaires in Second Language Research: Construction, Administration, and Processing (2nd ed.). (New York; London: Routledge, 2010).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	English Learners' Problems in Writing a Composition on the Third Semester (Year 2009) at English Department in FKIP Universitas HKBP Nommensen Pematangsiantar
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Nella Nurhayati Sihombing || Bertaria Sohnata Hutauruk

Abstract:This research is focused on the English learners' problems in writing a composition at English Department Year 2009 in FKIP Universitas HKBP Nommensen in Pematangsiantar.This research is about the English learners' problems foundin writing composition dealing with topic sentence, supporting sentence, cohesion, coherence and unity. And the problem in this research is " What are the problems faced by English learners at English Department Year 2009 in FKIP Universitas HKBP Nommensen Pematangsiantar in writing composition?To answer the problem above, the writer uses some theories: Oshima (1981), Harris (1969), Muhyidin (1988), River (1971), Weaver (1957), Mcmmon (1984), Wishon (1980), Reid (1933), Abbot (1981). Siahaan (2008). The research method is done by asking the students to write a composition. The research design is a qualitative approach. It attempts to explain the problems faced by the English learners in writing composition and as object in this research is instrument used in the classroom, all activities done by the teacher and the students during the lessons time. The writer was in classroom observing them during the day of the research. The location of the research is in FKIP Universitas HKBP Nommensen and the subject of the research is English learners on the third semester year 2009 at English Department.The data analysis concludes that the students' developing in terms of free guided writing is in the lower.The writer suggests the English teacher shoud give motivation for the students in learning how to write a good composition. so that the students are able to develop their writing in composition

Keywords: writing, paragraph, composition, English Learners

[1]. Abbot, Gerry, The Teaching of English as International Lnguage, Glsagow and London: Collins, 1981
[2]. Arikunto, Suharsini, Prosedur Penelitian, Jakarta: Rieka Cipta, 2006.
[3]. Dumais, Wulur.L.A., Writing in English, Jakarta: DEPDIKBUD, 1988
[4]. Harris, David, P, Testing English as a Second Language, New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1969
[5]. Hidayanto, arif, Y, Stepping Step An English Course for Vocation School Students Grade XI, Jakarta: Sinektika, 2006

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Importance Of Tajweed In The Recitation Of The Glorious Qur'an: Emphasizing Its Uniqueness As A Channel Of Communication Between Creator And Creations.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Muhammad Kabiru Nasallah

Abstract:It is vital to introduce this chapter by shedding light on the meaning of Al-Tajweed, its position in the Shari'ah, its significance and basic components. Thereafter, an outline would be made on the statement of the research paper, justification for embarking on the research, aims and objectives of tajweed among the Muslim Ummah. What the Qur'an presents to Muslims is neither the Islamization of life nor the absolute separation of religion from life. Separating religion from the state is essential, but it does not mean relegating religion to the background of social life. The Qur'an as a mode of communication between God and man teaches us something more beyond 'law' and 'politics' in the narrow sense of the two terms. It teaches us that the literal interpretation means that we lock the Word of God in the moment of its historical annunciation. Put differently, we are taught to limit the meaning of the Qur'an to the first phase of its historical construction, whereas we have to be aware of the other phase in order to grasp the dynamics, according to which the Qur'an has been able to form and shape the life of Muslims.1 (William A. G. 1993) . Awareness of the essential characteristic of the religious language in general could protect us from being totally immersed in its indoctrinated atmosphere and thus lose our human identity. On the other hand, we have to be aware that our human identity is not autonomous, or completely dissociated from other forms of life on earth as well as in the whole universe. Our human identity is divine as much as the Divine identity is humanised by our perception. The Qur'anic model I have just briefly tried to present is well presented in the philosophical mystical system of the great Andalusian Sufi Muhyî al-Dîn Ibn `Arabî (d. 638/1240,) especially in his well-known concept of the Divine Imagination versus the human imagination. There is, unfortunately, neither time nor space to elaborate on this.

Keywords: Ulum Al-Qur'an, Tajweed, Significance, Position, Learning.

[1]. Glorious Qur‟an
[2]. Muqaddimah al-Jazariyya
[3]. Sharh al-Muqaddimah al-Jazariyyaa by Sheikh Zakariyyaa al-Ansari.
[4]. Abouttajweed.com

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Wind's Talk: Spectres in T.S. Eliot's The Family Reunion
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Amechi N. Akwanya

Abstract:Dominantly, criticism of T.S. Eliot's The Family Reunion has consisted of attempts to explain the play by referring it to some circumstance of the author's personal history or an interest he has espoused at one time or another. The play has been discussed as a telling of the author's own life by projecting and mediating it through one of the characters, usually the main character, Harry Monchensey. It has also been discussed as his comment on the situation of the old landed gentry, whose way of life was threatened from within and from without, and also upon the conditions of the times in which the play was first produced. Other critics have offered accounts of it as having been shaped by the author's religious beliefs. The view taken in this paper is that recognizing the play as a work demands rather a criticism that focuses on the object as a totality and with the help of close reading to try and make out its organic structure. In this paper, the work is unfolded as a sequence of the pharmakon or pharmakos and it is argued that its movements derive from this principle, which also accounts for its total intelligibility.

Keywords: abjection, clairvoyance, Eumenides, expiation, pharmakon, transference, tragic art

[1]. Badenhausen, Richard. T. S. Eliot and the Art of Collaboration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. PDF.
[2]. Baudkin, Maud, The Eumenides and Present-Day Consciousness, ‗Adelphi' May 1939, vol. xv, 411–13. T.S. Eliot: The Critical Heritage. Vol. 2. Ed. Michael Grant. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. 384-390. PDF.
[3]. Beekes, Robert. Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill, 2010. PDF. [4]. Brooks, Cleanth. ‗Sin and Expiation'. Partisan Review. Summer 1939, vol. vi, 114–16. T.S. Eliot: The Critical Heritage. Vol. 2. 390-392. PDF.
[5]. Childs, Donald J. Modernism and Eugenics: Woolf, Eliot, Yeats, and the Culture of Degeneration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. http://www.cambridge.org. PDF.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Curriculum Management of Leadership Training Level IV in Training Institutions Agency of North Sumatera Province
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Suriya Jaya

Abstract:The purpose of this study is to describe the Curriculum Management of Leadership Training Level IV in Training Agency of North Sumatera Province. The focus of this research is "how management functions implemented in curriculum management ofLeadership Training Level IV in Training Agency of North Sumatera Province". The focus is broken down into within the scope of activities: (a) planning of the curriculum in a learning activity, b) organizing curriculum in learning activities, (c) directing the curriculum in learning activities, (d) implementing the curriculum in a learning activity, (e) the evaluating the curriculum in a learning activity. This study uses qualitative naturalistic. Data collection techniques used the technique of interview, observation and document study. Sample selection used purposive sampling, data analysis using interactive model of Miles and Huberman, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions.The research findings are: First, Planning Curriculum in learning activities conducted through institusional phases and classroomphase. Stage of planning institutions conducted by the Head of Training Agency North Sumatera Province as top managers involving structural officials as middle managers that the Secretary and Head of Area Leadership Training, managers lower levels: head of sub area and administrative staff joined in the committee planning the preparation of organizing the training covers dissemination activities and prepare Decree as the legal basis of activities and preparation of training administration. Second, the Training Agency of North Sumatera Provincemake outlines the requirements trainerwhom will be given the task of teaching; the trainers who have attended and graduated Training of Facilitators (TOF) and make requirementstraining partcipants of leadership training level IV.Third, In the planning stage of a class is conducted by trainers in the form of lesson planning. Planning phase is prepared by trainer only in the form of material in slide but notin the form of learning plan and design of learning that should ideally be met and prepared by trainer before carrying out teaching-learning process.From the findings, researcher give the following suggestions: First, The Institute of Public Administration of Republic Indonesia(LAN-RI) needs to cooperate with the Training Agency of North Sumatera Province undertake further activities for trainers through workshops, training, or scientific meetings to improve trainer competence ofunderstanding deeply the new curriculum of leadership training Level IV, designing lesson plans in classroom phase, preparing teaching materials before teaching-learning processe in the classroom .. Second, the Training Agency of North Sumatera Province should consistently give the task of teaching to the trainers based of their competence in accordance with the policies outlined to support trainer professionalism towards learning more qualified. Third, trainers need to be improved their ability in designing lesson plans, select and enrich the teaching materials from various references independently, and making planning of learning required before learning processe in leadership training level IV.

Keywords: Curriculum Management, Leadership Training Level IV, Training Agency of North Sumatera Province

[1]. Arikunto Suharsimi (2013), Dasar- Dasar Evaluasi Pendidikan, Edisi ke dua, Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara, p. 39
[2]. Arikunto Suharsimi dan Yuliana (2009), Manajemen Pendidikan, Edisi ke-1 cetakan ke-5 Yogyakarta: Aditya Media bekerjasama dengan Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan UNY, p.131
[3]. C. Lunenburg Fred and C.Ornstein Allan (2000), Educational Administration Concept And Practices, Wardsworth Thomson Learning, Third Edition, p.433
[4]. Davis, Ivor K (1991), Pengelolaan Belajar, Jakarta, Rajawali Press, p.118.
[5]. Djuju Sudjana (2007), Pendidikandanpelatihan, IlmudanAplikasiPendidikan, FakultasIlmuPendidikanUniversitasPendidikan Indonesia, Bandung: Pedagogiana Press.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Perception and Conditions of the Urban Poor in Greater Karu Urban Area (GKUA) Nasarawa, Nigeria
Country	:	Turkey
Authors	:	Nigeria

Abstract:Unprecedented urbanization, rapid population and urban growth have resulted in competing demands and over stretching of available social amenities, infrastructure and housing by the poor in Greater Karu Urban Area (GKUA). This paper examined the perception and conditions of the urban poor in GKUA with a view to make recommendations to ameliorate the conditions that the poor live in. . Data used for this study was acquired mainly from primary sources. Satellite image captured from Google earth in 2014 covering GKUA provided an overview of the nature and density of housing developments while residential areas were demarcated based on housing density and income of the residents to include; low, medium and high density areas. A 10% sample of houses was selected from each density area using stratified random sampling giving a total of 490 houses which were used for the survey. About 69% of the respondents agree that urban poverty is a very severe challenge in GKUA. They perceive that the absence and poor infrastructure, insecurity and lack of safety, poor housing condition, overcrowding and housing congestion, high cost of housing/rent, high cost of living, low and irregular income, unemployment and under employment, poor and high cost of access of facilities especially in the high density neighbourhoods, interplayed to increase urban poverty in GKUA. More than 29% of the respondents are very dissatisfied with the poverty condition condition, 20% are dissatisfied while only 19% are satisfied. Several coping strategies adopted by the respondents for survival are short term and not sustainable. Recommendations that have varying urban and regional planning implications are directed at sustainable alleviation of urban poverty and improvement of living conditions of the city dwellers.

Key Words: Condition, Perception, Urban Poor, Greater Karu Urban Area

[1]. Catal´an, B., Saur´i, D., and Serra, P. (2008). "Urban Sprawl in the Mediterranean, Patterns of growth and change in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region 1993–2000."Landscape Urban Planning, 85, 174-184.
[2]. Chetia, P. (2014) Conditions and Perceptions of the Poor.IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) 19 (7): 48- 52. E-ISSN: 2279-0837, P-ISSN:2279-0845, www.iosrjournals.org.
[3]. Clos, J. (2014) Official Launch of the City We Need "The Battle for a more Sustainable Future will be won or lost in Cities." World Urban Campaign UN-HABITAT March 2014, 1-10. Perception and Conditions of the Urban Poor in Greater Karu Urban Area (GKUA).... DOI: 10.9790/0837-21278087 www.iosrjournals.org 87 | Page
[4]. Fragkias, M. and Seto, C. K. (2007). "Modelling Urban Growth in Data-Sparse Environments: a new approach. Environmental and Planning B: Planning and Design. Advance online Publication.
[5]. Lawanson, T., Oluwole, S. and Omole, F. (2013). Achieving Safety and Security in Nigerian Cities: Matters Arising. Emerging Issues in Urban Planning and Development.ISBN 978-136-385-1.ObafemiAwolowo University Press, Ile Ife, Nigeria.132-148.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Levels of Literacy and Female Work Participation in Rajasthan: A District Level Analysis
Country	:	INDIA
Authors	:	Heena Shekhawat || Dr. M.R. Singariya

Abstract:The Present paper is an attempt to analyse Spatial patterns of Literacy and Female work Participation rate in Rajasthan. The entire study is based on secondary sources of data collected from the Census of Rajasthan. Female Literacy empowers, and is an emancipator. The potential for women's literacy to reshape the developing world remains an untapped developmental resources. The most likely explanation is that areas with higher women's labor force participation are also areas with higher girls labor force participation. The study of labour market participation is essential for implementing and formulating employement and human resource development policies.On the basis of secondary data, this paper is aims to analyze the growth of literacy rate and female work participation rate in Rajasthan. One of the most striking phenomena of recent times has been the extent to which women have increased their share of the Labour force; the increasing participation of women in paid work has been driving employment trends and the gender gaps in labour force participation rates have been strinking. Therefore,there is a significant negative correlation between Female Literacy Rate and Female Work Participation Rate in Rajasthan due to mainly working in cultivation and Agricultural Labour work where literacy is not needed. Yet there is a positive correlation in urban areas of Rajasthan. Hence there should be strengthen off literacy best jobs for future in rural areas.

Key words: Female work participation rate, Female literacy, correlation, districts, rajasthan.

[1]. Ackah C, Ahiadeke C, Fenny AP (2009). Determinants of Female Labour Force: Poverty Research Group, Economic and Social Research Council.
[2]. Bardhan, P.K. (1979) , "Labour Supply Functions in Poor Agrarian Economy" American Economic Review, 69(1), 73-83.
[3]. Ballara, M. (1992). Women and Literacy. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books.
[4]. Dasgupta, P. (2005), "Female Labour Supply in Rural India – An Econometric Analysis", Working Paper Series, No. E/ 265/ 2005, Institute of Economic Growth, New Delhi.
[5]. Debraj, Ray, Development economics (Oxford University Press, 2008).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Women empowerment through Engineering Education: Opportunities and challenges
Country	:	INDIA
Authors	:	Pujasree Chatterjee

Abstract:Engineering is usually considered to be a widely popular field of study among men and women but women in engineering are inadequately represented everywhere, including in India. With the emergence and growth of Information Technology (IT) sector since the mid-1990s there has been an enormous increase in the number of women taking up engineering studies. It is providing women with a choice of job and career opportunities and empowering them. However, a closer look into the situation would reveal that most of these women are concentrated in particular engineering streams and mostly at the entry level in the job market and their pace of career growth is constrained by various factors. This paper attempts to study the opportunities encountered by women engineers after completing their undergraduate engineering education and also assess the factors which are creating a constraint on their career growth. Not only factors at the work place but also societal factors play a significant role in enhancing as well as inhibiting their career advancement. Even though today a lot of attention is being given to women's education and their career but still the traditional notions and image of women concentrating mainly on family and home still prevails. It is expected by the society that women will work outside of their private sphere but they will be apt in doing household chores and taking up domestic responsibilities. All these along with workplace factors restrict their opportunities after a certain point. The conclusion of this paper has been reached on the basis of review of various literatures of secondary sources.

Key words: Empowerment, Engineering education, Information Technology, image of women, private sphere.

[1] Bagchi, S. (1999). India‟s software industry: The people dimension. IEEE Software, 16(3), 62–65.
[2] Crawford, Mark (2012), Engineering Still Needs More Women. Retrieved from https://www.asme.org/career-education/articles/undergraduate-students/engineering-still-needs-more-women Retrieved on 21st July, 2015.
[3] Escueta,Maya; Saxena, Tushar; Aggarwal, Varun. Women in Engineering: A comparative study of barriers across Nations. Retrieved from http://www.aspiringminds.com/research-articles/women-in-engineering-a-comparative-study-of-barriers-across-nations Retrieved on 21st July, 2015.
[4] Eden, Devorah (1992). Female Engineers: Their Career Socialization into a Male-Dominated Occupation. Urban Education. 27: 174-195, Retrieved from http://uex.sagepub.com/content/27/2/174, Retrieved on 20th June, 2015.
[5] Fouad Nadya A., Singh Romila, Fitzpatrick Mary E., Liu Jane P., (2012) Stemming the Tide: Why Women leave Engineering, Retrieved from http://www.studyofwork.com/files/2011/03/NSF_Women-Full-Report-0314.pdf Retrieved on 21st July, 2015.